GC-MS Analysis Of Extract Research Articles

Bioactive Compounds Investigation and Antioxidant Activities in Extracts and Fractions of Tamarindus Indica (Aradib) From Sudan

Tamarindus indica is commonly used interest in Sudan for edible plant and medicinal use. This study aimed to determine bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp grown in Sudan. The powdered plant was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone using an ultrasonic technique. The residue of the ethanol extract was fractionated using successive solvents. The extracts and fractions were determined for their phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents, and analyzed bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer, and also evaluate their antioxidant activities using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. The results show that the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total tannins levels were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than in other extracts and fractions. GC-MS analyses of extracts and fractions showed a variety of bioactive compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol, Maltol, Sitosterol, Vitamin E, Allose, Tartaric acid, and Vaccenic acid. All the extracts and fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities. The extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp are sources of natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, which are beneficial effects on human health and the possibility of application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Fragaria nubicola (Wild Strawberry) via Attenuation of Inflammatory Mediators in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Background and Objectives: Fragaria nubicola has never been evaluated scientifically for its anti-arthritic potential despite its use in folkloric systems of medicine. The research was conducted to assess the potential of F. nubicola against rheumatoid arthritis. Materials and Methods: The current study provided scientific evidence by evaluating the effects of plants using an in vivo CFA-induced model of arthritic rats and subsequent microscopic histopathological evaluation of ankle joints along with the determination of paw edema using a digital water displacement plethysmometer. The study also gave insight by determining levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase enzymes (MMPs), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and biochemical and hematological parameters. GCMS analysis was also conducted for the identification of possible anti-inflammatory plant constituents. Results: The data showed that F. nubicola-treated groups attenuated the progression of arthritis and paw edema. Microscopic histopathological evaluation validated the anti-arthritic potential by showing amelioration of bone erosion, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and pannus formation. RT-PCR analysis displayed that treatment with F. nubicola down-regulated IL1β, IL6, TNFα, NF-κB, VEGF, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 levels. Moreover, ELISA exhibited a reduction in levels of PGE2 levels in treatment groups. The levels of RBCs, platelets, WBCs, and Hb content were found to be nearly similar to negative control in the treated group. Statistically, a non-significant difference was found when all groups were compared for urea, creatinine, ALT, and AST analysis, indicating the safety of plant extract and fractions at test doses. GCMS analysis of extract and fractions showed the existence of many anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals. Conclusion: In conclusion, F. nubicola possessed anti-arthritic properties that might be attributed to the amelioration of MMPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Phytochemical Constituents’ Analysis of Rhanterium adpressum Coss & Durieu Flowers Extracts and their α-amylase and α-glucosidase Inhibition Properties

Background: Rhanterium adpressum is an endemic and desert plant found in Algerian Sahara, it is used by the local population in cheese production and folk medicine as an antidiuretic and antimicrobial. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the phytochemical composition of Rhanterium adpressum extracts by GC-MS and assess their inhibitory potential on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes linked to diabetes. Methods: Two solvents were used for extraction: petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The obtained extracts were then analysed by GC-MS and in vitro tested for their antidiabetic activity. Results: GC-MS analysis of extracts from R. adpressum flowers revealed various phytocompounds, such as (-)-Spathulenol, alpha.-Amyrin, Lupeol and Cedran-diol in petroleum ether extract; 1HCycloprop[ e]azulen-7-ol, 5(1H)-Azulenone and alpha-cardinol in dichloromethane extract. Petroleum ether extract exhibited a good in vitro antidiabetic activity in comparison to dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This research confirms the antidiabetic activity of petroleum ether extract when compared with dichloromethane extract; other studies are needed for purification and in vivo study of biocompounds from Rhanterium adpressum. This investigation offers scientific data that flowers of Rhanterium adpressum exhibit in vitro anti-diabetic effect.

Characteristic features and comparative analysis of essential oil composition of selected genus of Ocimum sanctum L. through GC-MS.

The main aim of this research is to provide literature on the Ocimum plant, and to know the significance of the Ocimum species carried out by pharmacognostic study and experimental design for GC-MS. Ocimum genus are very important for their therapeutic potential among the most important aromatic herbs. Extreme attention has been put on literature reports in which the utilization of tulsi and their pharmacognostic study has been done by performing morphological and microscopic leaf experimental design and by using essential oil through the GC-MS instrumentation method. The utilization of these characteristics would be important for the drug discovery scientist to develop a specific formulation of the crude drug, which will be a magical therapeutic agent in the future, with many advantages. GC-MS chromatogram of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed major peaks and has been identified after comparison of the mass spectra with the NIST library, indicating the presence of three phytocomponents. From the results, the GC-MS study suggested that anethole which is well reported antimicrobial compound is more in O. canum (2.66%) in comparison to O. sanctum (1,28%) but absent in O. gratissimum. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity is more in O. canum due to the presence ofa high amount of anethole in comparison to O. gratissimum and O. sanctum. The result revealed that O. canum has a microscopic character that can be identified by the characteristic GC MS analysis of extracts to distinguish between different species of the ocimum plant.

A GC-MS analysis of extracts from Populus maximowiczii extracted by supercritical CO2 with other organic solvents

The aim of this study was to determine chemical compounds extracted from Populus maximowiczii wood using supercritical CO2. Due to the gaseous form of CO2 at room conditions (pressure 1.013 hPa and temperature 20 C), this extraction was carried out using other organic solvents with different polar properties (methanol, diethyl ether, cyclohexane). The results indicate that different amounts of extracted compounds are obtained depending on the polar properties of the solvent used. The fundamental solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide, is non-polar due to the molecule's symmetry, so an additive with higher polarity was used. The most compounds were observed in the supercritical CO2 – diethyl ether extract. The least compounds were observed in the supercritical CO2 – methanol extract. No detectable quantities of phenolic derivatives such as vanillin or syringaldehyde were detected, while large terpene compounds were detected.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) ANALYSIS OF CONSOLIDA THIRKEANA EXTRACT

Objective: Consolida thirkeana (Boiss.) Bornm. (Ranunculaceae) is considered endemic to Turkey and identified by pale lilac flowers, sessile follicles, and laciniae linear leaves. The genus Consolida can often be confused morphologically with Delphinium, in this respect, members of the genus Consolida need chemotaxonomic interest. In this study, the phytochemical content of C. thirkeana was clarified by GC/MS analysis. Material and Method: The plant material was collected from Ayaş (Ankara/Turkey). A voucher specimen was deposited in the Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium. The aerial part of the plant was powdered in a grinder. The powdered plant parts were macerated with methanol. The GC-MS analysis of extracts was performed using an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an Agilent 5973N quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, USA). Mass Hunter software (Qualitative Analysis B.07.00) and the NIST Mass Spectral Library (2014) were used for determining and identifying compounds. Result and Discussion: The analysis results of this study showed the presence of 15 compounds in C. thirkeana methanol extract. The extract contains 0.65% Glycoside, 0.68% Fatty acid, 0.91% Acylglycerol, 2.41% Carboxylic acid, 38.5% Sugar, 56.86% Sugar alcohol.

A STUDY ON PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF QUERCUS MACRANTHERA SUBSP. SYSPIRENSIS (K. KOCH) MENITSKY BRANCH AND LEAF EXTRACTS

Objective: Oak species are medicinal plants with traditional use around the world. These species, which are very rich in tannins, have potential as antibacterial agents in terms of the polyphenolic compounds content. In this study, the antibacterial potential and phytochemical content of the branches and leaves of Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis, which is endemic to Turkey, were investigated. Material and Method: Plant materials were collected from Araç (Kastamonu/Turkey) in 2020. Methanol extracts were prepared from dried and powdered branches and leaves. The antibacterial activity test was evaluated by broth microdilution method as a minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. The GC-MS analysis of extracts were performed using an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an Agilent 5973N quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, USA). The compounds were identified by comparing the mass spectrum ratio of the sample with the data available in NIST 2014 Mass Spectral Library. Result and Discussion: As a result, it was found that the branch extracts were more effective than the leaf extracts and both branch and leaf extracts showed the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain (48.8 µg/ml, 97.6 µg/ml, respectively). The extracts also showed antibacterial activity at varying concentrations on other test strains.

On Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae)

A study was undertaken on the ovicidal and larval repellent activity of Tagetes erecta leaf and flower extracts on Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), an important tick species in the world from an economic and medical point of view. Ethanol and methanol extracted plant products tested against the eggs and larvae of R. sanguineus indicated that the ethanol extract of flower had maximum ovicidal activity (86.1%), followed by the ethanol extract of leaf (75%) at 25 mg ml-1 concentration. In all analyses, the homogeneity of variance was significant. The probit analysis clearly indicated that the ethanol extract of the flower has a higher ability to kill the eggs. In the case of larval repellency tested, both extracts of leaf showed the highest repellency (83%) at 2.5 mg ml-1. Significant tick repellency (> 90%) was found in both methanol and ethanol extracts of flower at 2.5 mg ml-1. GC-MS analysis of extracts revealed the presence of bioactive insecticidal compounds such as yangambin, cyclohexane and neophytadine.

Therapeutic prospects of endophytic Bacillus species from Berberis lycium against oxidative stress and microbial pathogens.

Endophytes are microorganisms residing within plant tissues. Bacterial endophytes are important sources for production of pharmaceutically important metabolites. Berberis lycium is an important medicinal plant and there exist no report regarding isolation and determination of bioactive potential of its bacterial endophytes. Therefore the present study was aimed to isolate and identify bacterial endophytes from Berberis lycium. The study resulted in isolation of 20 strains of bacterial endophytes. Based on their antibacterial activity three strains were identified as Bacillus cereus (LBL6), Bacillus thuringiensis (SBL3) and Bacillus anthracis (SBL4) on basis of 16SrRNA gene using universal primers. Crude ethyl acetate extracts of LBL6, SBL3 and SBL4 were further evaluated for antioxidant and antifungal activities. Moderate antioxidant activity (56 %) at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL was observed for LBL6 followed by 45 and 43 % activity by SBL4 and SBL3 respectively. Significant antifungal activity was observed against Aspergillus niger (60 %) and Aspergillus flavus (56 %) at concentration of 4 mg/mL of SBL3 and SBL4 respectively. GCMS analysis of extract (LBL6) exhibited presence of 12 bioactive secondary metabolites corresponding to antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor and anticancer activities. In conclusion, present study highlighted the importance of Berberis lycium to host diverse bacterial endophytes of pharmaceutical importance.

Suppression of Alternaria brassicicola infection by volatile compounds from spent mushroom substrates

Most commercially circulating mushrooms are produced via cultivation using artificially produced mushroom substrates. However, after mushroom harvesting, the disposal of spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) is a serious problem for the mushroom industry owing to the need for a disposal site and the cost involved. Thus, in view of the possibility of recycling SMSs as a soil modifier, we examined the effect of soil mixed with SMSs on the infection of Arabidopsis leaves by Alternaria brassicicola, the causal agent of cabbage leaf spot. The mixing of SMSs used for Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pholiota microspora, Lyophyllum decastes, and Auricularia polytricha into culture soil suppressed the lesion formation caused by A. brassicicola. The defense responses of Arabidopsis were not induced by the culturing of these seedlings in soils containing SMSs. Suppressed lesion formation was observed after the seedlings were treated with volatiles emitted from SMSs that were incubated with soil for 7 days and used for H.marmoreus, P. microspora, L. decastes, A. polytricha, Lentinula edodes, and Cyclocybe cylindracea. The volatiles from the SMSs reduced the elongation of A. brassicicola hyphae. GC-MS analyses of extracts from the SMS containing soils led to the detection of various volatile compounds; among these, skatole, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, γ-dodecalactone, butyric acid, guaiacol, 6-amyl-2-pyrone, and 1-octen-3-ol were examined for inhibitory activity on A. brassicicola and found to suppress hyphae elongation. These findings indicate that the antifungal volatile compounds emitted by the SMSs suppress A. brassicicola infection.

Comparative petrography and organic geochemistry of different types of organic matter occurring in the Outer Carpathians rocks

The characterization of organic matter (OM) in sedimentary rocks is important in many types of biological, geological and environmental research. The integrated use of microscopy and geochemistry, as here, is particularly useful in any attempt to define the origin and evolution of OM in sedimentary basins. The organic petrography and geochemistry different types of allogenic and authigenic OM from the Polish Outer Carpathian (POC) rocks were studied in present study to compare their genetic type, thermal maturity, depositional environment and post-sedimentation processes. Special attention was paid to redeposited coal clasts occurrences. The used techniques show differences in organic matter type originating from various sources. The organic petrography analysis shows that redeposited coal clasts (CC) and terrigenous organic matter (TOM) are composed predominantly of woody material (the gas-prone Type-III kerogen). Similar results were obtained during the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Moreover, the GC-MS analysis of extracts indicated the additional source of OM, namely planktonic organic matter (POM) with oil-prone kerogen Type-I or II. This OM is in some cases high thermally mature and could potentially has allochthonous origin. The n-alkane, saturated and aromatic biomarker data revealed deposition of this POM in anoxic deltaic or close-shore sedimentary environments whereas the redeposited coal clasts were probably originally deposited in coal swamps as were the Upper Silesian bituminous coals.

Effect of Manihot esculenta (Crantz) leaf extracts on antioxidant and immune system of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Nowadays, the use of chemical insecticides has led to development of resistance in insects, and causing harmful effect to non-target organisms and environment. Plant-mediated biopesticides are an alternative source for the management of insect pests. Present study focuses on lethal and sublethal effects of Manihot esculenta on immune response and antioxidant enzyme activity of Spodoptera litura larvae. The result shows that high toxicity of petroleum benzene leaf extract in S. litura larvae with LC50 of 109.89 mg/mL. FT-IR analysis of leaf extracts shows the presence of alkane, alkyl halides, misc, amines, esters and carboxylic acid. GC-MS analysis of extracts contains 10 compounds, notable among them are 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (10.93) and Lupeol (11.35), 4, 4, 6A, 6B, 8A, 11, 14 B-Octamethyl- (37.41). In addition, several sublethal effects of the leaf extract were also observed. There was a significant increase in the total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count in S. litura larvae. Phenoloxidase (PO) levels, detoxification enzymes such as CytP450, GST and catalase levels were significantly increased, whereas, SOD levels were lower than the non-treated S. litura larvae. Manihot esculenta leaf extracts is an alternative to chemical insecticides for the management of S. litura larvae and may be used for the management of other agricultural insect pests.

Nutraceutical Potential and Antipsychotic Activity of Local Dry Fruit Waste – Juglans regia

Aim: To identify the biologically active components in shells of Juglans regia and study its nutraceutical potential and antipsychotic activity for effective waste management.
 Study Design: Biochemical and in vivo analyses of plant extract using established protocols. 
 Place and Duration of Study: Sample extraction at Department of Food Science and technology, School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India; sample components identification at Sophisticated Analytical Instrument facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai, India; and in vivo studies for antipsychotic activity using Caenorhabditis elegans at Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India between November 2018 and May 2019.
 Methodology: The shells of Juglans regia were milled and the extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction at 60oC using methanol as solvent. The GCMS analysis of the extract was carried out using a GC JEOL – The Accu TOF. Antipsychotic activity was studied using pharyngeal pumping assay in Caenorhabditis elegans.
 Results: GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of shells of Juglans regia revealed the presence of Tridecanoic acid, Acetoxyacetic acid, nonyl ester, 2-hexenal, 2-ethyl, Eicosanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, Undecane, Benzeneacetic acid decyl ester, (1-pentyl-allyoxymethoxy-methyl)-benzene), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z), phenylmethyl ester, Benzyl oxytridecanoic acid, 6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid, phenylmethyl ester (Z,Z), 9- octadecanoic acid (Z), phenylmethyl ester, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, Z [(trimethyl (sil)oxy, 1 – trimethyl (sily)oxy] ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z). Furthermore, behavioural assay done using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism showed that the sample exerted antipsychotic activity at lowest concentration.
 Conclusion: The shells of Juglans regia being a natural source, can be used as an alternative to the synthetic antipsychotic drugs that have side effects. Our current work suggests that the walnut shells that end up into trash bins are an excellent source of effective natural biologically active compounds.

Phytochemical Screening, Biological Studiesand GC-MS Analysis of Extract of Biden pilosa L

Objective: The aim of the research work was to carry out the extraction of areal parts of Biden pilosa L by hydroalcholic and Hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone mixture followed by qualitative phytochemical analysis, acute oral toxicity test, anti-inflammatory test and GC-MS analysis of the extracts.
 Method: The hydro-alcoholic and HEA(n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone) extraction was done from aerial parts using ethanol and water in the ratio 70:30 and n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone in the ratio of 1:1:1 (HEA extract) respectively. Acute oral toxicity testwas performed OECD guidelines. The single spot in TLC was obtained using n-hexane as solvent for HEA fraction and finally phytocomponents were identified by GC-MS present in that spot.In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was performed by human RBC membrane stabilization method.
 Result: The phytochemical test results obtained indicate that hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial part of Bidens pilosa L. possess alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins whereas HEA extract possess alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Both hydro-alcoholic and HEA extracts were found to be safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg BW of the mice. Both extracts showed significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration dependent manner. The GC-MS analysis of HEA extract of aerial parts showed the presence of the sixteen different compounds from partially separated extract from TLC plates.
 Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial part of Bidens pilosa L. possess alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins whereas HEA extract possess alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Both hydro-alcoholic and HEA extracts were found to be safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg BW of the mice. The GC-MS analysis of HEA extract of aerial parts showed the presence of the sixteen different compounds.

Antifungal Activity, Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis And in silico Study of Punica Granatum Peel Extracts Against Fluconazole Resistant Strains of Candida Species

Candida species is the common cause of opportunistic fungal infections all over the world with increased mortality and morbidity especially in immunosuppressed patients. Fluconazole is the first line therapy for candidiasis. The antifungal resistance pattern in high-risk patients is a major concern. The present study was aimed to assess the anticandidal activity of Punica granatum peel against fluconazole resistant Candida species isolated from HIV patients. Ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the peel of P. granatum were evaluated against standard strains of Candida spp. and fluconazole resistant clinical isolates by agar diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts was performed to identify the phytochemicals present in it. The predominant phytochemical was subjected to molecular docking study to determine its binding efficacy with lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. P. granatum peel extracts showed excellent anticandidal activity with ethanol extract exhibiting the most inhibitory activity. C. albicans and C. krusei were the most inhibited and C. parapsilosis was the least inhibited species. The GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract identified five predominant phytochemicals. On docking studies, the five phytochemicals showed a good binding to the lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. The present study is the first report on the antifungal activity of various extracts of P. granatum against fluconazole resistant Candida isolates. Ethanol extract of P. granatum peel showed excellent anticandidal activity against fluconazole resistant Candida spp. Hence, it can be explored further to identify a potential drug candidate.

Chemical constituents from the leaf extracts of Scleria depressa (C.B. Clarke) Nelmes with its antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity

Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of the extracts of Scleriadepressa leaf part were investigated in this study. The leaf part of Scleriadepressa were dried, ground, weighed, and exhaustively extracted with n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. GC-MS analysis of the extracts was carried out to know the compounds present in the extracts as well as their molecular formula. These extracts of the plant were evaluated for antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity using peroxide scavenging, lipoxidase and membrane stabilization. Hexane, Ethylacetate and methanol extracts of the Scleriadepressa leaves exhibited antioxidant activity on peroxide radicals at different concentrations ranging from 10-150 µg/mL, using ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant. Ethylacetate and methanol extracts of the plant’s leaves possessed antioxidant activity by exhibiting peroxide free radical scavenging with IC50of 106.23 and 148.79µg/mL respectively, using peroxide antioxidant assay. The hexane extract shows inhibition that is more pronounced compared to that of ethylacetate for the anti-inflammatory activity while methanol extract of the plant’s leaves shows activity higher than that of hexane and ethylacetate for the anti-inflammatory activity. The GC-MS analysis shows the presence of 13 compounds for hexane extract with Carvomenthol,( an α-Terpenol) and 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene being the abundant compounds with %abundanceof 23.78% and 19.20% respectively, while ethylacetate extract revealed 19 compounds with 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,bis(2-methylpropylester), and 4,7-dimethylundecane with corresponding % abundance of 24.56% and 16.83% being the abundant compound also the GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Scleriadepressa leaves showed the presence of 11 compounds. The compound with highest abundance is Methyl-9-octadecenoate, with %abundance of 69.86 and retention time of 14.714.

Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product

Nyaitondi OD, Wanjau R, Nyambaka H, Hassanali A. 2018. Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 44-58. Plants are traditionally used for the treatment of bacterial infections though they are not clinically regulated due to lack of awareness and sufficient data to support the reported therapeutic claims. Some plants used as food and vegetables are hardly considered in such studies. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties associated with garlic, ginger, turmeric, lemon, and onion in the form of juices, methanol extracts, and essential oils. These materials were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Identification of suspected antibacterial compounds was made by comparison of retention indices and the mass spectra with those in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) libraries using GC-MS analyses. Garlic juice was bactericidal against all tested strains. Lemon/garlic juice exhibited significantly higher activity against E. coli and S. typhi. Turmeric/lemon/garlic methanol extracts blend was most active against S. aureus. Preliminary screening of the essential oils indicated significant antibacterial activity of lemon/garlic essential oil blend against P. aeruginosa. GC-MS analysis of the active samples confirmed the presence of compounds containing-OOH,-OH,-N,-Cl,-F,-NH2 and-S groups which are associated with bacterial inhibition in conventional antibiotics. The 10 major constituents obtained from samples suspected to contain antibacterial activity, include limonene; 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4- ene; α-zingiberene; diallyl disulphide; 2-butanone,4-(-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 3-chlorothiophene; methanehydrazonic acid,N-[3- (methylthio)-1,-2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-,ethyl ester; n-hexadecanoic acid; γ-sitosterol and propanamide,2-amino-3-phenyl. Juices of garlic, lemon and lemon/garlic blend were found to be active against one or more of the bacteria tested unlike methanol extracts and essential oils, and they should be used in raw form as heating and drying is likely to render them inactive. Further studies on methanol extract and fresh juice of lemon/garlic blend need to be undertaken to elucidate the active principles in these extracts and may lead to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents and models for the new generation of synthetic antibiotics.

Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product

Nyaitondi OD, Wanjau R, Nyambaka H, Hassanali A. 2018. Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 44-58. Plants are traditionally used for the treatment of bacterial infections though they are not clinically regulated due to lack of awareness and sufficient data to support the reported therapeutic claims. Some plants used as food and vegetables are hardly considered in such studies. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties associated with garlic, ginger, turmeric, lemon, and onion in the form of juices, methanol extracts, and essential oils. These materials were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Identification of suspected antibacterial compounds was made by comparison of retention indices and the mass spectra with those in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) libraries using GC-MS analyses. Garlic juice was bactericidal against all tested strains. Lemon/garlic juice exhibited significantly higher activity against E. coli and S. typhi. Turmeric/lemon/garlic methanol extracts blend was most active against S. aureus. Preliminary screening of the essential oils indicated significant antibacterial activity of lemon/garlic essential oil blend against P. aeruginosa. GC-MS analysis of the active samples confirmed the presence of compounds containing-OOH,-OH,-N,-Cl,-F,-NH2 and-S groups which are associated with bacterial inhibition in conventional antibiotics. The 10 major constituents obtained from samples suspected to contain antibacterial activity, include limonene; 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4- ene; α-zingiberene; diallyl disulphide; 2-butanone,4-(-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 3-chlorothiophene; methanehydrazonic acid,N-[3- (methylthio)-1,-2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-,ethyl ester; n-hexadecanoic acid; γ-sitosterol and propanamide,2-amino-3-phenyl. Juices of garlic, lemon and lemon/garlic blend were found to be active against one or more of the bacteria tested unlike methanol extracts and essential oils, and they should be used in raw form as heating and drying is likely to render them inactive. Further studies on methanol extract and fresh juice of lemon/garlic blend need to be undertaken to elucidate the active principles in these extracts and may lead to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents and models for the new generation of synthetic antibiotics.

Antimicrobial activity of clove extracts against food borne pathogens escherichia.coli, salmonella.tyhimurium, staphylococcus. Aureus and listerai .monocytogenes and gc-ms analysis of extracts

Antimicrobial activity of clove extracts against food borne pathogens escherichia.coli, salmonella.tyhimurium, staphylococcus. Aureus and listerai .monocytogenes and gc-ms analysis of extracts

In vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of European propolis against Paenibacillus larvae

Typical European propolis is an antibiotic substance derived from the resin of poplar, birch, and aspen buds. Here, we tested the ability of propolis originating from the resins of these plants to inhibit the in vitro growth of Paenibacillus larvae, the organism that causes American foulbrood, a fatal honeybee larval disease. The study involved GC-MS analysis of extracts from nine samples of propolis gathered from the temperate climate zone of Europe. The extracts showed noticeable differences in the content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Despite the differences in chemical composition, all tested extracts inhibited the growth of P. larvae, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 7.8 to 62.4 μg mL−1. It was found that not only did the content of flavonoids affect the strength of antimicrobial activity, but other phenolics, such as the phenylpropenoids hydroxycinnamyl sesquiterpenols, glycerides and benzoates also had an effect. This is the first report on the comparative activity of different types of European propolis against P. larvae.