GC-MS Analysis Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of <em>Dittrichia viscosa maritime</em> (L.), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant from Northern Morocco

Dittrichia viscosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, was collected in a coastal site located in northern Morocco. This study focused on exploring the phytochemical composition and biological activities of essential oils (EOs) and solvents (methanol and acetone) extract of leaves, stems, and flowers. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined, and the result showed a high level of TPC and TFC in leaves with the values of 127.61 mg GAEs/g and 117.82 mg CEs/g, respectively. HPLC-MS analysis highlighted 18 phenolic acids and flavonoids, with notable quantities of apigenin 7-glucoside (2233 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1429 μg/g). GC‒MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 27 biologically active compounds, dominated by decanoic acid (20.98%) and toluene (19.66%). Regarding the biological activities, antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH test, while antifungal activity was tested using the microdilution method. The most potent antioxidant effect was observed in the methanol extract of leaves, with a value of 0.18 mg/mL, while the weakest effect was noted in the acetone extract of flowers, registering a value of 1.63 mg/mL. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts surpassed that of acetonic extracts in each part of D. viscosa. Concerning antifungal activity, the findings reveal that all extracts demonstrated important capacity against the tested pathogens. The methanolic extract displayed high efficacy compared to the acetonic one, with MFC values ranging between 1.94-3.38 mg/mL and 2.88-4.75 for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. However, for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the MFCs were higher (7.5-8.5 mg/mL). Regarding EOs, the MFCs were more favorable for the three human pathogenic fungi, ranging between 1.88 and 3.35 µL/mL, compared to F. oxysporum, which has an MFCs of 3.5 µL/mL. In summary, the findings demonstrated that D. viscosa could be considered a useful alternative and reliable source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

GC-MS analysis of essential oil and exploration of Anethum graveolens extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity

GC-MS analysis of essential oil and exploration of Anethum graveolens extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity

Co-detection of eugenol and butylated hydroxyltoluene by green and selective hydrodistillation of Heliotropium europaeum L. using ionic liquids as additives

This study is the beginning of the research that focuses on uncon-ventional ionic liquids (ILs) hydrodistillation (HD) extraction of the essential oil of Heliotropium europaeum L. using ILs as additives. Two ILs based on 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium were used by switching the anions (Cl- and PF6-). The effect of mass percent of the added ILs on its yield and composition was evaluated. Compared to the conventional HD, ILs-HD gives a higher yield of essential oils (0.10?0.36 %). Particularly, with [C4mim][PF6], the observation of morphological changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) con-firmed the effectiveness of the ionic liquid in this distillation process. The GC? ?MS analysis of essential oils (EOs) revealed the presence of sixty-six com-pounds in HD, ILs-HD methods. Gas chromatography?mass spectrometry ana-lysis of the EOs revealed the predominance of eugenol (1.70?72.35 %), but-ylated hydroxytoluene (8.95?65.39 %) and phytol (18.20 %). The new distil-lation methods of H. europaeum with ILs identifies more compounds (50 com-pounds in ILs-HD [C4mim][PF6]; 22 compounds in ILs-HD ([C4mim][Cl]) than conventional hydrodistillation (25 compounds in HD). Therefore, the ILs- -based hydrodistillation approach is superior in improving the production of EOs. It is important to emphasize that the data presented in this study are not yet available for any of this Algerian Heliotropium species of genus and present the great potential of this medicinal plant as a source of novel bioactive extracts with possible therapeutic uses.

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil and Volatiles from Aerial Parts of Peucedanum tauricum M.B. during the Phenological Period

Widespread worldwide Peucedanum plants (Apiaceae) have been used for centuries as plant medicines. The polymorphism of this genus is consistent with chemotaxonomically and therapeutically significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites. GC-MS of Peucedanum tauricum M.B. volatiles from the headspace (HS) and hydrodistilled essential oil (HD), both obtained simultaneously from flowers (FL), immature and ripe fruits (IF, MF) and leaves (L1-L3) collected at the time of harvesting of generative organs, show differences in the chemical profiles of HS and HD from the same parts of the plant, and between organs (FL, IF, MF vs. L1-L3). The presented studies on the variability of biometabolites in the phenological period indicated the optimal harvesting time, focused on two molecular chemotaxonomic markers of PT; guaia-1(10),11-diene and guaia-9,11-diene (in generative organs iHD at 25.5–32.1% and 26.8–33.6%; and in their HS at 29.4–41.3% and 25.0–29.4%, respectively). This is the first report on the analysis of fresh aerial parts of Peucedanum sp. in which GC-MS of HS and HD was performed simultaneously during the vegetation period. The importance, with possible limitations, of GC-MS analysis of HS and HD as an evaluation tool useful in the chemotaxonomy of Peucedanum plants was also discussed.

Evaluation of insecticidal and enzyme activity potentials of essential oils and extracts of Chenopodium botrys against storage products pests

The essential oil obtained from the aerial part of Chenopodium botrys plant by steam distillation was obtained. The remaining aqueous part was extracted with the solvent ethylacetate and n-butanol, respectively. In the end, five extracts were obtained: essential oil (CB-EO), untreated aqueous extract (CB-F), ethylacetate (CB-EA), n-butanol (CB-nBu) and processed aqueous extract (CB-L). The effects of five extracts on both insecticidal (against Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium castaneum) and enzyme activities (acetylcholinesterase, xanthine oxidase (XO) and tyrosinase) were studied. It has been determined that CB-F extract has an activation effect against tyrosinase enzyme. At the end of 48 hours, CB-EA extract was determined to cause 20% death against the adult insects of Sitophilus granarius as a result of contact toxicity test. As a result of GC-MS analysis of essential oil, α-Eudesmol compound was analyzed as the main component

Leaf Epidermal Microscopy, Chemo-Microscopy and GC-MS Analyses of Three Ocimum Species from Nigeria

Comparative analyses of the leaf epidermal microscopy, chemo-microscopy and GCMS analysis of essential oils from three Ocimum species were analyzed. Ocimum belong to the family Lamiaceae. Leaf epidermal microscopy revealed anomocytic stomata in the species studied. Ocimum basilicum has anomocytic stomata on both surfaces but were more abundant on the lower surface; cell walls were wavy on the upper surface and had glandular trichomes on both surfaces. Ocimum canum had anomocytic stomata on both surfaces; cell walls were wavy and trichomes were glandular and non-glandular occurring on both surfaces but occurring more on the upper surface. The non-glandular trichomes are cone-shaped with pointed tip. Ocimum gratissimum has anomacytic stomata on both surfaces occurring more on the lower surface; the cell walls are curved on both surfaces and glandular trichomes occur on both surfaces which are more abundant on the lower surface. The glandular trichomes are radially flagellated in all the species studied. Lignin, tannins, cellulose, mucilage, starch, calcium oxalate, oils and proteins were observed in all species studied. The GC-MS analyses of the leaf essential oils revealed 35 compounds for O. basilicum, 49 compounds for O. canum and 34 compounds for O. gratissimum with 3-allyl-6-methoxyphenol being the most abundant in O. basilicum (34.42%); 1-Cyclopentene-1-methanol,2-methyl-5-1-methyl, the most abundant in O. canum (29.56%) and thymol being the most abundant in O. gratissimum (48.04%). The leaf epidermal microscopy and the chemo-microscopy can be used for the standardization of the plant. Chemical composition of the three Ocimum species can be used for the treatment of several diseases.

Analysis of Bioactive Content of White Turmeric Rhizome (Kaempferia rotunda) Growing In Central Kalimantan

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels and components of essential oils between the rhizome and tuber parts of the white turmeric (Kaempferi rotunda) plant. Sampling of white turmeric was done purposively. The plant parts analyzed were the rhizome and tuber of white turmeric. The study was conducted in August 2021. Sampling of white turmeric was carried out in Hampatung Village, Kapuas Hilir District, Kapuas Regency. Laboratory studies were carried out in 3 places, namely the Laboratory of Chemical Technology for Forest Products, Department of Forestry, University of Palangka Raya, BPOM Laboratory of Palangka Raya City and the Test Laboratory of the Academy of Analytical Chemistry, Bogor Polytechnic. From the results of the analysis of white turmeric essential oil content in the rhizome (0.2969%). The results of GC-MS analysis of essential oils obtained from the rhizome showed 33 components and there were 4 main component compounds, namely Bornyl acetate (64.81%), Champhene (35.07%), Pentadecane (47.53%) and ethyl cinnamate (48.57%).

Phytochemical characterization and immunomodulatory effects of aqueous, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum L. on human neutrophils

In Morocco, the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L (Clove) from Myrtaceae are essential in traditional medicine; they are used in many forms (infusion, maceration, and essential oil) and are suggested to mitigate inflammatory conditions such as muscle and dental pain as well as rheumatic diseases. This study aims to chemically characterize the aqueous and ethanolic extracts as well as the essential oil from cloves; also, we aimed to evaluate their effects on the bactericidal activity of human neutrophils compared with eugenol. The chemical composition of extracts was evaluated via qualitative phytochemical screening followed by quantitative screening using spectrophotometry and HPLC technique. The essential oil was analyzed by the GC-MS technique. The PMNs bactericidal activity of extracts, essential oil, and eugenol was carried out by MTT assay. The screening of extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, flavones aglycones, coumarins, and tannins. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of numerous phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin while the GC-MS analysis of essential oil showed that the main components are eugenol (78.67%), eugenyl acetate (11.77%), and caryophyllene (6.85%). The aqueous, ethanolic extracts and essential oil showed an immunomodulatory activity by exerting a significant inhibition of neutrophil bactericidal activity in a dose dependent-manner reaching maximal inhibition at the concentration of 200 µg/ml with only 29.92%, 32.24%, and 48.15%, respectively (p < 0.001).Our study showed the immunomodulatory virtues of cloves as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. The strength of this effect is related to the presence of eugenol and the extraction forms used.

GC-MS Analysis, Thermal Characterization and Biomedical Applications of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon martinii: In vitro Approach

Background: Plant derived metabolites have served as the foundation of sophisticated systems in traditional medicine that have existed for hundreds of years and continue to supply mankind with novel treatments. Owing to its antibacterial characteristics, Gingergrass (Cymbopogon martinii) has been utilized in aromatherapy as a skin tonic. It's also been employed in Ayurvedic medicine to treat skin conditions and nerve discomfort. It helps with neuralgia, epilepsy, and anorexia, among other central nervous system disorders. Geraniol, the main constituent of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil, has numerous biological properties, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and may constitute a new class of therapeutic medicines against pancreatic and colon malignancies. In this study, an attempt was made to explore the physiochemical and bioactive properties of Cymbopogon martinii Essential oil to understand the chemical composition and thermal stability of the oil along with its efficacy against biological agents. The hydro-distillation method was used to extract the Gingergrass (Cymbopogon martinii) Essential oil and its chemical composition as well as Thermal characteristics was determined. The essential oil's potential to scavenge free radicals was evaluated, as well as its anti-inflammatory effect was determined. The essential oil's antibacterial potential was tested against a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms, while its antimalarial efficacy was investigated against Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, the EO was tested against Hela and CHO cell lines for anticancer and cytotoxic activities, respectively.&#x0D; Results: The GC-MS Analysis of the essential oil characterized 10 major compounds which included different classes of alcohols, esters, ketones, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Thermogravimetric and differential calorimetric analysis revealed that the oil showed a stable thermograph when exposed to constant increasing temperatures. The essential oil exhibited promising antimicrobial and antimalarial activity against the drug-resistant pathogens. Further, moderate free radical scavenging activity was observed during DPPH Assay. The essential oil also showed reliable anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cytotoxic activity.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the research, Cymbopogon martinii essential oil has a number of medicinal benefits and can be used as a therapeutic agent to address a range of health issues.

Down-regulatory effect of essential oils on fungal growth and Tri4 gene expression for some Fusarium oxysporum strains: GC-MS analysis of essential oils

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis green branches (GB) and Origanum majorana whole plant (WP) essential oils (EOs) on Tri4 gene expression and Fusarium oxysporum strains growth In vitro. Five strains of Fusarium oxysporum were identified molecularly through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcript spacer (ITS) region. The efficacy of the EOs from Eucalyptus camaldulensis GB and Origanum majorana WP on Tri4 gene expression and F. oxysporum strains growth were evaluated In vitro. GC-MS analysis of the EOs referred that 1,8-cineole, and spathulenol were presented in E. camaldulensis GB, while in O. majorana WP were tricyclene, and p-cymene as abundant compounds. E. camaldulensis and O. majorana EOs showed MIC of 32–64 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL, respectively. E. camaldulensis EO was more suppressive against all the F. oxysporum strains. Both EOs reduced Tri4 gene expression significantly compared with control. qRT-PCR results revealed a down-regulation in Tri4 gene expression of all of F. oxysporum strains exposed to both EOs at the MIC values. The results suggest that both EOs can be used as safe and green bio-pesticide.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Trachyspermum Ammi (Ajwain Seeds) Seed Extract for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)

Introduction: In recent years, people are more health-conscious and avoiding the use of synthetic drugs, which are not only harmful to them but also to the environment as they are manmade. So, there is an urgent need for naturally available biologically active compounds which are environment friendly and has tremendous health benefits for the welfare of human being. Trachyspermum Ammi, commonly known as ‘Ajwain,’ is a plant native to India. It has been shown to have antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating, antilithiasis, diuretic, abortifacient, antitussive, nematicidal, Anthelmintic and antifilarial properties. Furthermore, studies reveal the presence of a variety of phytochemical constituents, including carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, volatile oil (thymol, -terpinene, para-cymene, and- and -pinene), protein, fat, fibre, and mineral matter containing calcium, phosphorous, iron, and nicotinic acid. Methods: TLC of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi, was performed and revealed the presence of. Thymol. GC-FID &amp; GC-MS analysis of essential oil shows the presence of 31 compounds. The most existing major compounds in essential oil were Thymol (33.40 %), γ-Terpinene (16.58 %), β-Pinene (13.82 %), 2-Pinene (6.02 %), 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 1,3,4-tri-methyl (5.35 %), p-Cymene (3.85 %), Linalool (2.89 %) and α-Thujene (2.44 %). Results: Antimicrobial activity of essential oil showed against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, it was proven by using cup well method by observing zone of inhibition to the microbial strains at different concentrations of essential oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration was also observed. Conclusion: It was confirmed that essential oil shows the antimicrobial activity as well as shows effect to fungal strains. In conclusion, the presence of numerous essential oil ingredients, and the results of experimental studies showed that Trachyspermum ammi essential oil possessed antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal action. Vulvovaginal candidiasis can be treated with this essential oil.

PHYTOANALYTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF LEAVES OF TWO MAJOR COMMERCIAL VARIETIES Citrus aurantium L. AND Citrus sinensis L.

Plants are the fashionable foundation of drugs for the mainstream of the world people. The present study was carried out to investigate the constituents of leaves of two major commercial verities of sweet and bitter orange Citrus aurantium L and Citrus sinensis L. Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal glycosides, volatile oils, terpenoids, and sterols were confirmed by preliminary phytochemical studies. The physicochemical parameters like Loss on drying, Extractive values, and Ash values were also evaluated. GC-MS analysis of essential oils of Citrus aurantium L. contains 25 compounds and Citrus sinensis L. showed the presence of 30 bio-active compounds. The major components of Citrus aurantium are 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, trans-3-Caren-2-ol, Eucalyptol, γ-Terpinene, Linalool, 2- Cyclohexen-1-ol, 6-Octenal, Terpinen-4-ol, Benzene, α-Terpinyl acetate, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, Cyclohexane, Caryophyllene, Tetra methyl bicyclo undeca-2,6-diene, 4-Isopropyl-3,7-dimethyloctahydro-1H-cyclopentane, Naphthalene, Caryophyllene oxide, 1-Naphthalenol, Cardinol, and Phytol. Whereas Citrus sinensis L essential oil shows the presence of Eucalyptol, α- Phellandrene, D-Limonene, 3-Carene, Eucalyptol, β-Ocimene, γ-Terpinene, Linalool, Isoneral, Terpinen-4-ol, 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl, α-Terpineol, Citronellol, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, Neral, Geraniol, trans-Geranic acid methyl ester, 6-Octen-1-ol, 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl acetate, 3,7-dimethylacetate, Geranyl acetate, Caryophyllene, Humulene, Caryophyllene oxide, and Phytol as the notable compounds. However, both species show similar compounds in their GC-MS analysis with little difference. This study will help us to know the similarities and differences between the closely related medicinally important species of C.sinensis and C.aurantium on their phytochemical nature.

Variable Secondary Metabolite Profiles Across Cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb.

Background: Curcuma spp. (Zingiberaceae) are used as a spice and coloring agent. Their rhizomes and essential oils are known for medicinal properties, besides their use in the flavoring and cosmetic industry. Most of these biological activities were attributed to volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites present in the rhizomes of Curcuma spp. The metabolite variations among the species and even cultivars need to be established for optimized use of Curcuma spp. Objectives: We compared the phytochemical profiles of rhizomes and their essential oils to establish the variability among seven cultivars: five of Curcuma longa L. (Alleppey Supreme, Duggirala Red, Prathibha, Salem, Suguna) and two of C. aromatica Salisb. (Kasturi Araku, Kasturi Avidi). The GC-MS and LC-MS-based analyses were employed to profile secondary metabolites of these selected cultivars. Methods: Rhizomes of Curcuma spp. were subjected to hydro-distillation to collect essential oil and analyzed by GC-MS. The methanol extracts of fresh rhizomes were subjected to LC-MS analyses. The compounds were identified by using the relevant MS library databases as many compounds as possible. Results: The essential oil content of the cultivars was in the range of 0.74–1.62%. Several compounds were detected from the essential oils and rhizome extracts by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Of these, 28 compounds (13 from GCMS and 15 from LCMS) were common in all seven cultivars, e.g., α-thujene, and diarylheptanoids like curcumin. Furthermore, a total of 39 new compounds were identified from C. longa L. and/or C. aromatica Salisb., most of them being cultivar-specific. Of these compounds, 35 were detected by GC-MS analyses of essential oils, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, and santolina alcohol, to name a few. The other four compounds were detected by LC-MS of the methanolic extracts of the rhizomes, e.g., kaempferol-3,7-O-dimethyl ether and 5,7,8-trihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylene dioxyisoflavanone. Conclusions: We identified and recorded the variability in the metabolite profiles of essential oils and whole rhizome extracts from the seven cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. As many as 39 new metabolites were detected in these seven Indian cultivars of Curcuma spp. Many of these compounds have health benefits.

EFFECT OF WEDELIA TRILOBATA ESSENTIAL OIL ON THE GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF COWPEA

Wedelia trilobata is an invasive weed of the family Asteraceae.Objective of the study was to find out the impact of essential oil on the germination and seedling growth of cowpea. Different concentrations of essential oil(200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000ppm) were used,a controlwas kept without oil. Cowpea seeds were sown in these essential oil in petriplates,at the end of test period all the germination parameters were measured. All the germination parameters showed that treatment had no negative impact on germination. While root length,shoot length,embryo axis length,seedling length showed a significant variation in treatments compared to control. GC-MS analysis of essential oil revealed that it is a mixed chemotype and α-pinene (10.859 %), caryophyllene oxide (5.325%) and spathulenol (7.911%) are the major compounds.

In vitro cultivation of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.): a tool for the production of potent pharmaceutical agents.

In this study, tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) in vitro culture was established from seeds collected from natural populations. The multiplication of plantlets was conducted through shoot tips that exhibited potent apical growth and regeneration capacities on basal medium (BM), without the addition of any plant growth regulators (PGRs). PGRs were also omitted for the establishment and cultivation of tansy root cultures. Both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of in vitro micropropagated plantlets were covered with glandular biseriate trichomes. Histochemical staining showed that glandular secretions were rich in lipid and terpene compounds, confirmed by GC-MS analysis of essential oil (EO). In the total EO, similar portions of oxygenated monoterpenes (38.5% m/m) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.6% m/m) were detected. Chemical profiles of methanol extracts of in vitro cultured tansy shoots and roots varied in quantity and quality from those obtained from wild-growingtansy. HPLC analysis indicated that the methanol extracts of in vitro cultured roots were the richest in 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-O-DCQA), in which the concentration was 6 times higher (10.220 mg/g DW) than that in the extract obtained from roots of wild-growing tansy (1.684 mg/g DW). This result is noticeable in the manner of industrial production of biologically active 3,5-O-DCQA that has been shown to have antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimutagenic, and immunomodulatory activity. Biotechnological interventions on secondary metabolite production taking place in trichomes could further enhance the production of some important tansy metabolites and further investigation will be directed toward the elucidation of the pharmaceutical potential of tansy in vitro obtained metabolites, as mixtures or single moieties.

Determination of chemical compositions and antifungal activities of laurel and fennel essential oils against fungal disease agents of cypress seedlings

Fusarium oxysporum and Pestalotiopsis funerea are the most common fungal disease agents of conifer seedlings causing root rot and shoot or tip blight diseases. In this study, chemical compositions and antifungal activities of essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) were determined against root rot and wilt disease agents F. oxysporum and P. funerea in vitro conditions. Chemical compositions of essential oils were determined by using GC-MS analysis. Antifungal volatile phase effects of essential oils were determined on inhibition of mycelial growth in vitro conditions by using different concentrations. The effect of most effective concentrations of essential oils on the morphology of fungal hypha was also determined by using light microscope. GC-MS analysis of essential oils of laurel and fennel plants revealed that eucalyptol (46.97%) and α-terpinyl acetate (19.82%) were major components of laurel; trans-anethole (82.44%) and limonene (5.18%) were major components of fennel essential oils. Volatile phase effects of fennel and laurel essential oils were found to completely inhibit mycelial growth of F. oxysporum at 30.0 and 50.0 µl petri-1 concentrations, respectively. Complete growth inhibition of P. funerea by essential oil of fennel and laurel were observed at relatively lower concentrations (20.0 and 25.0 µl petri-1 concentrations, respectively). Light microscopic observations on hyphae, exposed to volatile phase of the most efficient concentrations of essential oil, revealed considerable structural deformations such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations and protoplast leakage. In conclusion, our results suggest that essential oils have the potential for use in control of fungal diseases of conifer plants.

Authentication of Two Different Chemical Types of Cinnamomum Camphora Leaves by Microscopic Technique with GC-MS and GC Analysis

Cinnamomum camphora Chvar. Borneol (CCCB) and Cinnamomum camphora Chvar. Cineol (CCCC) are two different chemical types of C. camphora. The clinical application of these chemical types of CC shows big differences, but sometimes they are confused because of the similarity of morphological features. To identify the two types of CC and to analyze the differences of compositions, their morphological characteristics were investigated by microscopic techniques and the chemical components were determined by GC-MS analysis and GC internal standard method. Distinguishing features of morphological characteristics were the shape, petiol, gland, and smell. Microscopic study of the transverse sections of leaves showed 13 – 15 columns xylem vessel in the leaves of CCCB, 11 – 13 columns xylem vessel, and more obvious and thicker cell walls of fiber cells in the leaves of CCCC. From this research, GC-MS analysis of essential oil of the leaves could provide mainly differential characteristics to distinguish between CCCB and CCCC. The total of 33 compounds were identified in the essential oil of CCCB leaves and the main component was d-borneol (55.11%), while d-borneol in CCCC leaves was not the main component and the amount of d-borneol might be related to the microstructure of gland. L(-)-camphor and d-borneol were quantitatively analyzed by GC with FID detector, using methyl salicylate as the internal standard. Each gram of the total essential oil contains 0.68 g of d-borneol in CCCB, and each gram of the total essential oil contains 0.150 and 0.015 g of L(-)-camphor in CCCB and CCCC, respectively, from Hunan province. Other habitats showed the same trend. This research was aimed to establish a method based on the microscopic, GC-MS, and GC techniques to identify and quantify CCCB and CCCC compositions, for providing scientific data to ensure with accuracy the origin of CCCB and CCCC plant material.

Encapsulation of ginger oleoresin with a combination of maltodextrin and skim milk powder as wall material

Ginger oleoresin has active ingredients that are very sensitive to temperature, light, process and storage conditions. Its thick and sticky physical properties also make it difficult in application and handling. Encapsulation is the solution to overcome this problem. The purpose of this study is to select the concentration of maltodextrin and skim milk powder as wall material, the ratio of emulsifier to oleoresin, and to determine the best formulation affected by the ratio of wall material to oleoresin on the characteristics of encapsulated ginger oleoresin. The best formula for encapsulation is from the ratio of maltodextrin and skim milk powder 0.5 : 1.0 as wall material and oleoresin concentration is 15% of the wall material. This treatment resulted in 92.31% encapsulation efficiency. Increase of maltodextrin concentration leads to increase emulsion viscosity, decrease emulsion stability and increase solubility in water, meanwhile increase of skim milk powder and oleoresin concentration leads to increase the encapsulation efficiency. GC-MS analysis of essential oils in oleoresin and in microcapsules show that there is no different composition of active compounds. The application of ginger oleoresin microcapsules on instant ginger tested by hedonic test found that the highest score consisted of 0.3 g of microcapsules in formula.

Productivity of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) In Different Locations of Egypt

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, yield and essential oil constituents of savory at three different locations across Egypt (El-Minya, El-Sharkia and Sinai). Plants cultivated in El-Sharkia showed significantly higher values of plant height, number of branches and herb fresh and dry weights. Also, the highest quality was observed on plant cultivated in El-Sharkia region. Thirty one main compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis of essential oil. There were obvious differences in chemical constituents of essential oil of plants cultivated under different locations. The main components were a-Terpinene and Carvacrol. The highest a-Terpinene and Carvacrol were observed also in plants cultivated in El-Sharkia. These results suggested that agro-climatic zone is very important for maximizing the content and composition of essential oils.Further studies are still needed to determine the precise factors of agro-climatic zoning which could be important strategies for optimizing the yield and quality.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and GC-MS analysis of essential oil from Cyperus Corymbosus rottb. rhizome

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and GC-MS analysis of essential oil from Cyperus Corymbosus rottb. rhizome