Gbps Bit Research Articles

Analysis of hybrid integrated-alternate mark inversion (I-AMI) modulation and symmetrical-symmetrical-post (SSP) dispersion compensation technique in single-tone radio over fiber (RoF) system

Abstract This paper presents the high capacity single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system utilizing advanced modulation technique in conjunction with optimized dispersion compensation scheme to support the high data rate transmission upto 120 Gbps. The proposed system incorporates the Integrated-Alternate Mark Inversion (I-AMI) modulation and Symmetrical-Symmetrical-Post (SSP) compensation technique to enhance the spectral efficiency as well as to reduce the chromatic dispersion effects in long-haul RoF link. The proposed system i.e., I-AMI with SSP has been examined at 60, 80, 100 and 120 Gbps bit rate for various transmission distance. The simulation results obtained in terms of Q-factor, Bit Error Rate (BER) and eye diagram reveal that the proposed system provides wider eye-opening, low BER and high Q-factor as compared to the existing system. The proposed I-AMI with SSP provides the Q-factor of 30.47 whereas the I-AMI with PSP and AMI with SSP provides the Q-factor of 18.77 and 18.40 respectively at 80 Gbps bit rate over a transmission distance of 800 km.

Performance analysis of real-time multi-wavelength nonlinear DRA for the next-generation photonic network

A new disintegrated channelization approach for the backward pumped nonlinear distributed Raman amplifier is proposed by enacting the differential coupled equations of Raman amplification, in fiber, trailing by the solution of NLSE using the first integral method first time to the best of our knowledge. A nonlinear channel modeling-based simulation is adapted for the approximation of the Raman gain profile. To realize the real-time dynamic system, 16 multiplexed channels of prime C-band are employed in a QPSK/NRZ modulation environment with a 100 Gbps bit rate for optical network reconfiguration. A non-uniform gain is reported while the disparity in BER is observed from 10−12 to 10−8.

Range augmentation of 16 × 60 GHz WDM RoFSO system in foggy & rainy weather

Abstract The wavelength division multiplexed radio over free space optics (WDM RoFSO) system is a paramount candidate to provide extended range thus enabling efficient last mile connectivity. But the conventional design is unable to transmit the information up to larger distances under harsh climate conditions. An improved 16 channel WDM-RoFSO system is proposed and simulated which yields quality transmission for extended range under the attenuation of 5.8 dB/km, 7.7 dB/km, 9.2 dB/km and 26 dB/km for foggy and rainy conditions respectively. A radio frequency (RF) signal of 60 GHz is modulated over an optical signal carrier and successfully transported with cumulative 16 × 10 Gbps bit rate up to 3.75 km in foggy environment. The link range is augmented by 1.65 km, 0.9 km, 1.8 km & 1 km for light fog, moderate fog, moderate rainfall and heavy rainfall conditions respectively.

Software-based simulation to analyze the variation of digital modulation and atmospheric condition on the free space optic (FSO) link performance

Free Space Optic (FSO) is the solution for telecommunications technology that offers high data rates, wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. However, to maximize the performance of the FSO system, the modulation used should be considered in environmental conditions. This study aims to compare the performance of the FSO communication link based on digital modulation variations used in various weather conditions, including sunny, rainy, and foggy weather. This study uses two attenuation models, namely the Kim and Kruse models, with variations in transmission distance from 500 meters to 10 kilometers. Modulation variations used include QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, and 16-QAM at 10 Gbps bitrate. The simulation is accomplished using OptiSystem 17.0 software. The study results show that sunny weather (very clear) has the best visibility compared to rain and fog conditions with an attenuation value of 0.46 dB/km on the Kim and Kruse models. QPSK modulation has the best performance with a BER value of less than 1x10-12 up to a transmission distance of 8 km in sunny weather, 3 km in rainy weather (medium rain), and 800 m in foggy (moderate fog) weather. The 8-PSK modulation has a BER value of less than 1x10-12 with a range of 2000 m in sunny weather and 1500 m in rainy weather but does not meet the standards in foggy weather conditions. 16-PSK and 16-QAM modulation have above baseline BER values ​​during rainy and foggy conditions, but 16-QAM modulation still has a BER value of less than 1x10-3 during foggy conditions at a distance of 500 m.

Design of a colorless transmitter based on a low-resonant Fabry–Perot Laser for applications in WDM-PON

In this paper, we propose and numerically analyze a colorless transmitter based on a Fabry–Perot Laser Diode (FPLD) with an emission wavelength that is externally tuned using a spectral sliced super luminescent diode. The Fabry–Perot based colorless transmitter is designed to support 100 GHz spaced longitudinal modes with a central wavelength of 1552.525 nm. We study the cavity’s end-facets reflectivity, in order to determine a configuration that allows a low injection power requirement with high transmission performance. Finally, we analyze the transmission performance of the colorless transmitter in a Passive Optical Network (PON) at 2.5 Gbps bit rate with a Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) using the following configuration: transmission distances up to 120 km, seeding carrier with 3-dB bandwidths (12.5 GHz, 25 GHz and 50 GHz), two optical channels at 1552.525 nm (central mode) and 1550.125 nm (fourth side mode). The results show that reflectivities of 10% and 90% for the front-facet and the end-facet, respectively, allow a good trade-off between the injection power requirement for tuning the colorless source avoiding the inter-channel interference, and the transmission performance in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER). Thus, in all scenarios, it is possible to obtain Side Mode Suppression Ratios (SMSR) above 30 dB using injection power below to 0.3 mW. Besides, an error-free transmission is achieved for distances over 25 km, in the case with the injection carrier is less than 25 GHz 3-dB bandwidth. Hence, the proposed colorless source can be a suitable feasible solution to implement optical access networks.

Design and Performance Study of Soliton based WDM systems for long distance optical communication

The global demand for secure, large distance and high-speed internet services are increasing day by day with the increase in number of users. In order to meet these rising demands, the technologies used in optical communication system need to improve rapidly to keep up the pace. The evolution of fiber optics thus results in broadband connections which provide uninterrupted high speed internet services for large distances. The achievement of having some high data rate communication schemes in any optical fiber systems used for communication is limited by dispersion. Dispersion affects the transmission capacity of the system badly and thus the bandwidth gets reduced. Solitons are an effective solution for overcoming attenuations occurring due to dispersion. Solitons are narrow pulses that can retain their shape after propagating through a large distance but it undergoes interactions and distortions while used in DWDM systems. In this paper, performance of an 8 channel DWDM system at 40 Gbps bit rate employing different dispersion compensation is done and are analyzed in terms of Q-factor and Bit Error Rate (BER). In this design both Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) are used for improving Q-factor. The results shows that a Q-factor of about 52.1526 with a min BER of zero is obtained.

Experimental Study on 25 Gbps C-Band PON over up to 25 km SMF Using a 10G-Class DML + APD IM-DD System

In this paper we present an experimental analysis of several modulation formats (pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-2), quaternary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) and electrical duobinary (EDB)) for passive optical network (PON) applications at 25 Gbps bit rate in a C-band 10G-class directly modulated lasers (DML) and avalanche photodiode (APD) intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) system over a single mode fiber (SMF) of up to 25 km, optimizing DML operations and demonstrating that PAM-2 is a promising choice. We also theoretically and experimentally analyzed the channel frequency response of DML and SMF affected by DML chirp and SMF chromatic dispersion.

Comparative Analysis of DCF based Dispersion Compensation Techniques in Optical Fiber Communication Link using Different Input Transmitter Conditions at 10 Gbps

In this paper, Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) based various dispersion compensating techniques (pre, post and symmetrical) with different modulation format like Non Return to Zero(NRZ), Return to Zero(RZ), Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero(CSRZ) and Duo Binary(DB) along with PN, FCC and Walsh code input sequences are implemented. Simulation and analysis of these implemented techniques were done at 10 Gbps bit rate and input laser power ranging from 1 mW to 10 mW at transmission distance of 240 km using BER Analyzer in Optisystem 17.0 software. Comparison between different techniques was done in terms of Q factor and BER versus input CW laser power for different modulations and input sequences. From the analysis, it is concluded that when Walsh code as user defined input sequence are used for all the implementation, it gives higher value of Q factor and lower value of Bit Error Rate as compared to PN and FCC codes for most of the input CW laser power.

Quality Signal Degradation in Single-Channel Fiber Using 10 Gbps Bit Rate

Reliable data transmission capacity is a crucial factor in supporting high-data-rate communication for smart cities by implementing the Internet of Things. Optical fiber has become the most favorable transmission media by taking advantage of optical signals. However, when optical signals propagate through optical fibers, disturbances occur as the transmission distance increases. These disturbances affect the system performance indicated by the deteriorating transmission data quality in terms of the quality factor (Q-factor) and bit error rate. These parameters are vulnerable to certain factors that can alter signal transmissions such as fiber attenuation, group velocity dispersion (GVD), and self-phase modulation (SPM) as a nonlinear effect. In this study, the effects of these factors on a single-channel, single-mode fiber are investigated using a bit rate of 10 Gbps at various transmission distances and source power levels. The parametric study of attenuation, GVD, and SPM with non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format are considered at various transmission distances, from 10 to 100 km, and input powers of 5 and 10 dBm are simulated using OptiSystem to characterize the parameters of Q-factor and received power. The results indicate that the performance of the system deteriorates as the transmission distance increases, and the dominant effect that impacts the performance is GVD. This result is useful for designing effective and precise fiber optic transmission for high-data-rate transmission.

Simulative analysis of 32x40 DWDM systems for return to zero modulation schemes using variation in channel spacing

The Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical fiber transmission framework that utilizes firmly dispersed light frequencies and transmits many data at the same time. This gives a practical technique to expand the limit of the existing system. The goal of the existing Fiber multi-channel communication system is demonstrating the concept of DWDM communication system cover up more and more data to send and receive a whole long stretch communication framework. In this analysis, we using OptiSystem simulation software for 32 x 40 GB/s DWDM communication fiber length 50 km Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) at Different channel Spacing likewise 80GHz, 90GHz and 100Ghz in DWDM for bit rate 40 Gb/s. Dispersion can be completely compensated with the aid of using Dispersion compensating fiber as a compensator. In this paper, the general execution of 32 channel DWDM correspondence with 40 Gbps bit rates researched.

5G Visible Light Communication - OCDMA Setup using Catenated-OFDM Modulation Method

This paper demonstrates a new high-speed architecture of visible light communication (VLC) system combining with zero cross correlation (ZCC) code of optical code division multiplexing (OCDMA) and novel catenated-OFDM modulation scheme. In order to achieved high spectral efficiency and higher bit rate system for 5G application, we embedded multiband catenated-OFDM modulation technique and OCDMA in VLC design system. Moreover, by employing visible laser diode (VLD) in designing VLC system, we achieved 10 Gbps bit rate at 2.5 dBm input power. We investigate this new combination system design to analyze the bit rate and bit error rate (BER) in 3 m indoor VLC channel propagation.

A novel multi-granularity two-layer SDM ROADM architecture

In this paper, we study the multi-granularity switching of SDM optical network. We design and demonstrate a novel multi-granularity SDM ROADM. The optical node is a simple two-layer architecture, which has the functions of all-optical multi-granularity switching, business convergence, traffic grooming, channel add/drop and online monitoring. We demonstrate MCF-level switching, fiber-level granularity and wavelength-level granularity business convergence. Experimental results show that the average transmission loss value, crosstalk value and BER value are −40 dB, −10.5 dB and 10−10, respectively. There are four MCF-level entrances/exits in the experimental setup, each entrance/exit contains three fiber channels, and each fiber channel contains four wavelength channels with 10Gbps bitrate.

FWM Reduction Using Different Modulation Techniques and Optical Filters in DWDM Optical Communication Systems: A Comparative Study

Next-generation optical communication networks require high input power and more number of channels at low spacing. This can be achieved using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). However, increasing the number of channels and decreasing channel spacing can enhance fiber nonlinearities, especially the four-wave mixing (FWM). In this paper, different modulation techniques and optical filters are considered and investigated to reduce the FWM effect in DWDM optical communication systems. System performance is evaluated through its quality factor (Q-factor), optical signal-to-noise ratio, optical received power and FWM efficiency. All used techniques have shown a reduction in FWM efficiency. The highest reduction in FWM efficiency is 25 dB and is reported while using modified Duobinary modulation with an increase of 2 in the Q-factor. A comparative study is carried out for the different techniques at 10–20 Gbps bit rate. All simulations are performed through Optisystem.

Comparative investigation of CSRZ‐DQPSK, DRZ‐DQPSK, and MDRZ‐DQPSK modulation techniques in MDM IS‐OWC system

AbstractThe article presents the comprehensive approach of designing MDM in Inter‐Satellite OWC system using CSRZ‐DQPSK, DRZ‐DQPSK, and MDRZ‐DQPSK modulation system. The 64 Laguerre Gaussian modes are integrated to enhance the system's capability. The proposed system is designed for 64 channels having distances varied from 900 to 4500 km at various data rates. The mode division multiplexing concept is implemented over WDM because it uses single laser source and enhance the capacity of optical networks. Performance of proposed system is examined by comparing the eye diagrams and Q‐factor. It is observed from the outcomes that MDRZ‐DQPSK modulation presents superior Quality factor of 19.42 then DRZ‐DQPSK and CSRZ‐DQPSK Modulation with the favorable distance upto 4500 km at 10 Gbps bit rate. MDRZ‐DQPSK modulation technique performs well till 40 Gbps whereas CSRZ‐DQPSK Modulation exhibits least Q‐factor due to high consumption of bandwidth but it saves cost and preferable for long reach transmission.

Transmission Performance Comparison of 16*100 Gbps Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Long Haul Optical Networks at Different Advance Modulation Formats under the Influence of Nonlinear Impairments

Abstract Higher spectral efficiency and data rate per channel are the most cost-effective approaches to meet the exponential demand of data traffic in optical fiber network communication system. In this paper, diverse modulation formats are analyzed for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed system at 100 Gbps * 16=1600 Gbps data rates. The performance analysis of proffered system for Non-Return to Zero, Return to Zero, Carrier- Suppressed Return to Zero and Duo binary RZ with duty cycle 0.5 to 0.7 ranges like modulation formats are considered to find optimum modulation format for a 100 Gbps bit rate per channel optical fiber transmission network system. The simulations are analyzed for different values of input power, length of fiber, nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear dispersion and nonlinear effective area for all above mentioned modulation formats with spacing 100 to 250 GHz. to evaluate the effect of modulation format Fiber Bragg Gratting, optical fiber amplifier and Dispersion Compensation Fiber dispersion compensation techniques are enacted on this proposed optical network system.

Performance Investigate and Analysis of 96 × 10 Gbps DWDM System Using Suitable Rating from Optical Amplifiers

Abstract The objective of current work is to design and analyzed 96×10 Gbps DWDM system taking EDFA, SOA, and RAMAN amplifier as an inline amplifiers up to a fiber length of 300 km. The performance of EDFA, SOA, and RAMAN amplifier is measured on the basis of power received, Q-factor, probability of error and BER for various values of fiber distance. In this paper it has been proved that for 96 channels DWDM system at 10 Gbps bit rate, EDFA reveals superior performance as far as the amount of power received is concerned. The value of quality factor (Q-factor) for RAMAN amplifier is almost identical to that of the Q-factor for EDFA and is higher than the Q-factor for SOA till a fiber length of roughly 80 km thereafter SOA reveals somewhat better Q-factor than EDFA and RAMAN amplifier. As far as BER is concerned EDFA and RAMAN amplifier show roughly identical and somewhat lower BER than SOA till a fiber length of roughly 80 km, afterwards SOA reveal somewhat lesser BER till the fiber length of 210 km. In relation to the probability of error P(E), It is analyzed that P(E) remains more or less same for the entire set of optical amplifiers(OAs) but beyond the fiber length of 240 km EDFA shows somewhat lower P(E) than the other two OAs. At the end the Eye diagrams for the three OAs are also figure out.

ANALISIS KINERJA SISTEM KOMUNIKASI SERAT OPTIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE POWER LINK BUDGET DAN RISE TIME BUDGET PADA PT.TELKOM ( Studi Kasus Link Batusangkar – Lintau )

This study aims to analyze the performance of a fiber optic communication system to link Batusanggkar – Lintau PT.Telkom. The tools used are the OTDR and optical power meter. Type of optical fiber used is an optical fiber with G.655. Core optical fiber studied as much as 8 cores. The average attenuation of each core generated based on the OTDR is 0.22139 dB/km, while the average attenuation measurements of each core based power meter that is 0.236075 dB/km. Average attenuation OTDR and power meter still below the values ​​calculated in reference to the ITU-T standard is 0.285448 dB/km. Results of power link budget calculations on each core with a cable length of 34,665 km with total average attenuation of each core 9.84019 dB and output power received is -8.51019 dBm receiver, then the value of the link power budget calculations compared with Rx transmitting device sensitivity (-27 dBm = 0.002 mW), where the value of the calculation is smaller than the Rx sensitivity. It can be concluded that the performance of an optical fiber communication system to link Batusanggkar - Lintau which has worked well and normal. While the rise time budget analysis results indicate that the value of the overall system rise time exceeds the maximum standard of 35% RZ bit period of 10 Gbps bit rate is 35 ps (53,689 ps> 35 ps). Keywords: OTDR, Power Meter, Core, Link Power Budget, Rise Time Budget

Simulative Analysis of DWDM-Based Multiple-Beam FSO Communication Network under Adverse Weather Conditions

Abstract In this paper, a hybrid DWDM/multiple-beam free space optics (FSO) communication link has been proposed consisting of 16 channels with the channel spacing of 100 GHz (0.8 nm) each transmitting at 2.5 Gbps bit rate. At the receiver terminal, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is used to amplify the received signal. The results show an improved performance of hybrid DWDM/multiple-beam FSO link in terms of Q factor, received power, and link distance under rain attenuation of 19.2 dB/km. The proposed link design was able to transmit data from 16 channels, each transmitting at a bit rate of 2.5 Gbps along a link length of 2,300 m in FSO link under heavy rain weather conditions.

PPM‐ and GMSK‐based hybrid modulation technique for optical wireless communication cellular backhaul channel

In this study, a hybrid modulation technique called PPM–GMSK, based on the pulse position modulation (PPM) and phase-sampled Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) technique, is investigated by considering log-normal and gamma–gamma turbulence as the channel-fading statistics. The analytical bit error rate (BER) and outage probability of the proposed hybrid modulation are derived. The results show that the hybrid modulation technique is an efficient technique to improve the performance of optical wireless communication for a cellular backhaul channel. Compared to 2-PPM and minimum shift keying (MSK), the proposed hybrid scheme has a less BER and a reduced amount of outage probability. Moreover, to achieve a reliable voice communication at 2 Gbps bit rate and BER of under a weak turbulence effect, the PPM–GMSK has a coverage distance of about 3 km, whereas for PPM and MSK it is 2.6 and 2.4 km, respectively.

Analytical Modeling and Performance Benchmarking of On-Chip Interconnects with Rough Surfaces

In planar on-chip copper interconnects, conductor losses due to surface roughness demands explicit consideration for accurate modeling of their performance metrics. This is quite pertinent for high-performance manycore processors/servers, where on-chip interconnects are increasingly emerging as one of the key performance bottlenecks. This paper presents a novel analytical model for parameter extraction in current and future on-chip interconnects. Our proposed model aids in analyzing the impact of spatial and vertical surface roughness on their electrical performance. Our analysis clearly depicts that as the technology nodes scale down; the effect of the surface roughness becomes dominant and cannot be ignored. Based on AFM images of fabricated ultra-thin copper sheets, we have extracted roughness parameters to define realistic surface profiles using the well-known Mandelbrot-Weierstrass (MW) fractal function. For our analysis, we have considered four current and future interconnect technology nodes (i.e., 45, 22, 13, 7 nm) and evaluated the impact of surface roughness on typical performance metrics, such as delay, energy, and bandwidth. Results obtained using our model are verified by comparing with industry standard field solver Ansys HFSS as well as available experimental data that exhibits accuracy within 9 percent. We present signal integrity analysis using the eye diagram at 1, 5, 10, and 18 Gbps bit rates to find the increase in frequency dependent losses due to surface roughness. Finally, simulating a standard three line on-chip interconnect structure, we also report the computational overhead incurred for different values of roughness and technology nodes.