Gauge-including Atomic Orbitals Research Articles

Siamfuranones A–C, three novel furanone derivatives from the flowers of Uvaria siamensis and their biological activities

Three previously undescribed furanone derivatives named siamfuranones A–C (1–3), together with 11 known compounds (4–14), were isolated from the flowers of Uvaria siamensis. Their planar structures were determined through analysis of spectrometric and spectroscopic evidence, while electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations were used to determine their absolute configurations. In addition, gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO) NMR chemical shift calculation, supported by the advanced statistical method DP4 plus, was used to confirm the relative configuration of siamfuranone B (2). All the isolated compounds were evaluated against two cancer cell lines (A549 and Hela), and screened for antibacterial activities. Furthermore, they were assessed for cytotoxicity against a normal cell line (Vero cell).

Role of Non‐Covalent Interactions on Acid Strength Measurement of Liquid Acids using Phosphine Oxide NMR Probe

AbstractThe 31P NMR Chemical Shifts(δP) of Trimethylphosphine Oxide (TMPO) conjugated with ten common liquid molecular acids have been calculated employing the Density Functional Theory (DFT) based computational method. These shifts have been correlated with the intrinsic acid strength parameter, Deprotonation Energy (DPE), of the underlying acids and the complexation energy of TMPO (ΔΕ). The acids, anions, and conjugated complexes were modeled with PW91 functional and 6‐31++G(d,p) basis set. The NMR calculations were performed on the relaxed structures as single‐point calculations using the Gauge Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method at the MP2 level and TZVP basis set. Poor linearity was observed in the correlation of δP with respect to DPE (R2=0.867), while strong linearity was seen with the complexation energy ΔΕ (R2=0.967). We have hypothesized the unreliable modeling of anions and Non‐Covalent Interactions (NCI) to be the factors affecting the linear trend of δP with respect to DPE. To support our hypothesis, we have presented Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) Maps and 31P NMR Tensor spatial orientation data of the Acid‐TMPO conjugates.

Solvent effects on spectroscopic, electronic, and topological analyses, Hirshfeld surface, ADME, and molecular docking studies on antiviral pyridine carboxamide derivatives

A theoretical study of three pyridine carboxamide derivatives in conjunction with the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach at the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set is presented along with X-ray results. The pyridine carboxamide derivatives were analyzed with the help of FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H and 13C NMR investigation. The spectral characterizations were made by vibrational energy distribution analysis (VEDA4), which helps to assign vibrational frequencies to specific molecular vibrations. A comparative analysis of computed 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values with experimental chemical shifts for the pyridine carboxamide compounds by applying the gauge-including atomic orbitals method in chloroform and acetone solvents was carried out. UV–Vis spectroscopy and electronic transitions were conducted on both chloroform and acetone solvents through the assistance of the TD-DFT methodology. Hirshfeld Surface analysis was employed to analyze the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N-H⋯N to the crystal packing. The chemical properties of frontier molecular orbital and global reactivity descriptors were analyzed for the different solvents such as chloroform and acetone. The Fukui functions were used to identify reactive sites in a molecule, including those susceptible to nucleophilic and electrophilic outbreaks. The weak interactions were analyzed using reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis, a computational method used to study noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) attributes of the studied compounds have been evaluated for drug discovery initiatives. Molecular docking studies with antiviral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and Omicron variant containing the Q493R mutation proteins of three pyridine carboxamide derivatives (L3–L5) have been performed, and L5 has maximum binding energy values of −7.13 kcal/mol for 6LU7.

Quantum Chemical and Biological Properties of Coumarin Derivative Compound

This work presents the characterization of 8-t-buthyl-4-methyl-2H- chromen 2-one by quantum chemical calculations and spectral techniques. The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values of title compound in the ground state have been calculated using the density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and chemical shift values show good agreement with experimental values. In addition, DFT calculations of molecular electrostatic potentials and frontier molecular orbitals of the title were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The title compound was screened for antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities.

Vibrational Spectroscopic, 13C NMR, DFT Studies on Chlorofullerene (C60Cl6): A Potential Bioactive Agent

Abstract. The present work comprises the systematic computational chemical findings on Chlorofullerene (C60Cl6). The molecular structure of C60Cl6 was optimized by density function theory (DFT)/B3LYP model of 6-31G(d,p) basis set using Gaussian 09 program. The infrared and Raman spectra were simulated and assigned for C60Cl6 molecule. Carbon – chlorine stretching vibrations are found to be in the range 150-900 cm-1 and the chains are strongly affected with the radial vibrations of the carbon sphere. The optimized geometries at ground-state of the molecules are calculated without any geometrical restriction, except those enforced by symmetry and the molecules are found to be minima on their respective potential energy surfaces. The optimized structures have been subjected to Gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO), the chemical shielding tensors using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) in solvent phase with the aim of calculating 13C chemical shift values with respect to trimethylsilane (TMS) as computational reference. Molecular acuteness and stability were investigated using the Frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping provides a valuable information regarding the net electrostatic effect produced by net charge distribution of the molecule. Chlorofullerenes are considered to be promising compounds for the investigation of biological action which show pronounced anti-HIV action and low toxicity. Hence, these results set goal in scheming the biocompatible molecules which will be useful in the field of carbon nano medicine and drug delivery application.

Macrosphelides from Antarctic fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351) and their neuroprotective effects on BV2 and HT22 cells

Strategies for reducing inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases have attracted increasing attention. Herein, we discovered and evaluated the neuroprotective potential of fungal metabolites isolated from the Antarctic fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351). The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract of the fungal strain isolate revealed a novel naturally occurring epi-macrosphelide J (1), a novel secondary metabolite macrosphelide N (2), and three known compounds, namely macrosphelide A (3), macrosphelide B (4), and macrosphelide J (5). Their structures were established unambiguously using spectroscopic methods, such as one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D-NMR) spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical shift calculations, with the support of the advanced statistical method DP4+. Among the isolated metabolites, the absolute configuration of epi-macrosphelide J (1) was further confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The neuroprotective effects of the isolated metabolites were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 and glutamate-stimulated HT22 cells. Only macrosphelide B (4) displayed substantial protective effects in both BV2 and HT22 cells. Molecular mechanisms underlying this activity were investigated using western blotting and molecular docking studies. Macrosphelide B (4) inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) in LPS-induced BV2 cells and induced the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in both BV2 and HT22 cells. The neuroprotective effect of macrosphelide B (4) is related to the interaction between Keap1 and p65. These results suggest that macrosphelide B (4), present in the fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351), may serve as a candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Chemical reactivity of 3-substituted-6,8-dimethylchromones towards 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylacetonitrile and 5-amino-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one: Spectroscopic, theoretical and in silico ADME studies

The reactivity of 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylacetonitrile and 5-amino-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, as nucleophilic reagents, was examined towards some 3-substituted-6,8-dimethylchromones 2a-d. A diversity of novel pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles, chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines and chromenopyrazolopyridines was efficiently synthesized through different chemical transformations; depending on the functional group present at C-3 position of the chromone moiety. With B3LYP/6–311 G(d,p) basis set in the ground state, density functional theory (DFT) is used to determine the molecular geometry of synthesized compounds. The reactivity of the current compounds was studied by global reactivity descriptors at the same level of theory. In order to forecast the reactive locations on the starting substrates 2a-d for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks, Fukui functions (local reactivity descriptors) were computed at the same level of theory. On the other hand, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface maps were used to identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic sites. Moreover, 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values in the ground state was calculated using the Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) technique, and the predicted values were compared with the experimental results. To interpret the nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the synthesized compounds, the dipole moment, polarizability, and first hyperpolarizability values have been measured (in the range β = 0.38 × 1030 - 3.28 × 10−30 esu). First hyperpolarizabilities of the investigated compounds indicate promising candidates for nonlinear optical applications. Also, using web-based platforms, in silico ADME calculations were performed.

Bioactivity and quantum chemical calculations оf a new coumarine derivative as a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancer substance

4-(((4-Ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)methyl)-7-methyl-coumarin was synthesized, and its characterization was done with quantum chemical calculations and spectral techniques. The density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set was used to calculate the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and gauge, including atomic orbital (GIAO) 1H and 13C-NMR chemical shift values of the title compound in the ground state. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and chemical shift values agree well with the experimental results. DFT calculations of the density of states (DOS) and frontier molecular orbitals of the title compound were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. In the present study, biological activities and molecular docking studies of this triazole ring containing coumarin derivative compound were carried out. Interactions with important residues in active sites were detected in molecular docking studies. In addition, in vitro analysis has shown that anti-microorganism activity is especially effective against bacterial organisms such as E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and fungal organisms such as C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Also, the antioxidant capacity of the test compound was investigated by oxidative stress index (OSI) and radical scavenging power (DPPH.), and its antioxidant potential was found. In addition, it was determined by in vitro anticancer and SDS-PAGE analysis that the test compound does not cause a detrimental cytotoxic effect on healthy cell cultures such as HUVEC and has the potential for anticarcinogenic activity on MCF-7 and MKN-45 cancerous cell cultures.

An in-silico NMR laboratory for nuclear magnetic shieldings computed via finite fields: Exploring nucleus-specific renormalizations of MP2 and MP3.

We developed and implemented a method-independent, fully numerical, finite difference approach to calculating nuclear magnetic resonance shieldings, using gauge-including atomic orbitals. The resulting capability can be used to explore non-standard methods, given only the energy as a function of finite-applied magnetic fields and nuclear spins. For example, standard second-order Møller-Plesset theory (MP2) has well-known efficacy for 1H and 13C shieldings and known limitations for other nuclei such as 15N and 17O. It is, therefore, interesting to seek methods that offer good accuracy for 15N and 17O shieldings without greatly increased compute costs, as well as exploring whether such methods can further improve 1H and 13C shieldings. Using a small molecule test set of 28 species, we assessed two alternatives: κ regularized MP2 (κ-MP2), which provides energy-dependent damping of large amplitudes, and MP2.X, which includes a variable fraction, X, of third-order correlation (MP3). The aug-cc-pVTZ basis was used, and coupled cluster with singles and doubles and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] results were taken as reference values. Our κ-MP2 results reveal significant improvements over MP2 for 13C and 15N, with the optimal κ value being element-specific. κ-MP2 with κ = 2 offers a 30% rms error reduction over MP2. For 15N, κ-MP2 with κ = 1.1 provides a 90% error reduction vs MP2 and a 60% error reduction vs CCSD. On the other hand, MP2.X with a scaling factor of 0.6 outperformed CCSD for all heavy nuclei. These results can be understood as providing renormalization of doubles amplitudes to partially account for neglected triple and higher substitutions and offer promising opportunities for future applications.

Excited-State Aromaticity Reversals in Naphthalene and Anthracene.

Aromaticity reversals between the electronic ground (S0) and low-lying singlet (S1, S2) and triplet (T1, T2, T3) states of naphthalene and anthracene are investigated by calculating the respective off-nucleus isotropic magnetic shielding distributions using complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wavefunctions involving gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs). The shielding distributions around the aromatic S0, antiaromatic S1 (1Lb), and aromatic S2 (1La) states in naphthalene are found to resemble the outcomes of fusing together the respective S0, S1, and S2 shielding distributions of two benzene rings. In anthracene, 1La is lower in energy than 1Lb, and as a result, the S1 state becomes aromatic, and the S2 state becomes antiaromatic; the corresponding shielding distributions are found to resemble extensions by one ring of those around the S2 and S1 states in naphthalene. The lowest antiaromatic singlet state of either molecule is found to be significantly more antiaromatic than the respective T1 state, which shows that it would be incorrect to assume that the similarity between the (anti)aromaticities of the S1 and T1 states in benzene, cyclobutadiene, and cyclooctatetraene would be maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Chemical Constituents of Thesium chinense Turcz and Their In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities.

Three novel compounds (1-3) along with twenty-six known compounds, two known steroids (4-5) and twenty-four known phenylpropanoids (6-29) were isolated from the whole plant of Thesium chinense Turcz. The structures of the three new compounds were elucidated on the basis of ESI-MS, HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV spectroscopic data. The absolute stereochemistry of compound 1 was determined by the Gauge-Including Atomic Orbitals (GIAO) method. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay, LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells model and CCK-8 kit, respectively. Compound 11 showed high antioxidant activity with an SC50 value of 16.2 ± 1.6 μM. Compound 21 showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 28.6 ± 3.0 μM. Compounds 4 and 5 displayed potent cytotoxic activity against human NCI-H292, SiHa, A549, and MKN45 cell lines, with the compound 4 having IC50 values of 17.4 ± 2.4, 22.2 ± 1.1, 9.7 ± 0.9, 9.5 ±0.7 μM, and the compound 5 having all IC50 values less than 0.1 μM in vitro.

Structural Elucidation and Cytotoxic Activity of New Monoterpenoid Indoles from Gelsemium elegans.

Two new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, gelselegandines F (1) and G (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Gelsemium elegans. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical calculations. The ECD calculations were conducted at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level and NMR calculations were carried out using the Gauge-Including Atomic Orbitals (GIAO) method. Structurally, the two new compounds possessed rare, cage-like, monoterpenoid indole skeletons. All isolated compounds and the total alkaloids extract were tested for cytotoxicity against four different tumor cell lines. The total alkaloids extract of G. elegans exhibited significant antitumor activity with IC50 values ranging from 32.63 to 82.24 ug/mL. In order to discover anticancer leads from the active extraction, both new indole compounds (1-2) were then screened for cytotoxicity. Interestingly, compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity against K562 leukemia cells with an IC50 value of 57.02 uM.

Two new di-tert-butyl-type compounds from a saline-lake derived Streptomyces sp. XZB42

Two novel di-tert-butyl-type structures (1-2), and five known compounds (3-7) were isolated from the chemical investigations of a saline lake actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. XZB42. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, HRESIMS data, GIAO (gauge-including atomic orbitals) NMR and specific optical rotation (SOR).

Synthesis, experimental and theoretical characterization with inhibitor activity for 1,2,4-traizaol derivatives

This study aims to synthesize and identify both theoretically and experimentally 4-phenyl-5-(thiophene-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 4-ethyl-5-(thiophene-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol compounds. Experimentally, FT-IR and NMR techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized compounds. The density functional theory with the basis set of cc-pVDZ have been utilized for measuring the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shifts of the title compound inthe ground state. The results have shown that the optimized geometry replicate the theoretical vibrations and the calculated chemical shift in line with the experimental values are in good harmony. B3LYP/cc-pVDZ was applied to the aforementioned compound to find different parameters such as the energy of the highest occupied and lower unoccupied molecular orbital (E HOMO and E LUMO ), moreover, the bandgap energy (ΔE) and the dipole moment (μ) are calculated for the corrosion efficacy of organic compounds whose molecular geometry and electronic properties have been previously studied. Properties such as hardness (ɳ), softness (σ), electronegativity (χ) values are computed using the respective measurements to investigate the inhibitor activity of the compound. The fraction of transferred electrons (ΔN) is also calculated, which determined the interaction between the iron surface and the organic compounds. Corrosion inhibitor behavior can therefore be predicted without an experimental study. The findings of the calculations show good relation between organic-based corrosion inhibitors and quantum chemical parameters process.

An expedient synthesis spectral characteristic computational studies and target prediction through insilco studies of 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3-yl-2- mercapto-benzoate and 11, 17 di-hydroxy preg-4-ene-3, 20-dione-21-yl-2-mercapto-benzoate

In the current work (24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3-yl-2- mercapto-benzoate) (3) and (11, 17 di-hydroxy-preg-4-ene-3, 20-dione-21-yl-2-mercapto-benzoate) (4) were synthesized from Stigmasterol (1) and Hydrocortisone (2), respectively isolated as a major components from chloroform extract of stem part of the plant Allamandaviolacea. The synthesized compound (3) and (4) have been characterized with the aid of 1H, 13C, UV, FT-IR spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to reckonthe molecular geometry of synthesized compounds with B3LYP functional and 631 G (d,p) basis set in ground state.1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were premeditated in ground state by means of Gauge-Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method and these values were correlated with experimental interpretations. Time dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) is employed in computing electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO. AIM (Atom in molecule) analysis is used in evaluation of strength of H-bonding and its intra molecular interactions. Global reactivity descriptors were calculated to study the reactive sites within molecules. Dipole moment, polarizability and first hyperpolarizability values have been determined for interpretation of nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the synthesized compounds. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) has also been performed.The potential of both the compounds were evaluated against quorum sensing protein of Gram negative bacteria LsrB (1TM2), LsrK (5YA2), LasR (2UV0) and LuxS (5E68). Binding energy ranging from -8.40133 to -12.49721 kcal/mol and virtual score from -9.67971 to -13.81495 suggest that the compounds can play important role in controlling the unwanted growth of Gram negative bacteria by inhibiting their quorum sensing system.

Nuclear Magnetic Shielding Constants with the Polarizable Density Embedding Model.

We extend the polarizable density embedding (PDE) model to support the calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding constants using gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs) within a density functional theory (DFT) framework. The PDE model divides the total system into fragments, describing some by quantum mechanics (QM) and the others through an embedding model. The PDE model uses anisotropic polarizabilities, inter-fragment two-electron Coulomb integrals, and a non-local repulsion operator to emulate the QM effects. The terms involving Coulomb integrals are straightforwardly extended with GIAOs. In contrast, we consider two approaches to handle the gauge dependency of the non-local operator, employing either simple symmetrization or a gauge transformation. We find the latter approach to be most stable with respect to increasing the basis set size of the QM region. We examine the accuracy of the PDE model for calculating NMR shielding constants on several solutes in a water solution. The performance is compared with the classical polarizable embedding (PE) model in addition to supermolecular reference calculations. Based on these systems, we address the basis set convergence characteristics and the QM region size requirements. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of the PDE model for a system with significant electron spill-out. In many cases, we find that the PDE model outperforms the PE model, especially regarding the accuracy of nuclear shielding constants when using small QM region sizes and in systems with significant electron spill-out.

The four-component DFT method for the calculation of the EPR g-tensor using a restricted magnetically balanced basis and London atomic orbitals.

Four-component relativistic treatments of the electron paramagnetic resonance g-tensor have so far been based on a common gauge origin and a restricted kinetically balanced basis. The results of such calculations are prone to exhibit a dependence on the choice of the gauge origin for the vector potential associated with uniform magnetic field and a related dependence on the basis set quality. In this work, this gauge problem is addressed by a distributed-origin scheme based on the London atomic orbitals, also called gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs), which have proven to be a practical approach for calculations of other magnetic properties. Furthermore, in the four-component relativistic domain, it has previously been shown that a restricted magnetically balanced (RMB) basis for the small component of the four-component wavefunctions is necessary for achieving robust convergence with regard to the basis set size. We present the implementation of a four-component density functional theory (DFT) method for calculating the g-tensor, incorporating both the GIAOs and RMB basis and based on the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian. The approach utilizes the state-of-the-art noncollinear Kramers-unrestricted DFT methodology to achieve rotationally invariant results and inclusion of spin-polarization effects in the calculation. We also show that the gauge dependence of the results obtained is connected to the nonvanishing integral of the current density in a finite basis, explain why the results of cluster calculations exhibit surprisingly low gauge dependence, and demonstrate that the gauge problem disappears for systems with certain point-group symmetries.

Multiconfigurational short-range density functional theory for nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants with gauge-including atomic orbitals.

In this paper, we present the theory and implementation of nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants with gauge-including atomic orbitals for the hybrid multiconfigurational short-range density functional theory model. As a special case, this implementation also includes Hartree-Fock srDFT (HF-srDFT). Choosing a complete-active space (CAS) wave function as the multiconfigurational parameterization of the wave function, we investigate how well CAS-srDFT reproduces experimental trends of nuclear shielding constants compared to DFT and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF). Calculations on the nucleobases adenine and thymine show that CAS-srDFT performs on average the best of the tested methods, much better than CASSCF but only marginally better than HF-srDFT. The performance, compared to regular DFT, is similar when functionals containing exact exchange are used. We generally find that the inclusion of exact exchange is important for an accurate description of the shielding constants. In cases where no exact exchange is included, we observe that the HF- and CAS-srDFT often outperform regular DFT. For calculations on transition metal nuclei in organometallic compounds with significant static correlation, the CAS-srDFT method again outperforms CASSCF compared to experimental shielding constants, and the change from HF-srDFT is substantial. In conclusion, the static correlation posed by the metal complexes seems to be captured by CAS-srDFT, which is promising since this type of correlation is not well described by regular DFT.

Two new p-methoxyphenyl-type derivatives from a saline-lake derived Streptomyces sp. XZB32

Two new p-methoxyphenyl-type derivatives cytchloramol (1) and cytoxazinanone (2), along with six known compounds (3-8) were identified from the chemical investigations of a saline lake actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. XZB32. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, HRESIMS data, GIAO (gauge-including atomic orbitals) NMR, specific optical rotation (SOR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the two new compounds showed that compound 1 exhibited significant activity against HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell line with IC50 values of 2.7 ± 0.07 µM and 1.54 ± 0.14 µM, respectively.

Computation of NMR shieldings at the CASSCF level using gauge-including atomic orbitals and Cholesky decomposition.

We present an implementation of coupled-perturbed complete active space self-consistent field (CP-CASSCF) theory for the computation of nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts using gauge-including atomic orbitals and Cholesky decomposed two-electron integrals. The CP-CASSCF equations are solved using a direct algorithm where the magnetic Hessian matrix-vector product is expressed in terms of one-index transformed quantities. Numerical tests on systems with up to about 1300 basis functions provide information regarding both the computational efficiency and limitations of our implementation.