Gateway Protocol Research Articles

Design of the Wireless Network Hierarchy System of Intelligent City Industrial Data Management Based on SDN Network Architecture

With the rapid development of the industrial Internet of Things and the comprehensive popularization of mobile intelligent devices, the construction of smart city and economic development of wireless network demand are increasingly high. SDN has the advantages of control separation, programmable interface, and centralized control logic. Therefore, integrating this technical concept into the smart city data management WLAN network not only can effectively solve the problems existing in the previous wireless network operation but also provide more functions according to different user needs. In this case, the traditional WLAN network is of low cost and is simple to operate, but it cannot guarantee network compatibility and performance. From a practical perspective, further network compatibility and security are a key part of industrial IoT applications. This paper designs the network architecture of smart city industrial IoT based on SDN, summarizes the access control requirements and research status of industrial IoT, and puts forward the access control requirements and objectives of industrial IoT based on SDN. The characteristics of the industrial Internet of Things are regularly associated with data resources. In the framework of SDN industrial Internet of Things, gateway protocol is simplified and topology discovery algorithm is designed. The access control policy is configured on the gateway. The access control rule can be dynamically adjusted in real time. An SDN-based intelligent city industrial Internet of Things access control function test platform was built, and the system was simulated. The proposed method is compared with other methods in terms of extension protocol and channel allocation algorithm. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Finally, on the basis of performance analysis, the practical significance of the design of a smart city wireless network hierarchical data management system based on SDN industrial Internet of Things architecture is expounded.

Evaluating CephFS Performance vs. Cost on High-Density Commodity Disk Servers

CephFS is a network filesystem built upon the Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store (RADOS). At CERN we have demonstrated its reliability and elasticity while operating several 100-to-1000TB clusters which provide NFS-like storage to infrastructure applications and services. At the same time, our lab developed EOS to offer high performance 100PB-scale storage for the LHC at extremely low costs while also supporting the complete set of security and functional APIs required by the particle-physics user community. This work seeks to evaluate the performance of CephFS on this cost-optimized hardware when it is combined with EOS to support the missing functionalities. To this end, we have setup a proof-of-concept Ceph Octopus cluster on high-density JBOD servers (840 TB each) with 100Gig-E networking. The system uses EOS to provide an overlayed namespace and protocol gateways for HTTP(S) and XROOTD, and uses CephFS as an erasure-coded object storage backend. The solution also enables operators to aggregate several CephFS instances and adds features, such as third-party-copy, SciTokens, and high-level user and quota management. Using simple benchmarks we measure the cost/performance tradeoffs of different erasure-coding layouts, as well as the network overheads of these coding schemes. We demonstrate some relevant limitations of the CephFS metadata server and offer improved tunings which can be generally applicable. To conclude, we reflect on the advantages and drawbacks related to this architecture, such as RADOS-level free space requirements and double-network penalties, and offer ideas for improvements in the future.

A Software-Defined Architecture for Integrating Heterogeneous Space and Ground Networks

In recent years, various types of heterogeneous networks develop rapidly. The integration of multi-type networks have great values in the fields of military and civil applications. The challenges of integrating multiple networks covers the heterogeneity of multiple aspects, e.g., the architectures, protocols, and switching mechanisms. The existing interconnection technologies of heterogeneous networks mainly include traditional static protocol gateways, traditional software-defined network (SDN) gateways, and improved SDN gateways. However, traditional static protocol gateways need to be customed in advance according to specific scenarios, which leads to the lack of flexibility. Traditional SDN gateways are often used for connecting homogeneous networks. The existing improved SDN gateways often neglect the efficiency and cost of integrating heterogeneous networks. In our work, we propose a software-defined architecture for integrating heterogeneous space and ground networks (SD-SGN). First, we propose an integrated architecture that utilizes SDN gateways and southbound interfaces to shield subnets’ heterogeneity ranging from the physical layer to the network layer. Second, we use the multi-class multi-level flow tables to provide a flexible data plane. Third, we offer an efficient control plane based on the subnet abstraction and global collaborative optimization. Fourth, we give a further discussion on customizing a complete network service based on the proposed SDN architecture. Last, extensive simulations demonstrate that this SDN architecture is effective and performs well in terms of costs, efficiency, and performance.

Modelling protocol gateways for cyber-physical systems using Architecture Analysis & Design Language

Developing, configuring, and deploying legacy protocol gateways for existing cyber-physical systems to improve interoperability remains challenging. A possible solution is using model-driven engineering languages such as the Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) that enables combined modelling of software, hardware, and communication for distributed systems. Experiences made while creating an OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) / Data Distribution Service (DDS) gateway indicate the suitability of AADL to model complex software artefacts. Moreover, a proposed process reduces the development and configuration effort for platform-specific gateway instances. A challenge to be addressed is the generation of executable code for resource-constraint devices.

Kinerja gateway berbasis XMPP untuk komunikasi perangkat IoT

This study examines the performance of a communication gateway for IoT devices by utilizing the XMPP protocol so that these devices can be connected and communicate using the Internet. The sensor nodes, which are IoT devices, were implemented using NodeMCU connected to the DHT11 sensor module and LED lights to simulate the incoming data. Sensor nodes can communicate using the XMPP protocol gateway and process the request-response data. Gateway data transmission performance with size variations from 10-100 MB gets an average delay time of 9.3 ms, an average jitter of 0.00178 ms, and an average throughput of 161.4 kbps. The CPU usage parameter has an average increase of 12%, and memory usage tends to be constant when data transmission occurs.

An Implementation of Convergence Security Solution for Overcoming of Security Vulnerabilities in Industrial Control Communication Network

As ICT has been introduced into the traditional industrial field and the convergence industry environment has been developed, the industrial devices operated as closed networks are exposed to external networks, resulting in increased security vulnerability. If ICT networks with open and bi-directional features control industrial devices using unprotected industrial protocols, the physical and economic damage will increase rapidly. General Internet security equipment can be applied, but it is impossible to completely block security threats. In this paper, we analyze security flaws in ICT convergence industry control network and propose security technology to overcome these vulnerabilities. In addition, the convergence industry security gateway system has been developed by applying DPI Filtering Technology, Self-Similarity Technology, OPC-UA Protocol Gateway Technology and Unidirectional Communication Technology proposed in this paper. This system can be applied to the ICT convergence industry to improve the overall security level, and it is expected that the stability of ICT convergence products and services, which cover a wide range of household devices including automobiles and TVs. Future research will develop an industrial standard protocol conversion technology such as MQTT in addition to OPC-UA, and improve the processing performance and bandwidth of the system.

Experimental evaluation of fog computing techniques to reduce latency in LTE networks

AbstractThe changes in new mobile networks toward a full Internet protocol–based architecture have led to opportunities for service‐oriented optimizations based on emergent technologies like fog computing, software‐defined networking, or network function virtualization. This paper explores 2 ways of using these new technologies to reduce the latency in Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Both solutions reduce the path that the data packets should follow from the base station (evolved Node B [eNB]) to the network components that connect to the servers. The first solution, called Fog Gateway, is based on the interception of the packets in the tunnel at the eNB and their redirection to local servers running the fog services. This solution is fully compliant with the current LTE architecture and only requires new components. The second solution, called General Packet Radio Service Tunneling Protocol Gateway (GTP), is based on splitting the eNB's functionality to avoid unnecessary GTP encapsulation of the packets geared toward the fog services. This paper includes an analysis of the latency split in LTE networks, the evaluation of both solutions with experiments in an end‐to‐end LTE network testbed, and a discussion around their applicability in future fifth‐generation networks. The results confirm that they are feasible to provide low‐latency services and that they are compatible with some of the emergent paradigms (software‐defined networking and network function virtualization) as well as with the studies on fifth‐generation networks from the standardization bodies.

Bat-inspired cluster head selection and on-demand cluster head gateway routing for prolonged network lifetime in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has its wide range of applications in data transmission between the nodes in a multi-hop fashion. This paper proposes a Bat Inspired Cluster Head Gateway (BICHG) protocol by combining a Bat Inspired Cluster Head Selection (BICHS) algorithm and On-demand Cluster Head Gateway (OCHG) routing protocol to overcome the clustering and routing issues in MANET. The BICHS elects the CHs based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of all the nodes in the network. The echolocation behaviour of the bat is utilised for CH selection. The routing is performed using OCHG routing protocol, where the CH is used for intra-cluster communication and the gateway coordinates the inter-cluster communication. The node with minimum number of hops and maximum utilisation is selected as the gateway. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

스마트 팩토리 망에서 DPI와 자기 유사도 기술 기반의 OPC-UA 프로토콜 게이트웨이 융합 보안 기술

스마트 팩토리 망에서 DPI와 자기 유사도 기술 기반의 OPC-UA 프로토콜 게이트웨이 융합 보안 기술

IoT Interoperability—On-Demand and Low Latency Transparent Multiprotocol Translator

In the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) there is a clear need for a high level of interoperability between independently developed systems, often from different vendors. Traditional methods of interoperability including protocol gateways and adapters are often used at the network layer. Recent work on application interoperability has emphasized the use of middleware or protocol proxy/gateway. However, middleware tends to move the interoperability problem rather than solving it, and there are scalability issues with increasing the number of proxies, reconfiguration effort, and required bandwidth and processing overheads. This paper proposes a secure, on-demand, and transparent protocol translator for the IIoT. Targeting the challenge of interoperability between Internet protocol-based communication protocols, this paper analyzes current solutions and develops a set of requirements to be met by IoT protocol interoperability. The proposed protocol translator is not a middleware, it is a service-oriented architecture-based participant, it is used on-demand when needed, it does not introduce design time dependencies, it operates transparently, it supports low-latency, and it is secured through the use of Arrowhead authorization and authentication.

USN 기반 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 미들웨어 설계

본 논문에서는 USN 기반 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 미들웨어의 설계를 제안한다. 제안된 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 미들웨어는 송신 메시지 형식을 정의하고, UART를 사용하여 MCU 외부 응용 프로그램에 연결을 위하여 USN 모듈 인터페이스 프로토콜을 사용하였다. 이 경우, 게이트웨이는 설정정보와 함께 지그비 모듈과의 통신 상태를 확인하고, 지그비 시리얼 PDU 형식을 설정한다. 제안된 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이 미들웨어 실험 결과, 전력제어 및 통신제어 실험을 통해 재생 중계 장치를 사용하는 게이트웨이보다 다중 프로토콜 게이트웨이를 사용하는 통합 프로토콜 게이트웨이의 효율성을 입증하였다. In this paper we propose design of a multi-protocol gateway middleware based on USN. The proposed multi-protocol gateway middleware defined the transmit messages format, and were used the USN module interface protocol for connect to external application MCU using the UART. In this case, the gateway was checks the communication state of Zigbee module with settings information, and setting Zigbee serial PDU format. The experimental results of the proposed multi-protocol gateway middleware were proved the efficiency of integrate protocol gateway to use the multi-protocol gateway than gateway to using the repeater through the power control and communications a controlled experiment.

Application for High-Definition Intelligent Video Surveillance Based on WPON and SIP

High-definition intelligent video surveillance system of Henan Power is constructed in 220KV&500KV substation with uniform marginal pattern, multi-level management and image resources sharing. The video sever control and communicate with the monitoring equipment at the substation with WDM-PON channel based on SIP protocol, and can achieve a truly high-quality picture format up to D4(1280*720). Gateway Protocol is researched and developed to convert SD (Standard Definition) video image with different formats to unified H.264 format. The SD and HD video image access to video surveillance platform based on SIP protocol, then give solutions to the existing substation video surveillance platform with low transmission rate, incompatible interface protocol and low quality video image. Furthermore, intelligent analytical processing for data traffic carrying feeder in substation, icing equipment, transmission line galloping and meteorological monitoring, together with the HD video image transmitted on WPON. Aid decision is made for power network production operation and emergency support.

Monitoring Roll Chock Temperature: A Wireless System for a Tandem Cold Mill

Chock temperature control is an important issue in cold rolling mills. Traditional wired systems don't offer satisfactory results for practical use. Because of very low power consumption using Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) wireless technology, temperature sensors (up to 125 οC ) suitable for a tandem cold mill environment have been developed. The complete monitoring system includes repeaters, a base receiver with transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) gateway, and a maintenance software. The results obtained in the tandem mill are collected.

Tunnel gateway satisfying mobility and security requirements of mobile and IP-based networks

Full-mesh IPSec tunnels pass through a black (un secure) network (B-NET) to any red (secure) networks (R NETs). These are needed in military environments, because they enable dynamically changing R-NETs to be reached from a B NET. A dynamically reconfiguring security policy database (SPD) is very difficult to manage, since the R-NETs are mobile. This paper proposes advertisement process technologies in association with the tunnel gateway's protocol that sends 'hello' and 'prefix advertisement (ADV)' packets periodically to a multicast IP address to solve mobility and security issues. We focus on the tunnel gate way's security policy (SP) adaptation protocol that enables R-NETs to adapt to mobile environments and allows them to renew services rapidly soon after their redeployment. The prefix ADV process enables tunnel gateways to gather information associated with the dynamic changes of prefixes and the tunnel gateway's status (that is, 'down'/restart). Finally, we observe two different types of performance results. First, we explore the effects of different levels of R-NET movements on SP adaptation latency. Next, we derive the other SP adaptation latency. This can suffer from dynamic deployments of tunnel gateways, during which the protocol data traffic associated with the prefix ADV protocol data unit is expected to be severe, especially when a certain tunnel gateway restarts.

Towards an RTP Profile for IPTV

In this paper we analyze the two major transport protocols that are currently under discussion for IPTV and propose extensions to support convergence. On the one hand, the MPEG-2 transport stream (MPEG2-TS) is well established in the broadcast world, whereas the real-time transport protocol (RTP) is widely adopted in the Internet and mobile world. Our analysis focuses on the timing aspects such as synchronization and buffer management. It is shown that the system target decoder (STD) defined in MPEG2-TS provides a well defined decoder model that allows minimum buffering delay and predictable behavior. In contrast, an RTP receiver is intentionally defined less accurately to allow flexibility for multiple applications. However, this flexibility results in less clear receiver behavior which is a problem for the design and integration of IPTV systems. By comparing the main differences in the timing models of the two protocols we derive additional constraints and definitions for RTP that minimize the difference to MPEG2-TS. It is proposed to specify these changes as part of an RTP/IPTV profile which also defines an RTP system target decoder (RTP-STD). An example for the application of these extensions is a protocol gateway supporting the convergence of broadcast and the Internet world in IPTV.

Protocol Gateways for HART Sensors

The paper presents description of three different protocol gateways for interfacing HART pressure sensors. The gateways have been designed, programmed and realized as hardware prototypes. The first gateway is a wireless transducer between the HART interface of the sensor and a Bluetooth network. The second gateway connects the sensor to an Ethernet network with Modbus protocol. The third gateway is a wireless transducer for ZigBee networks. The gateways are based on embedded microcontrollers with the required interfaces. The software implementation is done in C using protocol libraries. Hardware and enclosure are designed for industrial applications. The gateways are adapted for use with HART pressure sensors.

Results from high-throughput DNA cloning of Arabidopsis thaliana target genes using site-specific recombination

The Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics (CESG) was founded as a collaborative effort to develop technologies for the rapid and economic determination of protein three-dimensional structures. The initial focus was on the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Protocols for high-throughput cloning of Arabidopsis open reading frames into Escherichia coli expression vectors are presented along with an analysis of results from approximately 2000 cloning experiments. Open reading frames were chosen on the likelihood that they would represent important unknown regions of protein conformation and fold space or that they would elucidate novel fold-function relationships. The chosen open reading frames were amplified from a cDNA pool created by reverse transcription of RNA isolated from an Arabidopsis callus culture. A novel Gateway protocol was developed to insert the amplified open reading frames into an entry vector for storage and sequence determination. Sequence verified entry clones were then used to create expression vectors again via the Gateway system.

Routing design in operational networks

In any IP network, routing protocols provide the intelligence that takes a collection of physical links and transforms them into a network that enables packets to travel from one host to another. Though routing design is arguably the single most important design task for large IP networks, there has been very little systematic investigation into how routing protocols are actually used in production networks to implement the goals of network architects. We have developed a methodology for reverse engineering a coherent global view of a network's routing design from the static analysis of dumps of the local configuration state of each router. Starting with a set of 8,035 configuration files, we have applied this method to 31 production networks. In this paper we present a detailed examination of how routing protocols are used in operational networks. In particular, the results show the conventional model of "interior" and "exterior" gateway protocols is insufficient to describe the diverse set of mechanisms used by architects, and we provide examples of the more unusual designs and examine their trade-offs. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our methodology, and argue that it opens paths towards new understandings of network behavior and design.

Instability of a Tandem Network and Its Propagation Under RED

The interaction between a random early detection (RED) gateway and transmission control protocol (TCP) connections has been shown to lead to a rich set of nonlinear phenomena in single bottleneck cases. We extend this work and study the interaction of TCP connections with RED gateways in a simple tandem network, using a nonlinear first-order discrete-time model. We demonstrate that the nonlinear behavior of TCP can result in both smooth and nonsmooth bifurcations, leading to chaos. We show that the instabilities can be induced at both bottlenecks by changing the system parameters only at one of the bottlenecks while fixing the parameters at the other, thus demonstrating the propagation of instability. Moreover, we show that locally sufficient conditions for stability based on single node analysis are not sufficient for global network stability.

Applying delay random early detection to IP gateways

The Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm controls the average queue size of Internet Protocol (IP) gateways by marking packets. Although RED provides efficient congestion avoidance, it cannot provide queuing delay control when the output bandwidth varies over time. In this paper, we introduce Delay RED (DRED), a variation of RED, which marks packets by monitoring the average queue delay. The mechanism embodies all the features of RED and additionally controls the average queue delay, even when the output service rate varies over time, such as with the Available Bit Rate (ABR) transfer capability. DRED is proposed as a complementary mechanism to RED and can be used for congestion avoidance and for applications requiring a better Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of delay. The performance of DRED has been verified on the OPNET simulation package. DRED proved to be adaptive to the ABR bandwidth fluctuations and offers the target QoS in terms of average delay.