Gateway Function Research Articles

PrismParser: A Framework for Implementing Efficient P4-Programmable Packet Parsers on FPGA

The increasing complexity of modern networks and their evolving needs demand flexible, high-performance packet processing solutions. The P4 language excels in specifying packet processing in software-defined networks (SDNs). Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are ideal for P4-based packet parsers due to their reconfigurability and ability to handle data transmitted at high speed. This paper introduces three FPGA-based P4-programmable packet parsing architectural designs that translate P4 specifications into adaptable hardware implementations called base, overlay, and pipeline, each optimized for different packet parsing performance. As modern network infrastructures evolve, the need for multi-tenant environments becomes increasingly critical. Multi-tenancy allows multiple independent users or organizations to share the same physical network resources while maintaining isolation and customized configurations. The rise of 5G and cloud computing has accelerated the demand for network slicing and virtualization technologies, enabling efficient resource allocation and management for multiple tenants. By leveraging P4-programmable packet parsers on FPGAs, our framework addresses these challenges by providing flexible and scalable solutions for multi-tenant network environments. The base parser offers a simple design for essential packet parsing, using minimal resources for high-speed processing. The overlay parser extends the base design for parallel processing, supporting various bus sizes and throughputs. The pipeline parser boosts throughput by segmenting parsing into multiple stages. The efficiency of the proposed approaches is evaluated through detailed resource consumption metrics measured on an Alveo U280 board, demonstrating throughputs of 15.2 Gb/s for the base design, 15.2 Gb/s to 64.42 Gb/s for the overlay design, and up to 282 Gb/s for the pipelined design. These results demonstrate a range of high performances across varying throughput requirements. The proposed approach utilizes a system that ensures low latency and high throughput that yields streaming packet parsers directly from P4 programs, supporting parsing graphs with up to seven transitioning nodes and four connections between nodes. The functionality of the parsers was tested on enterprise networks, a firewall, and a 5G Access Gateway Function graph.

Location Based Blood Donor Finding System

Abstract: This research paper delineates the creation and execution of an application based on serverless architecture, aimed at simplifying blood donation by enabling location-based donor searches. The system primarily uses cloud services such as API Gateway, Lambda Functions, and DynamoDB on popular cloud platforms. Google Maps API integration provides a dynamic mapping solution for a better user experience. This application allows a donor and blood bank to register their details including her GPS coordinates, thus providing users with an efficient and real-time way to find a donor nearby. Serverless architecture ensures cost efficiency, scalability, and seamless management of resources. API Gateway and Lambda functions are us ed to create RESTful APIs and facilitate communication between applications and databases. The DynamoDB database is used to store donor information, ensuring data persistence, reliability, and easy retrieval. Users can use the application to search for donors based on their current location and view the results on an interactive map. The system optimizes the blood donation process by calculating and displaying important information such as distance to the donor’s location, direction, and estimated time of arrival.

Abstract 2838: ZNFX1 is a master regulator and tumor suppressor in epigenetically induced pathogen mimicry, mitochondrial dysfunction and STING-dependent signaling in cancer

Abstract Immunomodulatory agents are an important recent advance in cancer therapy, but utility is often limited by tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Strategic therapeutic activation of intracellular antiviral immune responses offers an opportunity to reverse immune evasion mechanisms and improve treatment outcomes. Anti-cancer agents such as, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) induce re-expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), leading to cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) accumulation that activates interferon/inflammasome signaling. Moreover, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) increase cytosolic dsDNA, activating stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING). We reported that DNMTis in combination with PARPis induce STING-dependent signaling in a process termed pathogen mimicry response (PMR). Mitochondria (mt) are an important gateway for antiviral inflammasome signaling, but are not fully understood in cancer. Our studies of the little-known gene, NFX1-type zinc finger-containing 1 (ZNFX1), show that it acts as a master nucleic acid (dsRNA/DNA) sensor for mt gateway function. Bioinformatics analysis in primary ovarian tumors from TCGA and clinical trial RNAseq datasets, shows that increased ZNFX1 expression tracks with tumor stage and grade but inversely correlates with a mt dysfunction signature. In studies of high-grade and endometrial serous carcinoma (OC) cell lines (N=3), transfection of dsRNA/DNA mimics or DNMTi azacytidine (AZA) and PARPi (talazoparib [TAL]) treatments induce increased ZNFX1 expression and binding to mt antiviral protein (MAVs) localized on the mt outer membrane. Functional studies of mt dysfunction in OC cells, show that dsRNA/DNA as well as above viral mimicry drugs increase mt reactive oxygen species (ROS) as measured by mitosox flow cytometry. AZA and TAL treatments also increase fragmented mtDNA and oxidative mtDNA base damage, as measured by long range PCR and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) ELISA assays. These drug treatments also increase release of mtDNA into the cytosol, resulting in STING-dependent inflammasome signaling and cytokine release. Notably, ZNFX1 knockout (KO) attenuates these dynamics, including in bioinformatics of RNA seq data, thus defining this gene as essential for IFN/inflammasome signaling induced by mtDNA damage. Further pathway analysis of ZNFX1 KO vs wild-type (WT) RNAseq data suggest increased proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that was validated by in vitro and in vivo assays. Not only is ZNFX1 a master regular of the above mt dynamics, but it is a tumor suppressor in OC. Abrogating ZNFX1 expression in OC cells triggers increased cell proliferation, invasive capacity and, in-vivo, increased tumor growth. This work then suggests novel approaches to improve immune therapy responses in OC through manipulating ZNFX1. Citation Format: Lora Stojanovic, Rachel Abbotts, Kaushlendra Tripathi, Collin M. Coon, Sheng Liu, Jun Wan, Michael Topper, Stephen Baylin, Kenneth Nephew, Feyruz Rassool. ZNFX1 is a master regulator and tumor suppressor in epigenetically induced pathogen mimicry, mitochondrial dysfunction and STING-dependent signaling in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2838.

Abstract PR-005: ZNFX1 is a master regulator for epigenetic reprograming of mitochondrial inflammasome signaling and pathogen mimicry in cancer cells

Abstract Immunomodulatory agents represent an important recent advance in cancer therapy, but utility is often limited by tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Strategic therapeutic activation of intracellular antiviral immune responses offers an opportunity to reverse immune evasion mechanisms and improve treatment outcomes. Anti-cancer agents such as, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) induce re-expression of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs), leading to cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) accumulation that activates interferon/inflammasome signaling. Moreover, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) increase cytosolic dsDNA leading to activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We previously reported in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and ovarian cancer (OC) that DNMTis in combination with PARPi induce STING-dependent interferon/inflammasome signaling in a process termed pathogen mimicry response (PMR). Mitochondria (mt) are an important gateway for antiviral inflammasome signaling, but upstream activating events in cancer are not understood. We now show NFX1-type zinc finger–containing 1 (ZNFX1), a little-studied innate immune gene, acts as a master nucleic acid (dsRNA/DNA) sensor for this mt gateway function. Importantly, in primary ovarian tumors from TCGA and clinical trial RNAseq datasets, increased ZNFX1 expression tracks with tumor stage and grade but inversely correlates with a mt dysfunction signature. In studies of high grade serous (TYK-nu, OVCAR4) as well as endometrial ovarian (A2780) cancer cells, transfection of dsRNA/DNA mimics or DNMTi azacytidine (AZA) and PARPi (talazoparib) treatments induce increased ZNFX1 expression and binding to mt antiviral protein (MAVs) localized on the mt outer membrane, using immunofluorescence-based proximity ligation assays. In studies of mt dysfunction, we further show that dsRNA/DNA as well as above-described anti-cancer drugs increase mt reactive oxygen species (ROS), using flow cytometry of ROS dye mitoSOX. DNMTi and PARPi treatments also increase fragmented mtDNA and oxidative mtDNA base damage, as measured long range PCR and 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) ELISA assays, respectively. Importantly, these drug treatment increase release of mtDNA into the cytosol, resulting in STING-dependent inflammasome signaling and cytokine release. ZNFX1 knockout robustly attenuates these dynamics, thus defining this immune gene as essential for interferon/inflammasome signaling induced by mtDNA damage. Our data indicates a master role for the little-studied dsRNA/DNA sensor ZNFX1 in initiating a pathogen mimicry response to DNMTi and PARPi combination treatment, and further highlights the critical role of the mt in cellular antiviral signaling mechanisms. Importantly, this work suggests a novel avenue for manipulation of inflammasome signaling to improve cancer therapy responses and disease outcomes. Citation Format: Lora Stojanovic, Rachel Abbotts, Kaushlendra Tripathi, Collin M. Coon, Sheng Liu, Jun Wan, Michael J. Topper, Kenneth P. Nephew, Stephen B. Baylin, Feyruz V. Rassool. ZNFX1 is a master regulator for epigenetic reprograming of mitochondrial inflammasome signaling and pathogen mimicry in cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Ovarian Cancer; 2023 Oct 5-7; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(5 Suppl_2):Abstract nr PR-005.

Hugo Claus in French translation: a Flemish-Belgian author entering the scene of world literature

ABSTRACT The Dutch-language author Hugo Claus is one of the most celebrated and most translated Flemish authors of the twentieth century. Especially the French translations of his work fulfil an important position in the (inter)national dissemination of his work. Starting in the 1950s, his oeuvre enters the field of World Literature through the French translations and Parisian publications of his work, because French was still very much a lingua franca in the 1950s and Paris the centre of the World Republic of Letters. Even if Paris fulfils a gateway function, Claus’s intra-Belgian bilingual francophone-Dutch contacts and networks prove to have been crucial in the coming about of the French translations of his oeuvre and reveal interesting interlingual and intercultural dynamics within the bilingual (multilingual) cultural area of Belgium. In this article, we will explore the position and dissemination of Claus’s (early) works within a Belgian and international context, against the background of the mutual interactions between national and international networks and taking into account mechanisms of intercultural exchange, circulation and promotion within the (inter)national literary field.

Black Scorpion and the 1970 Apapa Port Congestion: Solving Maritime Gateway-Hinterland Delivery Problems in Nigeria

The study examined the Apapa Port congestion of 1970 which became an albatross for the fledgling Gowon junta as Nigeria, heavily import-export dependent, grappled with immediate post-civil-war economic difficulties compounded by a clogged maritime gateway that threatened the peace dividend. The regime desperately turned to a noted disciplinarian, Colonel Benjamin Adekunle, aka Black Scorpion, the no-nonsense former head of the 3rd Marine Command which had routed Biafra’s secessionist forces at Port Harcourt to facilitate Nigeria’s victory, but who was untidily shunted aside in 1969, following the clandestine politics of the country and her vicious military sector. Although alienated, Adekunle became the military port commandant charged with clearing the gateway by all means. Using archival, primary, and secondary data sources, the paper examines Nigeria’s underlying sociopolitical fault lines using relevant theoretical frameworks and Adekunle’s rare oral interview to interrogate his persona, the controversies of the time, the achievements of the military port commandant-in-council, and how the hinterland delivery problems of the era were subjected to management by design strategies in future port and highway developments. The findings include unbalanced national utilization of port facilities in favour of the Lagos port system, with the conclusion that the skew was largely responsible for the frequent congestions whose resolution options must include harmonized nationwide redistribution of gateway functions in line with economic realities.

Neuropeptide Y Attenuates Aging-Induced Bone Marrow Niche Defects and Rejuvenate Aged Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

Aging-associated defects in hematopoiesis are linked to declining in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment/niche has been suggested to influence HSC aging. However, the factors/mechanisms whereby the BM niche mediates hematopoietic stem and progenitor (HSPC) aging are poorly understood. We recently discovered that neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a crucial role in HSPC trafficking by regulating the BM vascular gateway function (PMCID: PMC5707149). NPY is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters released in the BM by sympathetic nerve fibers. In this study, we found that the aging-induced deficit of NPY levels in the BM plays a critical role in niche defects and HSPC aging by impairing the molecular pathways involved in regulating oxidative stress, senescence, and stemness. The measurement of NPY levels in the BM of young (3-4 months) and aged (18-23 months) mice showed lower NPY levels in aged mice than in young mice (2.2-fold), which was associated with a decrease in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (2-fold, p=0.008) and endothelial cells (EC) (1.5-fold, p<0.05) numbers in the BM. In addition, we found that circulating NPY levels decline in the older human population (65-83 years) than in young/ middle age (23-55 years) individuals (1.5-fold, p=0.01). We hypothesized if aging-induced NPY deficit contributes to BM niche defects and HSPC aging, then NPY supplementation may attenuate/revert these processes. To explore this possibility, we administered exogenous NPY in aged mice (100ng/mouse) for 15 consecutive days and evaluated HSPC and niche cells. NPY supplementation in aged mice (18-23 months) substantially reverted aged HSPC phenotype, including NPY decreased the accumulation of HSC-enriched SLAM LSK (Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+CD48-CD150+) in the BM (1.8-fold, p<0.05) and increased the HPC clonal expansion (1.9-fold, p<0.05) measured by flow cytometry and CFU-C assay, respectively. Competitive BM transplantation studies using donor cells from young, aged, or NPY-treated aged mice into lethally irradiated syngeneic mice showed myeloid biased repopulation from aged mice donor cells than young mice donor cells, and that was attenuated in NPY-treated aged mice donor cells (33%, p=0.003). In addition, NPY substantially reverted aging-related reduction in BM MSC (CD45-Ter119-CD31-Nestin+PDGFR+CD51+) and EC (CD45-Ter119-CD31+VE-cadherin+) numbers, and BM MSC clonal expansion (2-fold, p<0.05) as measured by CFU-F assay. To further validate NPY's role in the aged BM niche and HSPC function, we used NPY gene overexpressing and knockout (KO) mouse models. Compared to wild-type (WT) aged mice, NPY overexpressing aged mice showed a substantial increase in BM niche MSC numbers (1.4-fold, P=0.03) and improved HSPC clonal expansion (2.5-fold, P=0.002). In contrast, 16-18 months old NPY KO mice showed enhanced aging than aged WT mice, reflected by fewer MSC counts and lower HSPC clonal expansion (MSC: 1.6-fold, and CFU-F: 1.5-fold, <0.05). Oxidative stress and senescence are the hallmarks of aging. To examine if NPY attenuates HSPC aging by controlling oxidative and senescence, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) and senescence in SLAM-LSK of young, aged, and NPY-treated aged mice using CellROX and anti-p16 antibodies, respectively. The SLAM-LSK from aged mice showed higher expression of ROS (9-fold, p=0.03) and p16 than young mice (1.7-fold). However, ROS and p16 expression were decreased in NPY-treated aged mice (ROS: 2-fold, and p16: 1.3-fold, p<0.05). To identify the molecular pathways involved in NPY-mediated attenuation of HSPC aging, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of SLAM-LSK cells. Aged mice SLAM LSK showed impaired expression of genes involved in pathways regulating antioxidant defense, DNA damage repair and stemness than in young mice SLAM LSK. However, NPY treatment in aged mice substantially restored these pathways in SLAM LSK. In conclusion, our studies suggest that an aging-induced deficit in NPY levels in the BM is a crucial lesion contributing to niche defects and HSPC aging. Thus, NPY supplementation or protection of NPY-producing nerve fibers in the BM can attenuate/restore aging-induced niche damage and rejuvenate aged HSPC.

Integration of 5G Wireless into Hybrid Media Production Including SMPTE ST 2110

Professional media production will in the future require more flexibility over where and how its operations are provided, including where there are multiple networks, which could include 5G, wired, cloud-based, and home networks. The broadcast industry’s adoption of live networked media systems is still relatively immature, especially in wireless and there is not yet a consistent and complete approach to describing architectures and the interfaces required for interoperability. This article describes a set of gateway functions for a professional media production using both 5G and wired (SMPTE ST 2110-based) media networks, in particular a scenario from the EU Horizon IC-41 Project 5G-RECORDS ( <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://www.5g-records.eu/</uri> ) about a multicamera 5G-enabled broadcast studio. The Media Gateway (MG) converts media streams between the wireless and wired environments and the Media Orchestration and Control Gateway (MOCG) provides discovery, configuration, connection, and control of broadcast equipment deployed in various locations. In a ST 2110 environment, the latter is done in part through Advanced Media Workflow Association (AMWA) Networked Media Open Specifications (NMOS) APIs; however, this approach needs to be adapted for use in a 5G network, through the introduction of middleware components that decouple the wired and wireless. This article gives a detailed description of the wireless studio use-case and the approach taken by 5G-RECORDS in developing the MG and MOCG.

Gateway cities for transnational higher education? Doha, Dubai and Ras al‐Khaimah as regional amplifiers in networks of the ‘global knowledge‐based economy’

AbstractThis paper investigates how the developmental ambitions of governments to attract university offshore campuses to Doha, Dubai and Ras al‐Khaimah and these universities’ internationalization strategies affect the three cities’ positionalities. It links interdisciplinary literature on globally uneven geographies of higher education to geographical debates on the intermediating role of cities in regional and global economies. The paper conceptualizes the three cities as a triadic ensemble of gateways for transnational higher education (TNE), thereby contributing to further theorization of gateway cities. The paper shows that the three cities fulfil two crucial gateway functions. First, they connect internationalizing universities with particular student segments from their regional hinterlands seeking access to TNE. Second, they thereby amplify and disperse hegemonic regimes of the globalising knowledge‐based economy in their regional hinterlands. While all three cities share similar functions and rationales, they also have distinct positionalities rooted in different strategies of the respective governments.

Access Convergence for Heavy Load Markov Ethernet Bursty Traffic Using Two-level Statistical Multiplexing

A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is proposed in this paper, particularly that prevailing between gateway services and internet routing devices, with the aim of achieving rate accommodation. In other words, to accommodate different rates while filtering out delays in the queue, to achieve access network convergence. Although gateway functions can be used to achieve this by adapting service rates, as many gateways as services are required. Instead of considering the distributed gateway services method, statistical multiplexing is chosen for this study for cost efficiency in network resources. Unfortunately, statistical multiplexing exhibits greater packet variation (jitter) and transfer delay. These delays, basically resulting from positive correlations or time dependency in the queue system, are addressed through infinitesimal queue modeling, based on the diffusion process approximated by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, which deals with infinitesimal changes in the Markov queue. The related analysis has resulted in an exponential queueing model for univariate and/or multivariate servers obtained through Markov Gaussian approximation. An experiment based on two different voice algorithms shows rate accommodation, and a fluid solution, which is dynamically outputted according to the transmission link availability during each transition time, without any significant delay. Hence, better transfer delay and rate control is obtained through the proposed two multiplexing levels within an Ethernet LAN

Noncontact Defect Detection Method of Automobile Cylinder Block Based on SVM Algorithm

Based on the problems encountered in the gateway system, this article developed the SVM algorithm support vector machine auxiliary system based on the function of the hybrid network gateway to help the gateway dynamically adjust its operating status to ensure the stability of the gateway system and the real-time internal data. This paper studies the noncontact defect detection system of automobile cylinder block on the basis of the SVM algorithm. There are many thin holes in the wall of automobile engine cylinder block, the structure is complex, and the processing is easy to deform. In order to solve the problem of deformation of the automobile engine cylinder block during the milling process, this paper uses a combination of simulation and experiment to analyze the clamping deformation and milling deformation during the machining of the top surface of the automobile cylinder block and proposes the control of the milling deformation profile error measure. Aiming at the problems of backward detection technology, low detection efficiency, and low detection accuracy for the detection of defects on the inner surface of the master cylinder of automobile brakes, this paper uses the machine vision technology to choose the noncontact method of measurement. The use of laser nonultrasonic contact systems is not limited to workpieces having regular shapes, such as planes and cylinders. It is limited to workpieces with regular shapes such as planes and cylinders. In the automotive and other industrial fields, for various curved parts with free-form surfaces, nondestructive testing techniques of laser nonultrasonic contact systems are generally required to find defects. In the research of the noncontact defect detection method of the automobile cylinder block based on the SVM algorithm, this paper hopes that the detection efficiency and detection accuracy of the inner surface of the brake cylinder can be improved, and the defect location can be accurately found.

An Efficient 5G Data Plan Approach Based on Partially Distributed Mobility Architecture.

Reaching a flat network is the main target of future evolved packet core for the 5G mobile networks. The current 4th generation core network is centralized architecture, including Serving Gateway and Packet-data-network Gateway; both act as mobility and IP anchors. However, this architecture suffers from non-optimal routing and intolerable latency due to many control messages. To overcome these challenges, we propose a partially distributed architecture for 5th generation networks, such that the control plane and data plane are fully decoupled. The proposed architecture is based on including a node Multi-session Gateway to merge the mobility and IP anchor gateway functionality. This work presented a control entity with the full implementation of the control plane to achieve an optimal flat network architecture. The impact of the proposed evolved packet Core structure in attachment, data delivery, and mobility procedures is validated through simulation. Several experiments were carried out by using NS-3 simulation to validate the results of the proposed architecture. The Numerical analysis is evaluated in terms of total transmission delay, inter and intra handover delay, queuing delay, and total attachment time. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture performance-enhanced end-to-end latency over the legacy architecture.

Managing a multiple-gateway airport system with super high-speed rail

In this study, we analyzed the airport choice behavior of inbound Chinese travelers to Japan. We determined the effect of launching super high-speed rail (SHSR) on air-rail integration and its effect on the gateway functions of airports connected by high-speed rail or SHSR. We developed a bi-level model adopting nested-type stochastic user equilibrium using a capacity constraints model. Based on simulations, we concluded that (i) introducing SHSR can reduce the congestion at the primary gateway airport; (ii) direct connection with SHSR can enhance the gateway function of secondary gateway airports; (iii) when a low-cost carrier is operating in the market, the gateway function at secondary airports without SHSR may be diminished by the introduction of SHSR.

A State of Art for Smart Gateways Issues and Modification

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of objects such as sensors, actuators, and processors, which interconnected within a specific network to perform a task collaboratively. The IoT is one of the prevalent technologies, which has developed dramatically in recent years. Its reputation derives from its relevance and role in employing things in the best way, starting with smartphones that opened new horizons in control technologies and later developing new ideas regarding cloud-computing services. A smart gateway plays an essential role in the IoT applications that responsible for enabling communication between the network layer and the ubiquitous sensors network layer. IoT gateways are methods that operate with influential data centers as a point of communication between lower-end users. IoT gateways connect the heterogeneous devices in use and carry out many tasks to accomplish the computing mission. This work searches how IoT gateway's function and how they interact. In particular, it lists interface issues related to IoT gateways. In this paper, we research IoT and Smart Gateways and address Smart Gateways problems and computing techniques to promote IoT programs' stable transition to the Smart Gateway.

A MORE USER FRIENDLY APPROACH FOR USING CAD AND PLM INTEGRATIONS

In recent years, the integration capability between CAD and PLM systems has become a key functionality to ensure productivity in ship design and construction, to guarantee an optimal quality, reduce design errors, enable the appropriate digitalization processes and allow consuming CAD generated data along the whole ship life cycle. However, many different approaches have been adopted by the largest shipyards to implement this feature, from the simple export/import based processes, through gateway functionalities, and up to a full bidirectional real-time integration. But now, we are presenting a step beyond, which is the interoperability between both worlds: CAD and PLM. The current paper describes some of the most recent capabilities being introduced, by means of having a really user friendly handing of data between them.

City networks binding resource peripheries to economic and political cores: a Northeast Asian perspective

ABSTRACT Under conditions of contemporary globalization and regionalization, economic connectivity is an increasingly important feature of Northeast Asia (NEA). Geographies of these connections and the role of NEA cities in the global and regional economies are increasingly variegated. This paper explores resource industries as landscapes of NEA integration in regional and global economies by focusing on the city networks of energy and mining firms. Using social network analysis (SNA) of the corporate headquarters-subsidiary relations, this paper provides a comparative study of spatialities of the NEA energy and mining city networks at different geographical scales. By distinguishing global, regional, and national scales of urban connectivity, the analysis identifies NEA cities that are strategic in linking resource extraction regions with centers of economic and political power. Based on the multiscale connectivity and SNA metrics, we draw a typology of gateway functions and discuss the positionalities of cities in NEA resources networks. By advancing the empirical understanding of NEA regional and global integration through strategic cities, this study establishes a case for the reframing of NEA as a region that is neither nationally-scaled nor geographically contiguous.

Desarrollo y evaluación de un gateway móvil IoT para redes 4G LTE

La tendencia actual es interconectar cualquier dispositivo para ser monitoreado y controlado de manera remota por medio de tecnologías propias del concepto de IoT. Uno de los problemas es conectar los dispositivos a una red mediante tecnologías con suficiente cobertura y capacidad, por lo que en el presente artículo se muestra el desarrollo de un gateway móvil para aplicaciones IoT bajo la plataforma Android, evaluado en redes móviles de 4G. El gateway móvil IoT envía los datos recolectados de sensores mediante la selección de los protocolos MQTT y HTTP, hacia plataformas IoT en Internet. La arquitectura se compone de sensores de temperatura, luminosidad y presión que se integran en un nodo sensor, cuya función es la obtención de los datos, procesamiento y luego, mediante Bluetooth, se envía a un smartphone Android, donde se ejecuta una aplicación que hace la función gateway móvil. Aquí se realiza el entramado de datos que son enviados mediante la red 4G LTE hacia las plataformas IoT de Ubidots y Watson IoT. Posteriormente se realizaron pruebas con varias métricas como latencia, demanda de corriente y costos de conexión. Se concluye que el gateway móvil IoT tiene un mejor rendimiento bajo el protocolo MQTT, en comparación con HTTP.

DronAway: A Proposal on the Use of Remote Sensing Drones as Mobile Gateway for WSN in Precision Agriculture

The increase in the world population has led to new needs for food. Precision Agriculture (PA) is one of the focuses of these policies to optimize the crops and facilitate crop management using technology. Drones have been gaining popularity in PA to perform remote sensing activities such as photo and video capture as well as other activities such as fertilization or scaring animals. These drones could be used as a mobile gateway as well, benefiting from its already designed flight plan. In this paper, we evaluate the adequacy of remote sensing drones to perform gateway functionalities, providing a guide for choosing the best drone parameters for successful WiFi data transmission between sensor nodes and the gateway in PA systems for crop monitoring and management. The novelty of this paper compared with existing mobile gateway proposals is that we are going to test the performance of the drone that is acting as a remote sensing tool to carry a low-cost gateway node to gather the data from the nodes deployed on the field. Taking this in mind, simulations of different scenarios were performed to determine if the data can be transmitted correctly or not considering different flying parameters such as speed (from 1 to 20 m/s) and flying height (from 4 to 104 m) and wireless sensor network parameters such as node density (1 node each 60 m2 to 1 node each 5000 m2) and antenna coverage (25 to 200 m). We have calculated the time that each node remains with connectivity and the time required to send the data to estimate if the connection will be bad, good, or optimal. Results point out that for the maximum node density, there is only one combination that offers good connectivity (lowest velocity, the flying height of 24 m, and antenna with 25 m of coverage). For the other node densities, several combinations of flying height and antenna coverage allows good and optimal connectivity.

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Decreased Pasteurella multocida Adherence by Downregulating the Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 on the Surface of Upper Respiratory Epithelial Cells

The synergistic infection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) may predispose cattle to develop severe pneumonia. Previously, we reported that BRSV infection significantly decreased PM adherence to the upper respiratory epithelial cells. It may allow bacteria to invade into the lower respiratory tract and lead to severe pneumonia. To investigate whether BRSV infection regulates the cell surface adherence receptor on bovine trachea epithelial cells (bTECs), we performed proteomic and functional analyses. BRSV infection decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) on bTECs. Inhibition and knockdown experiments using anti-ICAM1 antibody and siRNAs targeting ICAM1 indicated that PM adherence to bTECs was dependent on ICAM1 expression. These data suggest that under normal conditions bTECs may capture PM in the upper respiratory tract, while BRSV infection reverses this mechanism. The proposed gateway function of bTECs is disrupted by BRSV infection that may facilitate bacterial invasion into the lower respiratory tract and lead to secondary or more severe respiratory infection.

Enhanced MQTT Protocol by Smart Gateway

The MQTT protocol is one of the Internet of Things (loT) application protocols. It is based on publishing/subscribing messaging patterns. This protocol uses a broker to manage the communication between the subscribers and the publishers over the internet. There were two problems associated with the implementation of this protocol. The first one, there are many sensors generating huge data using the very simple IoT architecture. These big data may lead to congestion on the internet and thus will cause several disadvantages such as decreasing throughput, packet loss, and delay, which in turn may affect the performance of the MQTT broker, thus affecting the mechanism of the performance of the IoT application. The second problem, the MQTT protocol does not contain a priority management algorithm which is considered a very important and special issue in health applications. In this paper, a smart gateway is designed to enhance the MQTT networks. This work introduced the smart e-health gateway used in MQTT based remote Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system. A new architecture has been implemented that contains two new components, the local broker and the publisher /subscriber (pub/sub) models. The local broker works in the local network and the publisher /subscriber (pub/sub) model is responsible for the process of smart in the gateway. One of the smart applications was used is a filter application. We’ve taken the data filtering side and give it a priority, as an example in order to know the possibility of achieving the architecture of the gateway that was created in our work. And is this architecture valid to work or invalid. Therefore, we conducted a test using the application of ECG signal filtration and give priority to patients according to the case of an urgent for each patient. The R-peaks were calculated from the ECG signals-peaks for the identification of heart rate. The urgent level will be classified depending on the beats rate feature. The proposed smart gateway function is to manage the data rate that will pass through to the internet. In the case of high urgent level, all the packets will be passed, while in case of a low level, the least possible data will be passed. The proposed system scenarios are designed and evaluated by using the OMNET simulation environment and Inet4 framework. The simulation results are shown by the evaluation methods used (delay, throughput, packets sent, and packets received). These results proved the success of the architectural work that was implemented in the system.