Gastroretentive Tablets Research Articles

Evaluation of floatability characteristics of gastroretentive tablets using VIS imaging with artificial neural networks

Gastroretentive dosage forms are recommended for several active substances because it is often necessary for the drug to be released from the carrier system into the stomach over an extended period. Among gastroretentive dosage forms, floating tablets are a very popular pharmaceutical technology. In this study, it was investigated whether a rapid, nondestructive method can be used to characterize the floating properties of a tablet.To accomplish our objective, the same composition was compressed, and varied compression forces were applied to achieve the desired tablet. In addition to physical examinations, digital microscopic images of the tablets were captured and analyzed using image analysis techniques, allowing the investigation of the floatability of the dosage form. Image processing algorithms and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were utilized to classify the samples based on their strength and floatability. The input dataset consisted solely of the acquired images.It has been shown by our research that visible imaging coupled with pattern recognition neural networks is an efficient way to categorize these samples based on their floatability. Rapid and non-destructive digital imaging of tablet surfaces is facilitated by this method, offering insights into both crushing strength and floating properties.

Gastroretentive Delivery Approach to Address pH-Dependent Degradation of (+)- and (-)-Phenserine.

(-)-Phenserine ("phenserine") and (+)-phenserine (posiphen; buntanetap) are longer-acting enantiomeric analogs of physostigmine with demonstrated promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Both enantiomers have short plasma half-lives, and their pharmacokinetics might be improved through the use of either once or twice-daily administration of an extended-release dosage form. Phenserine was observed to form a colored degradation product in near-neutral and alkaline pH environments, and at pH 7, the half-life of posiphen was determined to be ~ 9 h (40 °C). To limit luminal degradation which would reduce bioavailability, a gastroretentive tablet composed of a polyethylene oxide-xanthan gum matrix was developed. When placed in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2), approximately 70% of the phenserine was released over a 12 h period, and no degradants were detected in the release medium. In comparison, a traditional hydrophilic-matrix, extended-release tablet showed measurable amounts of phenserine degradation in a pH 7.2 medium over an 8 h release interval. These results confirm that a gastroretentive tablet can reduce the luminal degradation of phenserine or posiphen by limiting exposure to neutral pH conditions while providing sustained release of the drug over at least 12 h. Additional advantages of the gastroretentive tablet include reduced gastric and intestinal concentrations of the drug resulting from the slower release from the gastroretentive tablet whichmay also limit the occurrence of the dose-limiting GI side effects previously observed with immediate-release phenserine capsules.

Exploration of moisture activated dry granulation for the development of gastroretentive tablets aided by SeDeM diagram

Moisture activated dry granulation (MADG) is an attractive granulation process. However, only a few works have explored modified drug release achieved by MADG, and to the best of the authors knowledge, none of them have explored gastroretention. The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of MADG process for developing gastroretentive placebo tablets, aided by SeDeM diagram. Floating and swelling capacities have been identified as critical quality attributes (CQAs). After a formulation screening step, the type and concentration of floating matrix formers and of binders were identified as the most relevant critical material attributes (CMAs) to investigate in ten formulations. A multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) was applied against the factors that were varied to find the design space. An optimized product based on principal component analysis (PCA) results and MLRA was prepared and characterized. The granulate was also assessed by SeDeM.In conclusion, granulates lead to floating tablets with short floating lag time (<2 min), long floating duration (>4 h), and showing good swelling characteristics. The results obtained so far are promising enough to consider MADG as an advantageous granulation method to obtain gastroretentive tablets or even other controlled delivery systems requiring a relatively high content of absorbent materials in their composition.

3D printing of multi-unit gastro-retentive tablets for the pulsatile release of artesunate

Pulsatile drug delivery is hardly achieved by conventional gastro-retentive dosage forms. Artesunate as a typical anti-malaria medicine needs oral pulsatile release. Here, artesunate-loaded pulsatile-release multi-unit gastro-retentive tablets (APGTs) were prepared with a semi-solid extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printing method. An APGT was composed of three units: artesunate-loaded immediate and delayed release units and a block unit. The matrix of the immediate/delayed release units consisted of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 and croscarmellose sodium, which improved the rapid release of artesunate when contacting water. The block unit consisted of octadecanol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15M, PVP K30, and poloxamer F68. APGTs showed multi-phase release in simulated gastric liquids (SGLs). The first immediate release phase continued for 1 h followed by a long block phase for 7 h. The second rapid release phase was initiated when the eroded holes in the block unit extended to the inner delayed release unit, and this phase continued for about 14 h. Low-density APGTs could ensure their long-term floating in the stomach. Oral APGTs remained in the rabbit stomach for about 20 h. 3D printing provides a new strategy for the preparation of oral pulsatile-release tablets.

Patient-Centric Approaches to Gastroretentive Floating Tablets: Tailoring for Diverse Clinical Needs

Gastroretentive tablets have emerged as a promising platform for controlled drug delivery, offering the potential for prolonged gastric residence time and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This comprehensive review explores the paradigm shift towards patient-centric approaches in the development of gastroretentive tablets. The journey begins with an examination of the historical evolution of gastroretentive technologies, tracing advancements in formulation techniques, materials, and technologies that have paved the way for patient-centric designs. The review delves into patient-centric formulation strategies tailored for diverse populations, including pediatrics and geriatrics. It highlights the importance of considering patient-specific needs, preferences, and physiological characteristics in optimizing dosage forms. Regulatory considerations and compliance-enhancing features are scrutinized, providing insights into the delicate balance between personalized medicine and regulatory expectations. Real-world applications are illuminated through case studies, offering success stories across pediatric, geriatric, and personalized medicine contexts. Clinical outcomes, including adherence metrics and patient satisfaction, provide tangible evidence of the impact of patient-centric gastroretentive tablets. Challenges in formulation development and regulatory implementation are critically examined, with a focus on technical hurdles and strategies for navigating evolving regulatory landscapes. The conclusion distills key findings and outlines implications for future research and clinical practice, emphasizing continued innovation, strategic regulatory engagement, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, clinicians, and regulatory professionals engaged in advancing patient-centric gastroretentive tablets. It offers a roadmap for the integration of innovative technologies into clinical practice, fostering a patient-centered approach in the evolution of controlled drug delivery systems.

Optimization of ticagrelor tablet for gastro-retentive drug delivery using full factorial design

Purpose: To identify the optimized region of formulation using quality by design for developing ticagrelor gastro-retentive (GR) tablets. &#x0D; Methods: A 23 + 3 full factorial design of experiments study was used to identify three factors (polyethylene oxide (PEO), compression, and volume of granulating fluid) involved in the wet granulation and compression process of ticagrelor GR tablets. Hardness, friability, content, dosage unit uniformity, and pH 1.2 dissolution rate (at 4, 8, and 12 h) were evaluated as critical quality attributes via analysis of variance using Design Expert software. &#x0D; Results: All seven models were significantly influenced based on analysis of variance results (p &lt; 0.05). Hardness and friability were significantly affected by compression (p &lt; 0.0001). Content uniformity was significantly affected by the interaction between compression and granulating water volume for wet granulation (p &lt; 0.05), and dosage unit uniformity was significantly affected by the volume of granulating fluid for wet granulation (p &lt; 0.05). However, all results were within acceptable ranges. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) (4 h, p &lt; 0.05; 8 h, p &lt; 0.05; 12 h, p &lt; 0.05) and compression (4 h, p &lt; 0.05; 8 h, p &lt; 0.05; 12 h, p &lt; 0.05) had negative effect on pH 1.2 dissolution rate. &#x0D; Conclusion: Design of experiment (DoE) approach has been used to optimize region of PEO, compression, and volume of granulating fluid for formulation development. This outcome is expected to be a basis for further research to develop TCG GR tablets on a large production scale.

Design, Development, and In vitro Evaluation of Single Unit Hydrodynamically Balanced System of Captopril

Background: This study investigated the use of in situ polyelectrolyte complex formation by using two oppositely charged polysaccharides [Chitosan (cationic), Sodium Alginate (anionic)]. It forms 3-D intercalation and interpenetrating network helping in controlling the release of highly acid-soluble Captopril. Objective: To develop a polyelectrolyte complex based single unit gastroretentive tablet by using optimization based 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design for controlled delivery of Captopril. Materials and Methods: Gastroretentive Captopril tablets were prepared by the direct compression technique. Total 09 batches were prepared as per 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design studies of 100 tablets each. Results: Thermal analysis method revealed that there is a formation of PEC between chitosan and sodium alginate. In vitro buoyancy and T60%, drug release studies revealed that due to complex formation, formulation remains stable and remains buoyant. From factorial design studies, it was interpreted that for buoyancy time (Y1) chitosan desired effect value was found higher. For 60% drug release (T60%; Y2) both chitosan and sodium alginate have a synergistic effect. Durbin Watson's statistical model and residual data suggested that the model is statistically validated. All formulations follow the zero-order kinetics. Stability studies revealed that formulations F5 and F9 remain stable for long-term stability studies without showing any significant changes. The fit analysis studies indicated that the prepared formulation was different from the innovator product indicating low f1 and f2 values. Conclusion: From the result generated it was concluded that chitosan-sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex has sufficient potential to retard the release of CPT.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SINTERED GASTRORETENTIVE TABLETS OF VILDAGLIPTIN USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Objective: The purpose of the study was to formulate and evaluate sintered gastro retentive tablets of Vildagliptin using the design of experiments. Methods: Direct compression is the process by which tablets are compressed from powder mixture of API and suitable excipients and compression was done by an automatic punching machine using 6 mm punch. Prepared tablets were kept in the hot air oven at three different temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C for three different periods of 1, 2, 3 h. Results and Discussion: The physiochemical evaluation results of the powder blend of all the trails pass the flow properties and compression properties and are of uniform density (i.e., Angle of repose, Bulk density, Compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio). Among all the Formulations, Formulation F7 showed better results such as Angle of repose F7(29.9), Hausners ratio of F7(1.18), and compressibility index of F7 (15.6) which indicate the good flow properties. The prepared tablets were evaluated for the post compression properties such as thickness, hardness, Weight variation, friability, and drug content found within limits. Each formulation was analyzed spectrophotometric ally, and each formulation showed drug content &gt;80%. Formulation F7 consisting of polymers (stearic acid, carnauba wax) and gum (xanthan gum) showed percentage drug release of 95.8 at 12 h. The developed formulations were optimized by Box Behnken design to achieve desired properties. Conclusion: Vildagliptin has good solubility in acidic pH. It has good absorption from an acidic environment. By preparing floating tablets of Vildagliptin, its bioavailability can be enhanced as more amount drug will be absorbed from stomach. Vildagliptin is having high melting point of 158–160°C which is best suitable for the thermal sintering technique. The aim of the present study to formulate and evaluate Sintered Gastro retentive tablets of Vildagliptin using Design of Expert was successfully achieved.

3D-Printed Gastroretentive Tablets Loaded with Niclosamide Nanocrystals by the Melting Solidification Printing Process (MESO-PP).

Niclosamide (NICLO) is a recognized antiparasitic drug being repositioned for Helicobacter pylori. The present work aimed to formulate NICLO nanocrystals (NICLO-NCRs) to produce a higher dissolution rate of the active ingredient and to incorporate these nanosystems into a floating solid dosage form to release them into the stomach slowly. For this purpose, NICLO-NCRs were produced by wet-milling and included in a floating Gelucire l3D printed tablet by semi-solid extrusion, applying the Melting solidification printing process (MESO-PP) methodology. The results obtained in TGA, DSC, XRD and FT-IR analysis showed no physicochemical interactions or modifications in the crystallinity of NICLO-NCR after inclusion in Gelucire 50/13 ink. This method allowed the incorporation of NICLO-NCRs in a concentration of up to 25% w/w. It achieved a controlled release of NCRs in a simulated gastric medium. Moreover, the presence of NICLO-NCRs after redispersion of the printlets was observed by STEM. Additionally, no effects on the cell viability of the NCRs were demonstrated in the GES-1 cell line. Finally, gastroretention was demonstrated for 180 min in dogs. These findings show the potential of the MESO-PP technique in obtaining slow-release gastro-retentive oral solid dosage forms loaded with nanocrystals of a poorly soluble drug, an ideal system for treating gastric pathologies such as H. pylori.

Development and in Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Itopride Hydrochloride Expanding Tablets

PurposeGastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have attracted interest for enhancement of absorption and bioavailability of some drugs. Itopride hydrochloride (ITOP) is a drug used for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and other gastric motility disorders, but is characterized by narrow absorption window and short in vivo half-life. Therefore, it is expected that its formulation in expanding gastroretentive tablets would increase its gastric residence, thus leading to decreased frequency of administration and increased patient compliance.MethodsThe direct compression method was used for formulation of tablets. Four different hydrophilic polymers (xanthan gum, sodium alginate, gellan gum, pectin) were screened separately with Avicel 102 and PVP k30 as excipients. The effect of different factors (polymer type and amount, and excipient amount) on the tablet properties such as hardness, friability, thickness, diameter, weight variation, swelling, and in vitro drug dissolution was studied. In addition, swelling test, accelerated stability test, and in vivo study were performed on the optimized formulation.ResultsTablets prepared using xanthan gum exhibited favorable properties compared to tablets prepared using the other gums, however increasing the polymer amount led to increased tablet friability. The selected formulation exhibited obvious expansion reaching 17.45 mm and lasting for 24 h, coupled with a sustained release behavior. X-ray scans in human volunteers suggested the residence of the tablet in the stomach for a period of 6 h in fed state.ConclusionSuccessful preparation of directly compressible ITOP expanding tablets was achieved in this study, which is expected to result in better therapeutic outcome in gastroesophageal reflux.

Design, preparation, and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of mitiglinide.

The present research is focused on developing floating matrix tablets of mitiglinide to prolong its gastric residence time for better absorption. Gastroretentive tablets were prepared using a direct compression technique with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K15M (HPMC K15M) and sodium alginate as matrix-forming polymers and sodium bicarbonate as the gas-forming agent. A 32 full factorial design was adopted to optimize the flotation and release profile of the drug. The concentration of HPMC K15M and sodium alginate were taken as the independent variables, and the floating lag time, time required for 50% drug release, and time required for 90% drug release were taken as dependent variables. The compatibility between drug and excipients was assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The prepared tablets were evaluated for different parameters such as hardness, friability, drug content, floating time, in vitro dissolution, and stability. Dissolution data were analyzed using various kinetic models to ascertain the mechanism of drug release. Finally, a radiographic study was conducted to estimate the retention time of the optimized floating matrix tablets of mitiglinide inside the body. The results revealed that all the physical properties of the developed formulations were within standard limits. The formulation M3, with the maximum amount of both independent variables, was considered to be the optimized formulation based on the desirability value. In addition, the optimized M3 formulation showed stability for over 6months, as evidenced by insignificant changes in lag time, drug release pattern, and other physical properties. Furthermore, radiographic examination indicated that the tablets remained afloat in gastric fluid for up to 12h in the rabbit's stomach. In conclusion, the developed floating matrix tablet of mitiglinide could be regarded as a promising formulation that could release the drug in the stomach at a controlled rate and, hence, offer better management of type II diabetes.

Design and Development of Captopril Gastro-Retentive Tablet Using Natural Polymers of Maize and Jowar Plant

Nowadays, the use of natural polymers as an alternative to synthetic gastro-retentive polymers is increasing. Such natural raw materials are highly biocompatible and biodegradable with no or significantly fewer side effects and are economical too. The main aim of this research work was to design a gastro-retentive tablet of Captopril by using Maize Stem Pith (MSP) powder and Jowar Stem Pith (JSP) as novel natural low-density polymers and also to sustain the drug release for up to 12 hours. Our objective behind this research is to prepare the gastro-retentive tablet, evaluate it for floating behavior, and to achieve the sustained release effect for at least 12 hours. The novelty of this research work is that MSP powder and JSP powder possesses low density. Thus, gastro-retentive tablets with a low-density (floating) approach can be prepared at a very lost cost compared to the currently marketed formulation. Gastro-retentive tablets of Captopril were designed by using MSP and JSP powder. Using design-expert® version 13, the formulations were prepared using a 32-complete factorial design. The gastro-retentive tablet showed good floating behavior and dissolution pattern, which sustains the release of the drug for up to 12 hours. The optimization study using a contour plot and response surface plot suggested that formulation R9 is an optimized batch among all batches. The current research indicated that there is an increase in floating time with a corresponding decline in the dissolution rate of the tablet as the concentration of MSP powder and JSP powder increases. The optimized formulation R9 consists of MSP powder and JSP powder at 12% and 8 %, respectively, in combination with HPMC (K-100M), and has proven excellent floating behavior and expected drug release pattern. Therefore, MSP powder and JSP powder could be used as suitable low-density novel polymers to design gastro-retentive tablets of Captopril.

BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN FOR OPTIMIZATION OF FORMULATION VARIABLES FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE GASTRORETENTIVE TABLET OF VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: To develop a Verapamil hydrochloride controlled release gastro-retentive (CRGR) tablet for once-daily dosing using the response surface Box-Behnken Design (BBD) approach for the improvement of bioavailability and reduction in dosing frequency to overcome the issues related to the conventional tablet formulation. Methods: For the optimization, 33Box-Behnken design was used. The independent variables were selected, the amount of Compritol 888 ATO (A), HPMC K15M (B), and Sodium bicarbonate (C). The dependent variables were Cumulative % drug release in 1.5 h (Q1.5), 8 h (Q8), 24 H (Q24) and floating lag time (FLT). Flow properties of pre-compressed powder, physical characteristics, drug content, floating lag time, total floating time and in vitro dissolution study of all formulation were assessed. In vitro dissolution study of optimized formulation that was prepared experimentally was performed and compared with predicted data obtained from the software. Drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation was also assessed to know the mechanism of drug release from the CRGR tablets. Results: Responses of experimental runs were found as Q1.5: 12.78-33.62 (%), Q8: 43.03-64 (%), Q24: 78.77 to 103.57 (%) and floating lag time as 3.01 min to 5.08 min. The predicted optimized formula with the highest desirability value of 0.963 containing amount 126.030 mg, 160.00 mg and 80.955 mg of Compritol 888 ATO, HPMC K15M and Sodium biarbonate respectively was prepared and evaluated. The experimental values from optimized formulation were obtained as Q1.5: 23.397%, Q8; 57.744%, Q24: 97.150% and FLT: 3.12 min. Predicted and experimental results were found comparable for all the responses. The release data from the optimized formulation were best fitted in the Higuchi (r2 = 0.999) and the Korsmeyer-Peppas ((r2 = 0.998, n=0.54) model. The in vitro drug release studies indicated that the Verapamil hydrochloride gastroretentive tablet releases the drug in controlled manner for 24 h. Conclusion: This study found that using Box-Behnken Design with the response and variable relation, it is possible to achieve an optimum formulation with desirable characteristics. This study also established the suitability of Compritol 888 ATO-HPMC K15M combination with Sodium bicarbonate to increase the gastric residence time tablet formulation had once-daily dosing of the Verapamil Hcl with improved bioavailability for effective management of hypertension.

Clarithromycin and Pantoprazole Gastro-Retentive Floating Bilayer Tablet for the Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori: Formulation and Characterization.

Bilayer/multilayer tablets have been introduced to formulate incompatible components for compound preparations, but they are now more commonly used to tailor drug release. This research aimed to formulate a novel gastro-retentive tablet to deliver a combination of a fixed dose of two drugs to eliminate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the gastrointestinal tract. The bilayer tablets were prepared by means of the direct compression technique. The controlled-release bilayer tablets were prepared using various hydrophilic swellable polymers (sodium alginate, chitosan, and HPMC-K15M) alone and in combination to investigate the percent of swelling behavior and average drug release. The weight of the controlled-release floating layer was 500 mg, whereas the weight of the floating tablets of pantoprazole was 100 mg. To develop the most-effective formulation, the effects of the experimental components on the floating lag time, the total floating time, T 50%, and the amount of drug release were investigated. The drugs' and excipients' compatibilities were evaluated using ATR-FTIR and DSC. Pre-compression and post-compression testing were carried out for the prepared tablets, and they were subjected to in vitro characterization studies. The pantoprazole layer of the prepared tablet demonstrated drug release (95%) in 2 h, whereas clarithromycin demonstrated sustained drug release (83%) for up to 24 h (F7). The present study concluded that the combination of sodium alginate, chitosan, and HPMC polymers (1:1:1) resulted in a gastro-retentive and controlled-release drug delivery system of the drug combination. Thus, the formulation of the floating bilayer tablets successfully resulted in a biphasic drug release. Moreover, the formulation (F7) offered the combination of two drugs in a single-tablet formulation containing various polymers (sodium alginate, chitosan, and HPMC polymers) as the best treatment option for local infections such as gastric ulcers.

Raft-forming gastroretentive tablets incorporating solidly dispersed Curcumin-Eudragit E100; in vitro and in vivo approaches for treatment of gastric ulcer

Raft-forming gastroretentive tablets incorporating solidly dispersed Curcumin-Eudragit E100; in vitro and in vivo approaches for treatment of gastric ulcer

Formulation and Evaluation of Extended Release Gastroretentive Tablets of Metroprolol Succinate

This study aimed to produce a gastroretentive floating tablet of Metoprolol succinate and examine the effects of release retardant on in vitro drug release. Metoprolol succinate is a β1 selective antagonist used as an Anti-hypertensive, Antiarrhythmic, and Anti Angina. Metoprolol succinate has 48% oral bioavailability due to limited absorption from the lower gastrointestinal tract. The Metoprolol succinate floating tablets were designed to increase stomach retention, prolong drug release, and enhance drug bioavailability. To shorten the floating lag time, hydrophilic polymers like Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M), polyethylene oxide (PEO 303), and sodium bicarbonate as a gas-producing agent were incorporated into the formulation of the floating tablets. Different batches of Metoprolol succinate floating tablets were prepared by direct compression. All the formulations were evaluated for various quality control tests, such as weight variation, hardness, friability, swelling index, floating lag time, and total floating time. As a dissolution medium, 0.1 N HCl was used to conduct an in vitro release investigation on the tablets. The present study demonstrates the potential of the sustained-release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate as an alternative to conventional formulations.&#x0D; Keywords: Bioavailability, Floating tablet, antihypertensive drugs, extended release, Metoprolol succinate, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

Formulation and Evaluation of Guaifenesin Gastro Retentive Tablets

Guaifenesin is an expectorant and belongs to BCS class I which exhibits high solubility and high permeability. Guaifenesin has a half-life of 1 hour; in order to increase its duration of action gastroretentive tablets are formulated. Guaifenesin shows poor flow properties so the method opted for the preparation of this tablets is Top spray granulation. In which HPMC K100LV/HPMC E6LV/HPMC K100M/HPMC K15MPCR is used as swelling matrix polymer, Povidone is used as binder, Magnesium stearate is used as lubricant and MCC is used as diluent. Tablets are evaluated for floating lag time, total floating time, thickness, hardness, friability and invitro drug release studies were performed. The optimized formulation showed less floating lag time, sufficient floating time and with maximum drug release of 88.9% at the end of 12 hours.

Formulation and Characterization of Expandable Tablet of Diacerein using Swellable Polymers

Some of the drugs have poor absorption because of a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To improve the absorption of such drugs in the GIT, gastro-retentive drug delivery techniques play an important role. Diacerein is an antirheumatic drug used for joint pain and arthritis. The expandable gastro-retentive tablets were prepared to attain an extended therapeutic action of Diacerein. Expandable tablets were formulated to prolong gastric retention, enhance the bioavailability of the drug candidate and attain a desirable size greater than the diametric size of the pyloric sphincter (i.e., 13 mm in diameter) of the tablet after administration by expandable technique. The expandable tablet was formulated using swellable polymers and polyelectrolytes, i.e., HPMCK 100, PEO, chitosan, and carbopol. The proposed expandable tablets were evaluated by preliminary evaluation parameters, micromeritic investigations, all physicochemical evaluations including swelling index, weight variation, drug content, in-vitro release studies and their release kinetics. Method: The wet granulation method is used for the preparation of expandable tablets of Diacerein. Result: The release of Diacerein from all formulations was studied in phosphate buffer pH 1.2 at 37±5°C. The net results conclude that the formulation having HPMC K 100, PEO with the addition of carbopol (formulation C1) showed the maximum swelling index as compared to others. And it was found that formulation C1 is the most superior and reliable formulation in terms of all physicochemical parameters and in-vitro drug release studies. The best formulation obtained from in-vitro drug release studies was shown.&#x0D; Keywords: Gastro retentive, expandable system, noval drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, gastric transit time, swellable polymers, GIT.

A study on Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive tablet incorporating Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride

Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective in a broad range of infections including some difficult to treat ones. Because of wide-spectrum bactericidal activity, oral efficacy and good tolerability, it is used in Urinary tract infection, Gonorrhea, Bacterial gastroenteritis, Typhoid, Bone, soft tissue and gynecological infection, Respiratory infection and tuberculosis. The main objective of formulating the floating system was to reduce the frequency of administration, to improve patient compliance and improve bioavailability of drug by preparing a gastroretentive drug delivery system. Floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were prepared by employing two different grades of control releasing polymers HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M in different concentration. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, floating behavior, swelling studies and dissolution studies. Among tablet formulations, formulation F3 showed maximum drug release i.e. 92.25% at the end of 12 h compared with other formulations and was concluded as optimized one.&#x0D; Keywords: Ciprofloxacin HCl, floating tablets, HPMC K4M, HPMC K 100M, FTIR.

A Design Research on Formulation and Characterization of Gastro-retentive Tablet to Target Ulcer and Control Emesis

A Design Research on Formulation and Characterization of Gastro-retentive Tablet to Target Ulcer and Control Emesis