Nematodes Of Gastrointestinal Tract Research Articles

Associative parasitoses of the gastrointestinal tract of horses and assessment of anti-parasitic drugs efficiency

Invasive diseases of horses are an urgent problem in the horse breeding industry of the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the near and far abroad countries. The main role among the parasitic pathology is occupied by helminths of the small and large intestine, as well as larvae of gasterophilus. In associative course, they are the cause of significant economic losses associated with the growth and development of sick young animals, reduced performance, endurance of animals, increased susceptibility to other diseases, and even the death of animals. Planned therapeutic and preventive measures using broad-spectrum anthelmintics is a priority measure to reduce economic damage in development of the horse breeding industry. The paper provides data on spread of parasitoses of gastrointestinal tract in horses in the Republic of Belarus during period of 2004-2020. The paper presents the species composition of horse parasites localized in the stomach, small and large intestines. Data on extensiveness and intensity of invasions of horses by parasitocenosis of digestive tract in terms of age are presented. Therapeutic efficiency of antiparasitic drugs of various pharmacological groups in mono- and polyinfestations of gastrointestinal tract of horses are studied. High extensibility of Avermectin series preparations (Avermectin paste 1 %, Rivertin 1 %) has been determined for nematodes of gastrointestinal tract of horses and gastrointestinal disease. High efficiency has been obtained from a new complex antiparasitic preparation for horses “Prazimax” in mono- and polyinfestations caused by parasites of gastrointestinal tract, including nematodes of the small and large intestines, larvae of gasterophilus and Anoplocephala perfoliata cestodes. Data on spread of associative course of parasitocenoses of the digestive tract of horses, age and seasonal dynamics will allow veterinary specialists to make timely diagnosis, conduct differential diagnostics, determine the optimal timing of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive treatments, taking into account the specifics of parasitocenosis.

Peculiarities of sheep pathogenesis at associative invasions of gastrointestinal tract

In the Republic of Belarus, primarily in farms with imperfect technology, parasitic diseases of sheep are widespread, including: nematodes of gastrointestinal tract, strongyloidosis, eimeriosis, monieziosis, trichocephalosis, cryptosporidiosis, etc. Study of impact of associative parasitosis of sheep on the immunobiological reactivity of animal body has recently become more and more theoretical and practical for rational use of drugs in treatment of these diseases. The purpose of research is to study peculiarities of sheep pathogenesis at associative invasions of gastrointestinal tract. The study was carried out at farm “Villia-agro”, Kobrin district, Brest region. Lambs of 2-4 months of age spontaneously infested with parasites of gastrointestinal tract have been selected. Parameters of cellular immunity were determined: number of leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, level of rosette-forming T- and B-lymphocytes and humoral immunity: circulating immune complexes, total protein, protein fractions, including proteins of C3 complement system and immunoglobulins, macro and microelements (calcium, phosphorus and iron) in blood serum. With spontaneous invasion of sheep by associations of parasites of gastrointestinal tract, the following changes have been determined: significant decrease in number of lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, concentration of total protein, albumin, - β- and g-globulins, calcium and phosphorus. Significant increase in leukocytes: Eosinophils and stab neutrophils, a1-globulins , circulating immune complexes. All this together indicates disturbance in functioning of body’s immunity and requires immediate appropriate treatment aimed both at destroying associations of parasites of gastrointestinal tract and restoring immune system of animal’s body. These studies will form basis for development of rational system for therapeutic and preventive measures for associative parasitosis of sheep in the Republic of Belarus, which will reduce economic damage from these diseases and improve quality of livestock products.

The Efficacy of the Supramolecular Complex of Ivermectin in Production Conditions Against Gastro-intestinal Nematodosis of Herd Horses

The purpose of the researchis to test the efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin against gastro-intestinal nematodes of herd horses under production conditions.Materials and methods.The test of the efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin was carried out from December 2018 to January 2019 in the North Caucasus Federal District of the Chechen Republic. Two herds of horses of 47 and 54 heads in each of different ages were selected, which were grazed all year round. To determine the infection of horses with nematodes of gastro-intestinal tract, 20 samples of fresh feces from each group were collected from the ground. It was not possible to collect samples from untamed horses to determine the infection by Oxiuris spp. Coproovoscopy was performed using the Fülleborn method. To count eggs in 1 g of faeces, a VIGIS counting chamber was used. The first group was given a 2.0% drug individually in a mixture with food at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg for active substance (AS) (according to the drug 75 mg). The drug was administered to the second group at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for AS (for the drug 1.0 mg/kg) by the group method in a mixture with food, calculated on a live weight of 500 kg. The efficacy of the drug was determined 2 weeks after deworming according to coproovoscopy data. The efficacy of ivermectin complex was accounted for by the "critical test" method. After deworming, the animals were observed during the experiment.Results and discussion.Dehelminthization of horses with a supramolecular complex of ivermectin at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for AS in a mixture with mixed feed by a group method for mixed infection of various types of gastro-intestinal nematodes under production conditions showed 100% efficiency. Arabinogalactan in the supramolecular complex helps to eliminate the negative effect of AS (ivermectin) on the animal body. The mixture of the preparation with the food was readily consumed by the horses. Deworming horses of herd keeping with a preparation intended for use in a mixture with feed is technically convenient, practically uncomplicated, and at the same time, physical exertion during fixation of animals and industrial injuries are excluded. We did not observe any side effects after deworming horses.

English

Although, many studies have been conducted to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) helminths of cattle in Ethiopia, most of them were conducted using simple fecal egg examination rather than larval identification to identify the nematodes. A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 with the aim of estimating the prevalence of GIT helminths and identifying nematode genera in cattle in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Of the 300 cattle examined using standard parasitological methods, 42.33% were positive for GIT helminth egg presence. The prevalence rates of GIT helminth based on the age and sex of the cattle were 37.6, 43.9, 60 and 27.9%, in young, adult, male and female animals, respectively. Strongyle type eggs were the most prevalent among the helminthes investigated. The pooled larval culture showed that Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus were the most common nematodes found, with Haemonchus being present in 27.8% of cases, followed by Trichostrongylus (18%) and Oesophagostomum (4.48%). Mixed infection of GIT nematodes (44.4%) is higher than single (mono) infection. Thus, it could be concluded that GIT helminths of cattle cause serious problems in livestock production in the area. Key words: Control, fecal culture, nematode, mixed infection, season.

Morbidity Parameters Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes in Sheep in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections of sheep and their interaction with selected morbidity parameters were studied in smallholder farms. 120 faecal samples were collected and examined using faecal flotation to determine nematode infection in sheep. Thus, the study demonstrated overall prevalence of 57.5% GIN infections, while the mean faecal egg count (FEC) was 517.5 EPG. The severity of GIN infection was determined based on EPG as a mild infection (EPG <500), 55.1%, moderate infection (EPG = 500–1500), 30.4%, and heavy infection (EPG >1500), 14.6%. Five genera of nematodes were identified using coproculture: Haemonchus (33.3%), Trichostrongylus (26.7%), Bunostomum (20%), Oesophagostomum (13.3%), and Cooperia (6.7%). A significant difference was observed in the mean FEC among the FC (P < 0.001), FAMACHA© score (P < 0.01), and the BCS of the animals (P < 0.001). FEC was positively correlated with the FAMACHA© score (FS), while FC and BCS were negatively correlated. Thus, FAMACHA© chart can suggest well the severity of nematode infections and can serve as a suitable on-farm tool to identify nematode-infected sheep and gives a guide to identify sheep that need to be treated with an anthelmintic.

Study on the Prevalence of GIT Nematodes on Bovine in and aroundKombolcha and Dessie Town, North Eastern, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was carried out from November 2014 to April 2015 to determine the prevalence of bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) nematodes and associated risk factors by using flotation technique and fecal culture in and around Kombolcha and Dessie town. Out of 384 bovines examined for GIT nematodes, 160 (41.7%) animals were found positive for single or mixed GI nematode infection. The findings of fecal examination revealed eggs of Strongyle, Ascaris and Trichuris type were identified. Cattle harboring single-parasite eggs (83.75%) were more common than those harboring mixed eggs (16.25%) type. The major nematode genera identified by fecal culture were Oesophagostomum (11.5%), Bunostomum (7.0%), Trichuris (5.5%), Stronglyloides (2.6%), Haemonchus (2.9%), Trichostrongylus (2.6%), Toxocara (1.6%) and Ostertagia (1.3%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infection showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between sex, age, breed, body conditions, management and origin of the animals. In conclusion, the present study has revealed the presence of GIT nematodes which have significant impact on the health and production of the cattle’s in the study area. Therefore, further studies on species identification and seasonal epidemiology of these parasites should be carried out.

ECOLOGICALLY SAFE BENZIMIDAZOLE-BASED ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, MEDICATION

The aim is to study the process of mechanochemical modification of the physico-chemical and anthelmintic benzimidazole properties of drugs to change their water solubility and increase their efficiency. Methods. We have used the technology of solid phase mechanical processing of substances with polysaccharides to obtain the supramolecular complexes, which are characterized by a complex of physico-chemical methods (IR spectroscopy, DTA, XRF, solubility, etc.) as well as tested for anthelmintic effect in laboratory models and experiments on sheep. Results. The drug has a high efficiency in laboratory models of helminthes and in experiments on sheep infested spontaneously with nematodes of gastrointestinal tract lowering the dosages of substance. Conclusion. Solid phase mechanochemical processing of certain substances of benzimidazole anthelmintic drugs with polysaccharides shows the possibility of obtaining environmentally friendly products with improved solubility, bioavailability and increased biological activity against nematodes.

Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep managed under traditional husbandry system in Kashmir valley

The present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the seasonal epidemiological prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) nematodes in different age groups, sexes and breeds (genotypes) of sheep through necropsy and faecal analysis over a period of 2 years in Kashmir valley, India. A total of 1533 sheep were examined [faecal examination: 1035 (year 1: 561, year 2: 474); necropsy: 498 (year 1: 232, year 2: 266)]. Out of these, 945 (61.64%) were found infected [faecal examination: 697 (67.34%, year 1: 390 (69.51%), year 2: 307 (46.99%); necropsy: 248 (49.79%, year 1: 123 (53.01%), year 2: 125 (64.69%)] with GIT nematodes. The over all prevalence of GIT nematodes in sheep in year 1 was 64.76 and 58.37% in year 2 ( P = 0.04). The parasites in decreasing order of prevalence (%) in sheep were Haemonchus contortus (59.6); Ostertagia circumcincta (38.0); Bunostomum trigonocephalum (37.7); Chabertia ovina (37.7); Trichostrongylus spp. (33.9); Nematodirus spathiger (29.4); Oesophagostomum columbianum (28.4); Trichuris ovis (23.5) and Marshallagia marshalli (22.1). Season, sex, age, and genotype were the factors that influenced the epidemiological prevalence of GIT nematodes in sheep in the present study. The maximum nematode infection was observed in summer season and lowest in winter ( P = 0.0005). Local Kashmiri breed was less infected as compared to other genotypes ( P > 0.05). Lower age groups were more infected than adult animals ( P ≥ 0.05). Prevalence was higher in rams (males) than eves (females) ( P > 0.05). The present study will initially be of great significance to add to the existing knowledge of the epidemiology of GIT nematodes of small ruminants and the findings will be quite helpful to devise the appropriate control and prophylactic strategies for GIT nematodiasis of sheep reared under the temperate agro-climatic conditions.

Efficacy of injectable abamectin against gastrointestinal tract nematodes and lungworms of cattle

Summary Efficacy of abamectin against gastrointestinal tract nematodes and lungworms of cattle was determined in 4 experiments. The first 2 experiments were controlled trials in which efficacy was determined at necropsy in calves with either experimentally induced (n = 14) or naturally acquired (n = 16) infections. Half the calves in each experiment were treated with abamectin (200 μg/kg of body weight, sc), and half were left untreated as controls. Efficacy was &gt; 99% against adult stages of Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia punctata, Trichuris discolor, and C oncophora, and was 92.4% against Nematodirus helvetianus. The second 2 experiments were clinical trials in which efficacy was determined by fecal egg count reduction in naturally infected yearling heifers (n = 75) or 2-year-old heifers (n = 75). Within replicates of 5, 4 heifers were assigned at random to treatment with 200 μg of abamectin/kg and 1 was left untreated as a control. Abamectin was 100% effective in eliminating strongylate nematode eggs from the feces of these heifers. In all experiments, adverse reactions were limited to small, clinically unimportant injection site swellings in 29% of abamectin treated calves. Abamectin was judged to be safe and effective in these trials.

Efficacy of ivermectin delivered from a sustained-release bolus against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and other nematodes in cattle

Summary The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin (ivm) delivered from a sustained-release (sr) bolus was evaluated against natural infections with gastrointestinal tract nematodes in 12 crossbred beef heifers in spring. The 12 calves were randomly allotted to 2 groups of 6 calves each. Group-1 calves were treated with an sr bolus designed to deliver 8 mg of ivermectin/d. Group-2 calves were nontreated controls. Cattle groups were kept in separate concrete-floored pens (grass hay nutrition) and slaughter was performed at 35 days after treatment. Fecal egg counts for group-1 calves remained zero after treatment, except for detection of &lt; 1 egg/g of feces in 1 calf at the time of slaughter; counts in nontreated calves increased. Mean and range of Ostertagia ostertagi inhibited larvae in nontreated calves were 27,093 and 10,622 to 56,368, respectively. Efficacy of the ivm sr bolus was 100% against O ostertagi developing fourth-stage larvae (L4) and inhibited early L4, Haemonchus placei adults, Cooperia punctata and C spatulata adult males, Cooperia spp adult females, Cooperia spp L4, Trichostrongylus colubriformis adults, Bunostomum phlebotomum adults, and Oesophagostomum radiatum adults. Efficacy for O ostertagi and T axei adults was 99.9%. Numbers of nontreated calves infected with C pectinata adult males and Oes radiatum L4 were too low to evaluate efficacy. Calves treated with the ivm bolus gained 10.2 kg, whereas nontreated calves lost 1.8 kg. Abomasal lesions were clearly greater in nontreated calves on the basis of index comparisons of abomasal weight and total live weight and gross pathologic features.