Gastrointestinal Salmonellosis Research Articles

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГАСТРОИНТЕСТИНАЛЬНОГО САЛЬМОНЕЛЛЕЗА У ДЕТЕЙ НИЖНЕГО НОВГОРОДА

The study aims to examine the epidemiological, etiological, and clinical features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod. A retrospective analysis of 49 children with gastrointestinal salmonellosis who received treatment in the Infectious Hospital No. 23 in Nizhny Novgorod was conducted. Database was compiled via clinical and laboratory diagnosing methods to assess the age of the patients, the duration of the disease upon admission to the hospital, the results of physical examination and laboratory tests using statistical methods. Most children were 3 years old or older (71.4 %) and admitted in 2–3 days after the onset of the disease (77.6 %). The most common infectious agent was serovar S. enteritidis D (84.8 %), while every 2nd child (46.9 %) had a mixed infection. The severity of the disease was mostly moderate (93.9 %) with the presence of intoxication (87.8 %), febrile fever (65.3 %), abdominal pain syndrome (93.8 %), repeating vomiting (57.7 %). Half of the patients developed grade I exicosis (53 %). astrointestinal symptoms were often combined with leukocyturia (49 %). The fecal culture test was highly informative for verification of specific bacterial agent. Long-term germ fecal excretion was detected in 12.2 % of patients, mostly in children under the age of 3 years (83.3 %). The study provides etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod.

A case of gastrointestinal salmonellosis complicated by peritonitis

The paper describes a rare case of gastrointestinal salmonellosis with the development of diffuse serous peritonitis in a young girl.

Contribution of the Type VI Secretion System Encoded in SPI-19 to Chicken Colonization by Salmonella enterica Serotypes Gallinarum and Enteritidis

Salmonella Gallinarum is a pathogen with a host range specific to poultry, while Salmonella Enteritidis is a broad host range pathogen that colonizes poultry sub-clinically but is a leading cause of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in humans and many other species. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the complex interplay between Salmonella and their hosts, the molecular basis of host range restriction and unique pathobiology of Gallinarum remain largely unknown. Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) represents a new paradigm of protein secretion that is critical for the pathogenesis of many Gram-negative bacteria. We recently identified a putative T6SS in the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 19 (SPI-19) of Gallinarum. In Enteritidis, SPI-19 is a degenerate element that has lost most of the T6SS functions encoded in the island. In this work, we studied the contribution of SPI-19 to the colonization of Salmonella Gallinarum strain 287/91 in chickens. Non-polar deletion mutants of SPI-19 and the clpV gene, an essential T6SS component, colonized the ileum, ceca, liver and spleen of White Leghorn chicks poorly compared to the wild-type strain after oral inoculation. Return of SPI-19 to the ΔSPI-19 mutant, using VEX-Capture, complemented this colonization defect. In contrast, transfer of SPI-19 from Gallinarum to Enteritidis resulted in transient increase in the colonization of the ileum, liver and spleen at day 1 post-infection, but at days 3 and 5 post-infection a strong colonization defect of the gut and internal organs of the experimentally infected chickens was observed. Our data indicate that SPI-19 and the T6SS encoded in this region contribute to the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and internal organs of chickens by Salmonella Gallinarum and suggest that degradation of SPI-19 T6SS in Salmonella Enteritidis conferred an advantage in colonization of the avian host.

Nontyphoid Salmonella Infection in Heart Transplant Recipients

There are only a few reported series of nontyphoid Salmonella infection in renal transplant recipients. Data are scarce in heart transplant recipients. This article described our experience with nontyphoid Salmonella infection in heart transplant recipients and reviewed the literature. Retrospective chart review. Data were compared with previously reported series in renal transplant recipients. Of the 265 patients undergoing heart transplantation from 1987 to 2005, 4 patients (1.5%) had infection caused by nontyphoid Salmonella. All patients were male, aged ranging from 2 to 62 years. None of them had a history of acute rejection before the occurrence of Salmonella infection. The time interval between transplantation and the Salmonella infection ranged from 0 day to 17 months. Gastrointestinal salmonellosis occurred in 1 patient and bloodstream infection in 3 patients. Intravenous ceftriaxone was given in 3 bacteremic patients. One patient died after 6 days of septic shock. For nontyphoid Salmonella serogroups, 2 cases were group D and 2 cases were group C. Ciprofloxacin resistance was present in 1 of 4 Salmonella isolates. There was no recurrence in 3 survivors. Compared with previous reported cases in renal transplantation, patients with heart transplantation had low rates of urinary tract infection and recurrence. The mortality rate was 25% in heart transplant recipients. Nontyphoid Salmonella infection in heart transplant recipients occurred in the early posttransplant period. A significant number of patients had bloodstream infection. Although the mortality rate was high, there was no recurrence in survivors.

Salmonella: the pelvic masquerader

Salmonella sp is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Although commonly infecting the gastrointestinal system, other presentations are not unheard of. Salmonella is an unlikely and an unusual cause of genital tract infection. We describe a woman with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease eventually confirmed as Salmonella O C2 infection.

Lymphocytes with Killer Function and Activated Immunocompetent T Lymphocytes in the Course of Salmonellosis—Human Trials

ABSTRACTThe present study was aimed at establishing quantitative changes in the lymphocyte subsets of predominantly killer function and activated immunocompetent T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients in the course of salmonella infection and how these parameters correlated with the disease severity and outcome, in terms of early bacterial clearance. 24 adult patients with culture proven gastrointestinal Salmonellosis were enrolled in the study. They were assigned into groups on the basis of the disease severity (moderate and severe form) and on the presence of bacteria in feces upon discharge (excretors and bacteria free patients). Flowcytometric analysis was used to determine the percentage and absolute count per μl blood of: total killer cells (CD56+), lymphocytes with MHC class I restricted killer function (CD8+CD56+), lymphocytes with MHC non restricted killer function (CD8-CD56+), and activated immunocompetent T lymphocytes (CD3+HLA-DR+). It was found out that lymphocytes with killer function decreased during the acute and convalescent disease stage whereas activated immunocompetent T lymphocytes increased. Established changes in the lymphocyte subsets were similar in patients with moderate and severe disease. Only CD56+ count was significantly (p=0.01) higher in patients with severe salmonellosis. In the acute stage, in patients that were bacteria free upon discharge the level of CD56+ was found significantly (p=0.003) higher when compared to that of the remaining bacteria excretors. It is likely that CD56+ level might indicate early elimination of bacteria from feces.

Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Salmonellosis

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to establish the quantitative characteristics of the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with salmonellosis and their relationship with severity of the disease and early elimination of bacteria from feces. 24 adult patients with culture proven gastrointestinal salmonellosis were enrolled in the study. They were assigned into groups on the basis of disease severity (moderate or severe) and the presence of bacteria in feces upon discharge (carriers or bacteria free patients). Flowcytometric analysis was used to determine the percentage and absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets per μl/blood as follows: CD19+, CD2+, CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD4+CD29+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD56+, CD8-CD56+, CD8+CD56+ and CD3+HLA-DR+. Immunophenotyping was performed using Epics XL-MCL flowcytometer and monoclonal antibodies (Coulter, USA). It was found out that B lymphocytes (CD19+) and total killer cells (CD56+) were significantly higher in patients with severe infection compared to those with moderate salmonellosis (p=0.03 and 0.01 respectively). On the contrary, T helper lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+) showed a tendency to decrease in patients with severe salmonellosis (p=0.04). In the acute disease stage T helper lymphocytes and total killer cells were significantly higher (p=0.05 and 0.03 respectively) in patients that were bacteria free upon discharge compared to convalescent carriers, whereas B cell levels were significantly lower (p=0.03). This data provide evidence in support of the observation that bacterial clearance is dependent on cell mediated immunity and CD3+CD4+ and CD56+ lymphocytes might serve as a predictor of early bacterial clearance of salmonella bacteria in humans.

Correlation between Serum Levels of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin- 1RA, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, Interleukin 12, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ with some Clinical and Laboratory Parameters in Patients with Salmonellosis

ABSTRACTSalmonella bacteria are the major cause of food-borne infectious diarrhea. There is great interest in understanding the pathogenesis and immunogenesis of Salmonella infection. Cytokines are key communicator molecules between host cells and the enteric pathogen Salmonella. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-lra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ were studied in a prospective controlled study including 36 patients at the acute stage of gastrointestinal salmonellosis. Correlation between them was investigated, as well as between cytokines, body temperature and serum levels of Na+, K+ and Cl−. The lowest correlation was found between TNF-α and IL-1ra. A significant and directly proportional correlation was established between IL-12 with IFN-γand TNF-α, as well as in TNF-α/IL-1 β and IL-1β/IL-1ra. The increased body temperature correlated significantly with IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Significant but converse was the correlation between Na+ with IL-1β and IL-6, as well as between body temperature with Na+, K+ and Cl−. Our data imply evidence for the complicated network in which cytokines act with multiple potential synergistic and antagonistic effects between them participating in the main pathogenetic processes—intoxication and loss of fluids and electrolytes.

Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-1RA Serum and Stool Levels in the Course of Salmonellosis

ABSTRACTInterleukin—1β and IL-Ira are key mediators in the inflammatory response. The aim of this prospective controlled study was to determine their levels in sera and stool of patients with mild, moderate and severe salmonellosis and to elucidate their association with the course of the disease. Thirty six patients with culture-confirmed gastro-intestinal salmonellosis were considered for this investigation. Serum cytokine concentrations were tested by enzyme-immunoassay in the acute and the convalescent stage and stool ones during the acute stage only. Serum IL-1βand IL-Ira levels were increased in patients during the acute period and convalescence with tendency to recover. IL-1β was sharply raised in sera independently from course severity. Changes in IL-ra serum levels were inversely proportional to the severity of the disease and may serve as an additional diagnostic marker together with increased stool concentrations of both cytokines.