Gasoline Fumigation Research Articles

Effect of Aluminium Oxide Nano Additive on Diesel along with Gasoline Fumigation in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

The present investigation mainly focuses on overcoming the limitations of gasoline fumigation (GF) in diesel engines by adding up nano fuel additives. Experiments are conducted to ascertain the engine working characteristics in a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine using aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nano additives blended diesel as the main injection fuel along with GF as an inducted fuel. GF was achieved by controlling the electronic injector fitted at the intake manifold using open ECU software. Fuel map for GF was determined based on experiments with three divergent fumigation rates of 10%, 20%, and 30% based on energy consumption and optimized using the design of experiments. The optimization results showed 10% fumigation resulted in better performance and emission characteristics and it is selected for this present investigation. Fumigation results showed a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at low and medium loads; increase at high loads.The two different mass fractions of 25 ppm and 50 ppm Al2O3 nano liquid are blended with diesel. Compared to GF with diesel, GF along with 25 and 50ppm Al2O3 nano additives blended diesel showed an increased BTE, maximum in-cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate; and reduced smoke opacity, CO, and unburned HC emissions at overall operating conditions. As the dosage level of Al2O3 increases from 25 to 50 ppm results in further enhancement of all working parameters except NOx emission. Finally, the addition of an Al2O3 nano additive is a suitable solution to overcome the limitations of GF in the CI engine.

Performance, emission, energy and exergy analyses of gasoline fumigated DI diesel engine

In this paper, the effect of gasoline fumigation on the performance, emission, energy and exergy balance of a direct injection diesel engine is experimentally investigated. Gasoline fumigation is induced at three different ratios based on energy. In the present study, computer-controlled injection using LabVIEW software is attempted for gasoline fumigation and common rail is used to inject at the same pressure always. The characteristics of the engine are studied with and without fumigation. Results reveal that gasoline fumigation increases the energy and exergy efficiency to about 5% at medium and high loads. For all the operating points, the percentage of energy and exergy transfer through the exhaust gases decreases by an average of 2.6% using gasoline fumigation. Fumigation decreases diesel fuel consumption by 33.53%, CO2 emissions by 5.8%, NOx by 10.4% and smoke by 13–17% during full load at 30% of gasoline fumigation. Also, fumigation increases brake thermal efficiency by 3.78%, CO emissions from 0.2 to 0.96% by volume and UBHC emissions from 51 to 205 ppm during full load at 30% of gasoline fumigation. Results show that the gasoline fumigation replaces diesel and reduces both nitrogen oxides and smoke.

Heat release analysis of gasoline fumigation in a diesel engine

The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally gasoline fumigation (GF) and to apply heat release (HRR) analysis for two different compression ratios (CRs) for different gasoline fumigation ratios (GFs) at two engine speeds in an automotive diesel engine. Here, gasoline at 5–20 % (by vol.) ratios was injected in to intake air by using an adapted carburetor. Firstly, GF tests were conducted for original CR (18.25, high compression ratio, HCR) of the engine. Then, CR of the engine was reduced to 17 (low compression ratio, LCR) by changing of cylinder head gasket thickness and GF were also investigated for LCR. In this study, HRR was analyzed by using measured cylinder pressure values. At the end of the experimental study; it was seen that GF creates two peaks in HRR curve for selected all of the operating conditions. The first peak occurs before top dead center (TDC) and the second peak occurs after TDC. The first peak becomes larger and second peak decreases with increasing GFs. This indicates that combustion process is better than that of neat diesel fuel (NDF), especially for low GF ratios. In addition, GF increases cylinder pressure and temperature.

Experimental investigation of gasoline fumigation for different compression ratios in a diesel engine

In this study, the effects of gasoline injection into intake air (gasoline fumigation, GF) on the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), combustion characteristics such as excess air coefficient and exhaust temperature (Tex), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and opacity were experimentally investigated in an automotive diesel engine. One of the main objectives of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of GF at the same engine for different compression ratios (CRs). The original CR of the engine is 18.25 (high CR, HCR). Here, CR of the engine was changed to 17 (low CR, LCR) by changing the cylinder head gasket thickness. Thus, experiments were performed for two different CRs such as 18.25 and 17 under five different loads such as 150, 135, 120, 105, and 90 Nm at 2000 rpm and under five different load such as 120, 105, 90, 75, and 60 Nm at 4000 rpm for various gasoline fumigation ratios (GFs). In this study; approximately 5, 10, 15 and 20 %, (by vol.) gasoline was injected into intake air by using an adapted carburetor. The test results showed that GF decreases bsfc for all of the working conditions. NOx emissions decrease with GF for high CR at 2000 rpm, but it generally increases for low CR (17) under high loads. NOx emissions increase significantly with GF for both CRs at 4000 rpm. Opacity decreases at low GFs, but it increases at high GFs. In general, the results of GF at the original CR (HCR) are better than the LCR. However, in the present study, no arrangement has been made in the electronic control unit (ECU) of the engine for changed CR.

Evaluation of the effect of gasoline fumigation on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with B20 using an experimental investigation and TOPSIS method

Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used to comprehensively evaluate performance and emission characteristic of DI diesel engine with fumigation gasoline under different engine operating conditions. Diesel and B20 fuel were considered as baseline fuels and gasoline was inducted as fumigation in intake manifold at two different ratio, so that at each operation point, six cases of fuel were tested. The experimental results showed that gasoline fumigation method for both baseline fuels of diesel and B20 results in a significant increase in UHC and CO emissions, and decrease in exhaust gas temperature, smoke opacity and NO and CO2 emissions. Also, gasoline fumigation increased the brake thermal efficiency at medium and higher loads to about 5% for diesel baseline fuel, while the brake thermal efficiency decreased slightly in case of the B20 baseline fuel with gasoline fumigation. Moreover, the using B20 as an alternative fuel to diesel fuel in modes of with fumigation gasoline reduced the UHC and CO emissions, smoke opacity, exhaust gas temperature respectively to about 20.5%, 16.4%, 9% and 1.1% on average throughout engine loading. While, NO emission of B20 was up to 5% higher than diesel at modes with fumigation gasoline. Finally, all criteria of performance and emission were considered and the evaluation process done to obtain final ranking and choosing the best alternative or the best combination of fuel. From the analytical results it was determined that case of B20 with fumigation gasoline results in desirable performance and minimum emissions at some operation points.

Exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine on gasoline fumigation: an experimental investigation and evaluation using the MCDM method

The multi-criteria decision-making method was used to comprehensively evaluate exhaust gas emission characteristics of a diesel engine, while gasoline fumigation was added to reduce pollutant emissions under different operating conditions, namely engine loads (1.9–6.2 bar) and engine speeds (1300 and 2000 rpm). Experiments were performed on a multi-cylinder diesel engine with a mechanically controlled fuel injection pump. The experimental results show that using partially premixed gasoline, the specific NOx and CO2 emissions decrease to about 28 and 7% (averaged over all engine loads), respectively, in comparison with the pure diesel case, while smoke opacity decreases up to 50% at high loads with premixed gasoline. However, increase in the specific CO and HC emissions has been found by applying the same strategy at all loading conditions. The optimum conditions with desirable or minimum emissions characteristics were operation modes with gasoline fumigation at 2.1 bar engine load for 1300 rpm and at 3.8 bar engine load for 2000 rpm. Thus, gasoline fuel as premixed fuel with the fumigation method showed a favorable potential in terms of reducing the main emissions in diesel engines.

Effects of gasoline fumigation on exhaust emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine with mechanically‐controlled fuel injection pump

One of the various efforts to reduce PM and NO emissions from modern diesel engines is the use of light fuels fumigation as supplement to pilot injected diesel fuel. Present work aims at developing a fumigation system for introduction of gasoline in a diesel engine with mechanically‐controlled fuel injection pump and to determine its effects on emission. Experiments were performed on a 4‐cylinder direct‐injection diesel engine operating at two constant engine speeds for different engine loads. Diesel fuel was considered as baseline fuel and gasoline was inducted as fumigation in intake manifold at two different ratio on every operation modes. The experimental results show that with gasoline fumigation, the specific NOx and CO2 emission decreased to about 28, and 7% (averaged on all engine loads), respectively in comparison with baseline diesel case. While smoke opacity decreases at high loads up to 50%. However, increase in the specific CO and HC emission have been found after use of premixed gasoline at all loading conditions. Moreover, gasoline fumigation can improve brake thermal efficiency slightly at intermediate and high loads. Thus, gasoline fuel as premixed fuel with fumigation method showed a favorable potential in terms of reduction of main emissions and improvement performance in diesel engines with mechanically‐controlled fuel injection pump. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1845–1852, 2018

Energy and exergy analyses of a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel-diesel blend and gasoline fumigation

Abstract In this study, the effect of gasoline fumigation on the energy and exergy balance of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel blend (B20) is experimentally investigated and theoretically studied. To have a comprehensive analysis, diesel and B20 were considered as two baseline fuels and gasoline fumigation was induced at two different ratios. The obtained results reveal that gasoline fumigation increases the energy and exergy efficiency at medium and high loads to about 5% for diesel baseline fuel, while the energy and exergy efficiency decreases slightly in case of B20 fuel with gasoline fumigation. For all operating points, the percentage of energy and exergy transfer through the exhaust gases decreases by an average of 2.6% and 6.4%, respectively in case of using gasoline fumigation for both diesel and B20 fuels. Moreover, the destructed exergy of the engine operating on B20 and the fumigated gasoline was higher than that of diesel and B20 by about 2.4% on the average. It could be concluded that the combination of B20 and gasoline fumigation might be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in diesel engines under high loads, with higher exergy efficiency and lower exhaust exergy losses.

Improving of diesel combustion-pollution-fuel economy and performance by gasoline fumigation

One of the most important objectives of the studies worldwide is to improve combustion of diesel engine to meet growing energy needs and to reduce increasing environmental pollution. To accomplish this goal, especially to reduce pollutant emissions, researchers have focused their interest on the field of alternative fuels and alternative solutions. Gasoline fumigation (GF) is one of these alternative solutions, by which diesel combustion, fuel economy, and engine performance are improved, and environmental pollution is decreased. In the fumigation method, gasoline is injected into intake air, either by a carburetor, which main nozzle section is adjustable or by a simple injection system. In the present experimental study, a simple carburetor was used, and the effects of gasoline fumigation at (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)% (by vol.) gasoline ratios on the combustion, NOx emission, fuel economy, and engine performance sophisticatedly investigated for a fully instrumented, four-cylinder, water-cooled indirect injection (IDI), Ford XLD 418 T automotive diesel engine. Tests were conducted for each of the above gasoline fumigation ratios at three different speeds and for (1/1, 3/4, and 1/2) fuel delivery ratios (FDRs). GF test results showed that NOx emission is lower than that of neat diesel fuel (NDF). NOx emission decreases approximately 4.20%, 2.50%, and 9.65% for (1/1, 3/4, and 1/2) FDRs, respectively. Effective power increases approximately 2.38% for 1/1 FDR. At (2500 and 3000)rpms, effective power decreases at low gasoline ratios, but it increases at high gasoline ratios for 3/4 and 1/2 FDRs. For both of FDRs, effective power generally decreases at 3500rpm. Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) decreases at selected engine speeds for (1/1 and 3/4) FDRs; however, for 1/2 FDR, it increases at low gasoline ratios, and through higher gasoline ratios, it starts to decreases. GF is economic for this engine, and the fuel expense reduces approximately 2.625% and 2.721% for (1/1 and 3/4) FDRs, respectively at the selected engine speeds. At the end of the investigation of bsfc in respect to effective brake power, it was also determined that bsfc decreases at higher loads, but contrarily, it increases at lower loads for GF. Also, comparisons with the results of turbocharged version of the engine were done, and it was concluded that GF improves engine performance parameters and NOx emission but does not increase effective power as much as turbocharged version.

Combustion Phasing Effect on Cycle Efficiency of a Diesel Engine Using Advanced Gasoline Fumigation

Advanced premixed compression ignition (CI) combustion using fumigation has been shown to yield significant improvements in indicated efficiency over traditional diesel combustion strategies while simultaneously reducing engine-out soot and NOx emissions. To better interpret these findings, a breakdown of the ways in which actual performance deviates from ideal engine cycles is helpful. Nonideal combustion phasing is one cause of such deviations. In this paper, the centroid of the calculated apparent heat release rate is used to estimate an adjusted maximum possible thermal efficiency based on constant volume combustion using an effective compression ratio concept. Using these metrics, experimental engine data are evaluated from a single cylinder direct-injection diesel engine operating in premixed CI mode enabled by gasoline fumigation and a diesel pilot injection. Indicated gross cycle efficiency was found to be higher for premixed fumigation compared with a conventional diesel condition at the same load. A key finding of the work is that the peak indicated cycle efficiency for fumigated premixed CI combustion occurs with combustion phased very close to top dead center. Shorter heat release duration and lower heat losses from the cylinder are thought to be the cause of differences in cycle efficiency between conventional combustion and premixed CI fumigation modes.

Experimental investigation of gasoline fumigation in a turbocharged IDI diesel engine

The current work examines experimentally the effects of gasoline fumigation (GF) on performance and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine. An elementary carburetor which main jet opening can be adjusted by a fine threaded screw was installed on the inlet pipe of the engine. Thus gasoline at desired amounts can be injected into inlet air and the engine operates mainly due to diesel principle. Results showed that effective power generally reduced and effective efficiency increased. Brake specific fuel consumption reduced and its decrement ratios are approximately at the levels of 5%. GF becomes economic for this engine and averagely 5% reduction in fuel cost was attained. NOx concentration decreased approximately at the levels of (5–10)%. Smoke index K reduced for up to (8–12)% GF and after this it began to increase. Its maximum reduction ratio was 20% for 8% GF at 2500rpm.

Effect of Gasoline Fumigation on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions

The present study investigates theoretically the effects of gasoline fumigation on single-cylinder diesel engine performance and emissions. The results indicate that a premixed charge can be obtained by early injection of gasoline because of the high volatility of gasoline. More homogenous mixture was obtained and the fuel burned faster and efficient. The smoke emission was reduced and engine output was increased. Coupling with EGR technique could reduce the NOx emissions simultaneously.

Numerical and experimental investigation of heat balance in DI diesel engines for neat diesel fuel and gasoline fumigation

In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate heat balance numerically and experimentally in various diesel engines for neat diesel fuel (NDF) and gasoline fumigation (GF). From various numerical applications, it is determined that useful work increases for GF. Combustion duration increases with increasing GF and thus heat transfer to the walls increases. As exhaust temperature increases, exhaust losses also increase for GF. In the experimental study, heat balance analysis for NDF and GF has been performed in a single cylinder test engine. Heat lost through the exhaust decreases until 4-6% GF ratios and at higher fumigation ratios it starts to increase because of increasing exhaust gas temperature. Heat rejected to the cooling water decreases at low fumigation ratios, but at high fumigation ratios it increases. Other losses generally exhibit an increasing tendency at low fumigation ratios.

Theoretical investigation of heat balance in direct injection (DI) diesel engines for neat diesel fuel and gasoline fumigation

The main purpose of the presented study is to evaluate energy balance theoretically in direct injection (DI) diesel engines at different conditions. To analyze energy balance, a zero-dimensional multi-zone thermodynamic model has been developed and used. In this thermodynamic model, zero-dimensional intake and exhaust approximations given by Durgun, zero-dimensional compression and expansion model given by Heywood and quasi-dimensional phenomenological combustion model developed by Shahed and then improved Ottikkutti have been used and developed with new approximations and assumptions. By using the developed model, complete diesel engine cycle, engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions can be determined easily. Also, by using this model energy balance can be analyzed for neat diesel fuel and for light fuel fumigation easily. In the presented study, heat balance has been investigated theoretically for three different engines and various numerical applications have been conducted. In the numerical applications two different turbocharged DI diesel engines and a naturally aspirated DI diesel engine have been used. From these numerical applications, it is determined that, what portion of available fuel energy is converted to useful work, what amount of fuel energy is lost by exhaust gases or lost by heat transfer. In addition, heat balance has been analyzed for gasoline fumigation and some numerical results have been given. Brake effective power and brake specific fuel consumption increase and brake effective efficiency decreases for gasoline fumigation for turbocharged diesel engines used in numerical applications. Combustion duration increases with increasing fumigation ratio and thus heat transfer to the walls increases. Because exhaust temperature increases, exhaust losses also increases for fumigation case.

Experimental investigation of gasoline fumigation in a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine

In the presented study, the effects of gasoline fumigation have been investigated experimentally in a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Gasoline has been introduced into the inlet air flow using an elementary carburetor and no other modification on the engine has been done. The effects of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (by vol.) gasoline fumigation have been investigated experimentally at the speeds of (900–1600) (rpm) and at the selected compression ratios of (18–23). From the experimental results it is determined that by application of gasoline fumigation effective power output increases at the levels of 4–9%, effective efficiency increases by approximately 1.5–4% and specific fuel consumption decreases by approximately 1.5–4%. It is also determined that 4–6% fumigation ratio range is the most favorable percentage interval of gasoline at the selected compression ratios for this engine. Because cost of gasoline is higher than diesel fuel in Turkey as well as in many of the other countries and the decrease ratio of specific fuel consumption is low, gasoline fumigation is not economic for this engine. In the presented study, heat balance tests have also been performed for 18 and 21 compression ratios. The heat balance has been investigated experimentally in respect of effective power, heat rejected to the cooling water, heat lost through exhaust, and other losses (unaccounted-for losses). Heat lost through exhaust decreases until 4–6% gasoline fumigation ratios and after these fumigation ratios it starts to increase because of increasing exhaust gas temperature. Heat rejected to the cooling water decreases at low fumigation ratios, but at high fumigation ratios it increases. Other losses generally exhibit an increasing tendency at low fumigation ratios.

High speed direct injection (DI) light-fuel (gasoline) fumigated vehicle diesel engine

In the presented study, the effects of light-fuel fumigation on diesel engine cycle and characteristics have been examined theoretically. For this purpose, a computer program has been developed for prediction diesel engine cycles and engine characteristics in the cases of neat diesel fuel (NDF) and light-fuel (LF) fumigation. Here, gasoline is used as fumigated (supplementary) light fuel. For calculation of diesel engine cycle, quasi-dimensional phenomenological combustion model developed by Shahed and then Ottikkutti has been used and developed with new assumptions. Firstly, it has been proved that the developed engine cycle model for NDF and LF fumigation gives correct results by comparing with relevant experimental and theoretical studies. Then, for selected 2–10% gasoline ratios LF fumigation is investigated at varied equivalence ratio (VER) and constant equivalence ratios (CER). As a result, it has been determined that increasing gasoline fumigation at VER effective power and carbon monoxide (CO) ratio increase however, nitric oxide (NO) concentration decreases. Also, effective efficiency and specific fuel consumption (SFC) remain nearly constant in this case. Effective power, effective efficiency and CO ratio increase generally by increasing the gasoline fumigation ratio but SFC and NO concentration decrease generally at CER. Furthermore, this case is economic at high engine speeds.

05/00780 In cylinder expansion of ring crevice and oil film hydrocarbons in SI engines

The main purpose of the presented study is to evaluate energy balance theoretically in direct injection (DI) diesel engines at different conditions. To analyze energy balance, a zero-dimensional multi-zone thermodynamic model has been developed and used. In this thermodynamic model, zero-dimensional intake and exhaust approximations given by Durgun, zero-dimensional compression and expansion model given by Heywood and quasi-dimensional phenomenological combustion model developed by Shahed and then improved Ottikkutti have been used and developed with new approximations and assumptions. By using the developed model, complete diesel engine cycle, engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions can be determined easily. Also, by using this model energy balance can be analyzed for neat diesel fuel and for light fuel fumigation easily. In the presented study, heat balance has been investigated theoretically for three different engines and various numerical applications have been conducted. In the numerical applications two different turbocharged DI diesel engines and a naturally aspirated DI diesel engine have been used. From these numerical applications, it is determined that, what portion of available fuel energy is converted to useful work, what amount of fuel energy is lost by exhaust gases or lost by heat transfer. In addition, heat balance has been analyzed for gasoline fumigation and some numerical results have been given. Brake effective power and brake specific fuel consumption increase and brake effective efficiency decreases for gasoline fumigation for turbocharged diesel engines used in numerical applications. Combustion duration increases with increasing fumigation ratio and thus heat transfer to the walls increases. Because exhaust temperature increases, exhaust losses also increases for fumigation case.