Gasoline Engine Vehicles Research Articles

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

This article is devoted to the ecological comparison of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles throughout their entire life cycle, from mining to recycling. A scientifically based approach to a comprehensive environmental assessment of the impact of vehicles on the environment has been developed. To analyze the impact on the environmental situation, aspects such as the consumption of natural resources, waste generation, electricity consumption, emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions are taken into consideration. As a result of comparing the environmental impacts of vehicles, it was found that natural resources consumption and production of industrial waste from electric vehicles (EV) is 6 times higher than from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Harmful substance emissions and greenhouse gas emissions from EV production are 1.65 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. The EV total electricity consumption is 1.4 times higher than that of ICEVs. At the same time, it was revealed that during operation, EVs have higher energy consumption and emit more harmful substances into the atmosphere, but EVs produce less greenhouse gas emissions. It means that at different life cycle stages, EVs have a much higher negative impact on the environment compared to gasoline engine vehicles.

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMERS INTENTION TO PURCHASE GREEN VEHICLE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Global warming is one of the main issues discuss by nations leaders. It is a crucial problem that needs to be address immediately. One of the solutions to global warming is green vehicles. Hybrids and electric vehicles are not new products in the automobile market. Unfortunately, the sales percentage for both types of green vehicles are still behind the petrol engine vehicles. Regardless of the world leaders’ dream to fill the street with green vehicles by 2035 in developed countries, the dream is still far from reality. As for developing countries, the people are more familiar with hybrid vehicles compare to electric vehicles. Other than that, the consumer perceptions regarding green vehicles are not all in positive aspect. Green vehicles are more associated as luxury goods in consumer perspective. There are also critics on the reliability and durability of the green vehicles as consumers find trouble to believe that green vehicles could compete with petrol engine vehicles. This paper identifies factors that could influence consumer to purchase green vehicles. Thus, providing a better insight in promoting green vehicles to consumers.

Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor.

Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions that lead to partial regeneration. As an alternative approach, radio-frequency-based (RF) sensors can accurately measure the soot loading, even under these conditions, by detecting soot through its dielectric properties. However, they face a different challenge as their sensitivity may depend on the engine operation conditions during soot formation. In this article, this influence is evaluated in more detail. Various soot samples were generated on an engine test bench. Their dielectric properties were measured using the microwave cavity perturbation (MCP) method and compared with the corresponding sensitivity of the RF sensor determined on a lab test bench. Both showed similar behavior. The values for the soot samples themselves, however, differed significantly from each other. A way to correct for this cross-sensitivity was found in the influence of exhaust gas humidity on the RF sensor, which can be correlated with the engine load. By evaluating this influence during significant humidity changes, such as fuel cuts, it could be used to correct the influence of the engineon the RF sensor.

Research on the Structure Optimization Design of Automobile Intake Pipe

As the front end of the intake system, the intake dirty pipe is responsible for delivering sufficient and stable air to the air filter. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of low intake resistance, it is necessary to correspondingly improve the flow resistance performance of the intake dirty pipe. In this study, the main research object was the intake pipe in the intake system of gasoline engine vehicles, and the internal gas flow field was simulated and analyzed. The results show that there are clear discrete velocity regions at the inlet and elbow, which affect the uniformity of the overall fluid flow and cause a certain pressure loss. After structural optimization, the total pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline was reduced by 22.67% compared to the original model, and the total pressure loss was significantly reduced. A simplified model was used to make samples of the intake dirty pipes before and after performance improvement, and flow resistance tests were conducted respectively. The difference between test data and simulation data is within a reasonable range, and the simulation results are relatively reliable.

Commercial Fleet Vehicle Additions and Replacements and the Potential Market Penetration for Electric Vehicles

Commercial fleets can play a major role in the rapid evolution of plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) market penetration. Using survey data in this analysis we identify groups of commercial fleets based on the attributes of the next vehicle planned to be added to a fleet and the propensity of replacing a current vehicle with an electric vehicle. We first develop principal components representing dimensions of the desired vehicle characteristics (price, efficiency, size and fuel type, timing of vehicle procurement, replacement of current vehicle or addition to the fleet, and intended purchase of new, used, or leased). Using 8 principal components capturing approximately 91.55% of the variance in the variables listed above and hierarchical clustering we derive six distinct market segments. One segment contains 43.5% of the total responses preferring a PHEV to replace a current vehicle in the fleet, it is a segment that is composed of 100% PHEV preferring respondents and almost all of them expect to purchase a small vehicle and 92% will do that within 5 years. The average price they expect to pay is approximately $27,000 and the expected efficiency to be about 55 miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe). Another segment contains 91.0% BEV preferring respondents who are only 11.6% of the sample. This segment also prefers small vehicles to replace vehicles in their fleet, possibly leasing and expecting to pay approximately $46,800 with an efficiency of about 100 MPGe. The other four segments are dominated by gasoline, diesel, and natural gas internal combustion engine vehicles.

Battery Caused Fires in Electric Vehicles

Nowadays, the global trend of reducing exhaust emissions and the increasing the demand for clean energy sources have initiated the development of electric vehicles by many vehicle manufacturers. We are starting to encounter electric vehicles, whose mass production is relatively new, on the roads more and more every day. Fire response methods, which are one of the most common emergencies encountered in electric vehicles, which are widely used, differently in the extinguishing agent and extinguishing methods of fires compared to gasoline or diesel engine vehicles. In this study, the causes of the thermal leak formation mechanism in batteries, which are the most basic place of fires encountered in electric vehicles, will be examined, and information on the methods of intervention to the fire that may occur will be examined. By means of the results obtained from here, the possibilities of application in electric and semi-electric (hybrid) vehicles will be discussed.

Deep learning in the development of energy Management strategies of hybrid electric Vehicles: A hybrid modeling approach

The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) in an HEV is the key for improving fuel economy and simultaneously reducing pollutant emissions. This paper presents a methodology for developing hybrid models that enable EMS testing as well as the evaluation of fuel consumption, CO2 and pollutant emissions (CO, NOx and THC). In this context, pollutant emissions are hard to quantify with static models such as the well-known map-based approach which is mainly due to the pronounced impact of transient effects. The novelty of this paper primarily comes from the characterization of pollutant emissions through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), providing high accuracy for both, instantaneous and cumulative values. The input parameters are classical Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) measurements such as engine speed, air mass flow, torque and exhaust temperature. The proposed CNNs are reduced to a minimum for low complexity and fast computability. These models are developed with experimental data from chassis dyno testing of a conventional turbo-charged gasoline engine vehicle. The pollutant emission models are used in conjunction with physical models of the remaining powertrain allowing for real time simulations of the complete HEV vehicle. The Double Deep-Q learning algorithm is proposed for the EMS and compared to the Dynamic programming (DP) solution.The introduced methodology is developed in a co-simulation framework between MATLAB-Simulink and AMESIM. The resulting model runs between 8 and 10 times faster than real time in an off-the-shelf PC. This provides the capability for developing models suitable for HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) and SIL (software-in-the-loop) applications. The final error in predicted CO2 remains below 2.5% while the final cumulative error for pollutants is below 8.5% in the case of CO and HC emissions.

LPG 구조 변경 차량의 폭발 화재 사례 분석

In the course of installing an additional LPG fuel system which includes a high-pressure pump drilling in a gasoline engine system. leakage of fuel may be caused by operator error or component detect. If the gas leakage continuously occurs while a certain driving period, the leaked gas may cause an explosion and a fire by an ignition source. In this paper it introduces an explosion case of a gasoline engine vehicle with additional LPG fuel system. Depending on the location and amount of leaked gas, it could lead a huge and major accident. Therefore, we hope to share the case and take appropriate institutional measures for the various cause of the accident.

Isotopic study of the influence of oxygen interaction and surface species over different catalysts on the soot removal mechanism

In order to improve the catalytic formulations for soot removal in after-treatment emission control technologies for gasoline and diesel engine vehicle, an isotopic study was approached using transitory labeled oxygen response method over model catalysts that allows the unraveling of soot oxidation mechanism. Ce-based materials promote oxygen exchange associated with the high population of lattice oxygen species (O2-) denoted as OI type. The incorporation of praseodymium produces a Pr3+ enrichment that decrease the energy for oxygen release and increase oxygen mobility through surface and subsurface oxygen centers (OII type) depending on the synthesis procedure. For PtBaK catalyst, OIII species are responsible for oxygen exchange. Gas-solid reaction between soot and gas phase molecular oxygen is responsible for direct uncatalyzed soot oxidation. For ceria containing catalysts, low-temperature soot removal takes place through the intervention of lattice atomic species and superoxide species. For DPNR model catalyst, PtBaK/Al2O3, the soot elimination occurs with the intervention of OIII type centers. In the presence NO, the assisted and cooperative mechanism due to NO2 and the intervention of the adsorbed nitrate species on the trimetallic catalyst enhances soot removal capacity.

M/S Shyam Automobiles: Service Operations in Guwahati, Assam

M/S Shyam Automobiles (Shyam) was an automobile workshop engaged in the repair and maintenance of petrol and diesel engine vehicles. The workshop began service operations in Birkuchi (Guwahati), Assam, India, in 1987. It was founded by Tekraj Sarma to provide valued and quality service at a low cost to vehicle owners in the region. Sarma was responsible for the workshop’s overall activities, including customer query handling and satisfaction, managing supplier relationships, employee satisfaction, and profit management. As a small player, the workshop faced difficulties in procuring spare parts for their customers. In addition, Shyam did not have an extravagant set-up like most authorized car dealers; most of his staff was semi-skilled, and there was no use of technology in the workshop. However, Sarma wanted to develop a strategy to solve this issue of unavailability of spare parts in the workshop.

Potential Analysis of a DMC/MeFo Mixture in a DISI Single and Multi-Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) was used as a synthetic gasoline replacement. These synthetic fuels offer CO<sub>2</sub>-neutral mobility if the fuels are produced in a closed CO<sub>2</sub>-cycle and they reduce harmful emissions like particulates and NO<sub>X</sub>. For base potential investigations, a single-cylinder research engine (SCE) was used. An in-depth analysis of real driving cycles in a series 4-cylinder engine (4CE) confirmed the high potential for emission reduction as well as efficiency benefits.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Beside the benefit of lower exhaust emissions, especially NO<sub>X</sub> and particle number (PN) emissions, some additional potential was observed in the SCE. During a start of injection (SOI) variation it could be detected that a late SOI of DMC/MeFo has less influence on combustion stability and ignitability. With this widened range for the SOI the engine application can be improved for example by catalyst heating or stratified mode. Furthermore, until λ = 0.8 no significant PN increase was noted in contrast to gasoline. This is also a positive capability for combustion modes with local rich areas in the mixture. From the experience of previous investigations, the synthetic fuels’ high knock-resistance potential enabled an increase in the compression ratio (CR) from epsilon ~ 11 to ~ 15 to enhance the indicated efficiency.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In general, in the 4CE the positive effects of DMC/MeFo on harmful emissions were confirmed. Even in the series configuration, the brake efficiency increased by 16 % at maximum low-end torque compared to gasoline. The increased in-cylinder cooling and the lower laminar flame temperature by the DMC/MeFo implies lower maximum exhaust temperatures. Therefore, a stoichiometric mixture could be used over the whole engine map. During the legislative driving cycles, for example WLTC, the PN, NO<sub>X</sub>, CO and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions decreased by 50 % or more.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In summary, oxygenated fuel opens great opportunities for replacing fossil fuel in gasoline engine applications.</div></div>

Vehicle emissions-exposure alters expression of systemic and tissue-specific components of the renin-angiotensin system and promotes outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease and obesity in wild-type C57BL/6 male mice.

Exposure to air pollution from traffic-generated sources is known to contribute to the etiology of inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity; however, the signaling pathways involved are still under investigation. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can contribute to CVD and alter lipid storage and inflammation in adipose tissue. Our previous exposure studies revealed that traffic-generated emissions increase RAS signaling, further exacerbated by a high-fat diet. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to engine emissions increases systemic and local adipocyte RAS signaling, promoting the expression of factors involved in CVD and obesity. Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 wk old) were fed either a high-fat (HF, n = 16) or low-fat (LF, n = 16) diet, beginning 30d prior to exposures, and then exposed via inhalation to either filtered air (FA, controls) or a mixture of diesel engine + gasoline engine vehicle emissions (MVE: 100 μg PM/m3) via whole-body inhalation for 6 h/d, 7 d/wk, 30d. Endpoints were assessed via immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. MVE-exposure promoted vascular adhesion factors (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) expression, monocyte/macrophage sequestration, and oxidative stress in the vasculature, associated with increased angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) expression. In the kidney, MVE-exposure promoted the expression of renin, AT1, and AT2 receptors. In adipose tissue, both HF-diet and MVE-exposure mediated increased epididymal fat pad weight and adipocyte hypertrophy, associated with increased angiotensinogen and AT1 receptor expression; however, these outcomes were further exacerbated in the MVE + HF group. MVE-exposure also induced inflammation, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and leptin, while reducing insulin receptor and glucose transporter, GLUT4, expression in adipose tissue. Our results indicate that MVE-exposure promotes systemic and local adipose RAS signaling, associated with increased expression of factors contributing to CVD and obesity, further exacerbated by HF diet consumption.

Prototipo para el análisis del crecimiento vehicular y de estaciones de monitoreo atmosférico

There is a universal recognition of the importance and need to establish more ambitious and effective climate actions in all the sectors involved; government, private sector and society with the aim of acting together to decrease and stop the increase in global temperature in the present century and thereby avoid devastating and irremediable effects on climate change. In this sense, the implementation of atmospheric monitoring systems has made it possible to identify the emissions of particulate and polluting gases directly related to gasoline and diesel engine vehicles; therefore, the objective of this project is to design a prototype system for mobile devices with the Android operating system, which allows projecting the increase or decrease of polluting gases using statistical data on vehicle growth and atmospheric monitoring stations in the State of Jalisco, Mexico, therefore it constitutes a valuable technological tool whose main contribution focuses on keeping the population informed about the importance of the reduction of contaminants that can deteriorate health.

IMPROVEMENT OF HEAT PREPARATION PROCESSES OF VEHICLE ENGINE EQUIPPED WITH GASOLINE AND LIQUEFIED OIL SUPPLY GAS SYSTEMS

Presented are the results of experimental studies of the heat treatment system of a vehicle gasoline engine, which is heated to operating temperatures on gasoline, and subsequent operation on liquefied oil gas. The main element of the heat preparation system is a phase transition heat accumulator. The research task to be solved is to minimize the time of heat preparation of the vehicle gasoline engine and, therefore, to reduce gasoline consumption in warm-up modes. To ensure remote registration of vehicle parameters and control of heat preparation processes, an information system for monitoring and control of heat preparation processes of a vehicle engine with a heat accumulator was developed and used. During the research, a gasoline-powered vehicle was used with additionally installed gas equipment. The use of a phase transition heat accumulator in the heat preparation system of a vehicle gasoline engine (operating both on gasoline and on liquefied gas fuel) has confirmed a significant improvement in fuel economy. For this, the engine heat preparation should be carried out immediately before starting from an additional heat source to the coolant temperature in the cooling system up to 50° C. The research results have confirmed the capabilities of the system under study to significantly reduce the time of heat preparation and reduce the vehicle gasoline engine fuel consumption running on gasoline and liquefied gas fuel under operating conditions. The phase transition heat accumulator in the heat preparation system of a vehicle gasoline engine (operating both on gasoline and on liquefied gas fuel) reduces the time required to heat the coolant to 50° C and gas consumption to ensure the transition to gas fuel when using various modes (options) of heat preparation in operating conditions.

An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Washcoat Composition on Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) Performance

The forthcoming implementation of the China VI emission regulations, which are currently the most stringent around the world targeted at light-duty gasoline engine vehicles, will not only further restrict the emissions of gaseous pollutants, but also put forward, for the first time, the requirements of particulate number (PN) emissions with a limit set at 6 × 1011#/km. To achieve the stringent emission targets, the ceramic wall-flow gasoline particulate filter (GPF) will be effective to achieve the reduction of the particulate number tailpipe emissions in a way similar to the widely applied diesel particulate filter (DPF) in diesel engines. This paper investigated the effect of a coated gasoline particulate filter (GPF) on the PN emission and engine performance. The effects of two factors, including the washcoat powder material bulk density and type of coating, were studied with regard to three primary performances of GPF, including high three-way catalytic performance, low pressure drop, and high PN filtration efficiency, according to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements. The outcomes show that the use of high bulk density materials resulted in a low washcoat volume and hence a decrease of flow resistance and backpressure, in addition to high PN filtration efficiency. The type of coating had notable influence on the backpressure and PN filtration efficiency. The coating length and coating amount both had notable influence on the backpressure and PN filtration efficiency.

Analysis of air quality and health co-benefits regarding electric vehicle promotion coupled with power plant emissions

Abstract Purpose of this study is to discuss the electric vehicle policy’s effects on air pollution reduction in Taiwan. Since PM2.5 is one of Taiwan’s major air-pollution issues, Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan (TEPA) promoted a policy that the sale of cars powered by fossil fuels would be banned in 2040, which means all the pollutants emitted by petrol-engine vehicles will be reduced. But at the same time the electric vehicles require additional power consumption, therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of air quality and health benefit when mobile emission reduces but power plant emission increases. To evaluate this clean air policy, Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) - Community Multi-scale Air Quality model (CMAQ) and Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP) were applied in scenarios discussion. The location of power plants to generate additional electric power and the seasonal variation were adapted in scenarios for considering the atmospheric transportation effects. The results showed if additional power supply was generated in northern, central, or southern Taiwan, the average annual PM2.5 concentration would be reduced by 2.88, 2.90, and 2.92 μg/m3, respectively. The associated health benefits would be 43.35 billion, 43.40 billion, and 43.54 billion USD. This evaluation presents adopting electric vehicles would improve the air quality of Taiwan significantly. The analysis of seasonal scenarios also indicates the location to generate additional electric power is important when adopting electric vehicles policy. The prevailing wind of different season will transport the air pollutant to diverse downwind area. The additional electricity demand generated by northern power plants in summer and autumn but switched to southern power plants in spring and winter would reduce 2.95 μg/m3 PM2.5 and lead to the best air quality and health benefits across Taiwan among the considered options.

Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA

In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.

Validation of Test Procedure for Measuring the Fuel Consumption of Production-Model FCVs

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Factors affecting the measurement of the fuel consumption of FCVs were analyzed to reveal their sensitivity. The method for measuring fuel consumption described in WLTP is to measure the hydrogen consumption by using an electric precision balance and off-vehicle tanks (not on-vehicle tanks). This is unique compared with conventional vehicles such as petrol-engine vehicles and pure-electric vehicles. Therefore, we examined the sensitivities of the effect of hydrogen consumption determination, the effect of hydrogen supply pipe design, and the effect of hydrogen supply pipe management. The experiments were conducted with two production models of FCVs having different FC management systems. The effects were quantitatively evaluated by comparing the fuel consumption rate driving in WLTC.</div></div>

Fundamentals of energy efficient driving for combustion engine and electric vehicles: An optimal control perspective

This paper formulates energy efficient driving of gasoline and electric powered vehicles as optimal control problems of various complexity. We show minimizing aerodynamic drag can maximize utilization of energy available at the wheel and requires low and constant speeds. By employing optimal control theory we show periods of maximal acceleration, maximal braking, and coasting often accompany constant speed cruising to satisfy boundary conditions on the states (bang-singular-bang optimal control). In the case of gasoline engine vehicles, analytical optimal control derivations show that pulse and glide operation of the engine while cruising can further reduce fuel use (chattering optimal control). For electric vehicles (EV), quadratic rather than linear dependence of energy use on control input results in different eco-driving patterns from gasoline engine vehicles. For EVs, analytical solution to the two point boundary value optimal control problem could be obtained after model simplification which is compared to numerical solution based on a more accurate model. We also evaluate optimal control solution in the presence of state constraints for EVs. Several simulation case studies are presented to showcase the energy efficiency gains with proposed eco driving strategies.

Assessing the Impact of Vehicle Speed Limits and Fleet Composition on Air Quality Near a School

Traffic is a major source of urban air pollution that affects health, especially among children. As lower speed limits are commonly applied near schools in many cities, and different governments have different policies on vehicle fleet composition, this research estimated how different speed limits and fleet emissions affect air quality near a primary school. Based on data of traffic, weather, and background air quality records in Dublin from 2013, traffic, emission, and dispersion models were developed to assess the impact of different speed limits and fleet composition changes against current conditions. Outside the school, hypothetical speed limit changes from 30 km/h to 50 km/h could reduce the concentration of NO2 and PM10 by 3% and 2%; shifts in the fleet from diesel to petrol vehicles could reduce these pollutants by 4% and 3% but would increase the traffic-induced concentrations of CO and Benzene by 63% and 35%. These changes had significantly larger impacts on air quality on streets with higher pollutant concentrations. Findings suggest that both road safety and air quality should be considered when determining speed limits. Furthermore, fleet composition has different impacts on different pollutants and there are no clear benefits associated with incentivising either diesel or petrol engine vehicles.