Diesel Fuel Research Articles

Enzymatic Transesterification Using Different Immobilized Lipases and its Biodiesel Effect on Gas Emission

Biodiesel, a third-generation bio-fuels, offering several advantages over regular diesel fuel. Waste cooking oil (WCO) emerges as an ideal feedstock due to its availability and easy accessibility. In this work, biodiesel is utilized from two different types of immobilized lipases: Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RMIM) and Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). The impact of the molar ratio of oil to methyl acetate (1:3-1:12) was evaluated for both lipases, and the resultant biodiesel was tested in diesel engine. The enzymatic transesterification was carried out in ultrasonic assistance and the results showed that the greatest yield of 81.20% at 45℃, using CALB as a biocatalyst, 1.8% (w/v) lipase and oil to methyl acetate molar ratio of 1:12 within 3 hours. Triacetin, by-product was determined their concentration for each molar ratio and analyzed using FTIR range of 500cm-1 to 4000cm-1, revealing a significant absorption peak at 1238.90cm-1. Biodiesel was blended with commercial diesel fuel in varying quantities of 7, 10, and 20% by volume (B20). The results were compared to Industrial Diesel Fuel 7% (B7) and Commercial Diesel Fuel 10% (B10). NOx and CO2 emission drops as the percentage of diesel/biodiesel blends increases, supporting WCO as a cost-effective biodiesel feedstock with low petrol pollution.

A research agenda to support economic resilience in US oil and gas producing communities

Abstract Major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will require a transition away from fossil fuels, including oil and natural gas. However, little research has examined the implications of such a transition for the workers and communities who depend on these industries to support local and regional economic wellbeing. In this perspective, we lay out a research agenda that can help inform policymakers as they seek to craft effective policies to support affected communities. We focus on the United States, the world’s largest oil and gas producer, and identify three key policy areas where new scholarship is needed to inform policymaking: economic and workforce development, public finances, and environmental remediation. Although it is not a comprehensive research agenda, we identify dozens of distinct research questions that will require a mix of methods and disciplinary lenses, including basic data gathering, community engagement, program evaluation, policy analysis, political analysis, and more. The goal of this article is to encourage scholars to take up these topics and expand them in the years ahead to ensure that oil and gas communities become more economically resilient in the face of deep uncertainty over the future of the domestic and global energy system.

Modification of Distillation Engines Using Used Oil into Diesel and Premium Fuel Using Circular Condensation

In the era of the industrial revolution which is very developed today, the automotive world is also increasing, especially in vehicles that are fueled by premium diesel, due to the increasing number of vehicle demand in the wider community as more and more innovations are issued to create something latest and new, From data (Central Statistics Agency 2020) vehicles on Indonesian roads from passenger cars, goods, motorcycles, buses reached 14. Behind the positive effects due to the increasing development of the automotive world, there are also negative effects, one of which is pollution and waste generated from vehicle lubricants, oil, from periodic replacements resulting from engine maintenance that must be carried out. So the author is interested in designing a distillation machine with a condenser to convert used oil into base oil (base oil gar reduces the negative impact, the method used is by literature review, field study, preparation and testing, although the results of the test were obtained from 3 samples, namely A, B, and C with different cooking times and temperatures, it was found that the physical results obtained were too different from each other, However, not with the content in the sample, which was tested using (GC-MS) it was found that compounds with different amounts were found, namely sample A with 48 compounds, Sample B with 42 compounds and Sample C with 68 compounds, the most compounds were found in the sample with the highest cooking time and temperature with a time of 160 minutes and a temperature of 254 °C. It was found that only sample A had a premium characteristic, namely the compound octane. So that this research can be used in the community.

Energy dynamics affecting the US economy; natural energy investments, carbon emissions, production, exports and GDP per Capita.

This study investigates how carbon dioxide emissions, natural gas, energy consumption, energy investment, coal and crude oil, and per capita exports affected the economic growth of the United States from 1993 to 2023 using the Vector Error Correction (VEC) model. The findings highlight the importance of exports and energy investment in driving both short- and long-term economic growth, while also highlighting interactions between carbon emissions, coal use and crude oil. It was determined that changes in natural gas and exports affected energy investment in the short term, while coal and exports affected natural gas. These results provide valuable information about the dynamics of the American economy and contribute to our understanding of the complex interactions between various factors and their effects on economic growth, offering implications for further research and policy development to promote sustainable economic development.

Bioremediation of Oil and Natural Gas Industry Waste Using Methanogens: Current Status and Future Perspective to Biohythane Production

Bioremediation of Oil and Natural Gas Industry Waste Using Methanogens: Current Status and Future Perspective to Biohythane Production

Coprocessing Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude from Algae with Vacuum Gas Oil Using Hydrotreating

Coprocessing Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude from Algae with Vacuum Gas Oil Using Hydrotreating

Theoretical calculations of pyridine adsorption on the surfaces of Ti, Zr, N doped graphene

In this paper, the adsorption behavior of pyridine, a typical basic nitrogen compound in diesel oil, on Ti-doped, Zr-doped, N-doped and intrinsic graphene has been investigated by density functional methods. The corresponding adsorption energy, adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, differential charge density and density of states were discussed. The results show that doping graphene with metal atoms such as Ti or Zr can significantly obviously enhance the adsorption energy between pyridine and graphene surfaces, while non-metal N doping has a relatively minor effect. The magnitude of the adsorption energy of pyridine on the surfaces of graphene modified with different atoms follows the order: Ti-doped>Zr-doped>N-doped>intrinsic graphene. Pyridine interacts with Ti- or Zr-doped graphene through N−Ti, N−Zr and π−π interactions, while with N-doped and intrinsic graphene, it interacts via N−N, C−N and π−π interactions. There are significantelectron transfer and chemical bond formation between pyridine and metal-doped (Ti, Zr) graphene surfaces, indicating chemical adsorption. However, there is no chemical bond formation with non-metal N-doped graphene and intrinsic graphene, suggesting physical adsorption in these cases. Overall, pyridine exhibits more stable adsorption on the surfaces of Ti, Zr-doped graphene.

Effect of lubricants during the rolling process on the mixed mode fracture behavior of the as-rolled material

Friction is one of the major factors in energy consumption and metal depreciation during various mechanical processes. Lubrication is often used during the process of forming metals to cope with friction and its consequences. Mineral lubricants are employed in the rolling process to decrease the rolling force and enhance the quality of the sheets. This research aims to compare the performance of mineral lubricants such as crude oil, gas oil, and CM405A to enhance the production efficiency of the aluminum forming process, especially in the rolling process. The ring compression test was utilized to evaluate the influence of lubrication on the friction coefficient which was extracted through calibration curves. Then, the effect of friction coefficient was experimentally examined during the forming process through rolling. Al 1050 was rolled by the mentioned lubricants. The pre-cracked rolled samples were then tested by fracture test at different loading angles of 0 (pure mode-I), 45(mixed-mode of I and II), and 90(pure mode-II). J-R curves were extracted using elastic–plastic fracture theory based on material characteristics. The fracture tests indicated maximum resistance to crack growth occurred in the sample prepared with CM405A lubricant. In contrast, the lowest crack growth resistance was recorded in the case where crude oil was employed as a lubricant. In the end, the SEM images of the fractured surfaces were explored for a deeper understanding of the fracture behavior. Although a combination of brittle and ductile fracture mechanisms can be observed on the fractured surfaces, cleavage was the dominant phenomenon and fracture mechanisms.

The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Emitted Pollutants from a Domestic Boiler Powered by Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels

The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Emitted Pollutants from a Domestic Boiler Powered by Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels

Density Prediction Model of Binary or Ternary Diesel Fuel Blends with Biodiesel and Ethanol for Compression-Ignition Engine Calculations

Density Prediction Model of Binary or Ternary Diesel Fuel Blends with Biodiesel and Ethanol for Compression-Ignition Engine Calculations

Optimization of palm oil biodiesel production: Environmental impact analysis and POME waste utilization

Background: Indonesia is still an energy importer, especially in the form of crude oil and fuel products to meet the needs of its industrial sector. The reduced production of fossil energy, especially oil, as well as the global commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, has prompted the Indonesian government to continue to support the role of new and renewable energy. The production of palm oil-based biodiesel is faced with a number of environmental problems, which may occur from the release of emissions during the production of FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunches), CPO (Crude Palm Oil), and biodiesel. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compile an LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) covering the production of FFB, CPO, and biodiesel; analyze the environmental impact of the CPO bodysel production process which includes CO2 (eq) emissions, acidification and eutrophication; and develop a life cycle concept for biodiesel production from palm oil as a renewable energy. Methods: The method used in this study is a combination of quantitative LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and qualitative. Findings: The results of this study are LCI in 1 ton of biodiesel consisting of NPK fertilizer of 141.1 Kg; herbicide (0.25 Kg); water (1578 m3), diesel oil (25 Kg); fresh fruit bunches of 5.67 tons; electricity of 33.8 kWh, POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) (3,47 m3), CPO needed for biodiesel conversion of 1.17 tons; methanol (0.41 tons), and 0.01 tons of Sodium Hydroxide. The total CO2 emission (eq) of biodiesel production from palm oil is 1489 Kg CO2 (eq), eutrophication is 1.12 Kg PO43- (eq) and acidification is 3.06 Kg SO2 (eq). With the largest contribution of CO2 (eq) emissions in CPO production and the contribution of eutrophication and acidification in oil palm plantations or FFB production (Fresh Fruit Bunches). Environmental hotspot of LCA, CO2 (eq) emissions from palm oil biodiesel production show that 53% mainly comes from POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) waste, other contributors are NPK fertilizers (23%), methanol (18%), and diesel oil (7%). Hotspot eutrophication showed that 61% mainly came from NPK fertilizer, methanol (20%), diesel oil (11%), and POME waste (8%). Hotspot acidification showed that 48% mainly came from NPK fertilizers, methanol (28%), POME waste (13%), and diesel oil (11%). Conclusion: The concept of a biodiesel production life cycle can be applied with the best alternative utilization of POME waste with a priority weighting of 0.357 and a CO2(eq) emission criterion of 0.494. From the optimization of the life cycle of biodiesel production with the use of POME, the potential for emission reduction is 667.2 Kg CO2 (eq). Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study's novel application of LCA evaluates the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from palm oil in Indonesia, identifying critical hotspots in CO2 emissions, eutrophication, and acidification. Additionally, it proposes an innovative optimization approach by utilizing POME to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting a viable path for enhancing the sustainability of biodiesel production.

Understanding the Hazards of Hexane and Short-Term Exposure to Air Contaminated with Hexane Affects the Nervous System and can Cause Dizziness

Abstract: The term ‘hydrocarbon’ is self-explanatory which means compounds of carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons play a key role in our daily life. You must be familiar with the terms ‘LPG’ and ‘CNG’ used as fuels. LPG is the abbreviated form of liquified petroleum gas whereas CNG stands for compressed natural gas. Another term ‘LNG’ (liquified natural gas) is also in news these days. This is also a fuel and is obtained by liquifaction of natural gas. Petrol, diesel and kerosene oil are obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum found under the earth’s crust. Coal gas is obtained by the destructive distillation of coal. Natural gas is found in upper strata during drilling of oil wells. The gas after compression is known as compressed natural gas. LPG is used as a domestic fuel with the least pollution. Kerosene oil is also used as a domestic fuel but it causes some pollution. Automobiles need fuels like petrol, diesel and CNG. Petrol and CNG operated automobiles cause less pollution. All these fuels contain mixture of hydrocarbons, which are sources of energy. Hydrocarbons are also used for the manufacture of polymers like polythene, polypropene, polystyrene etc. Higher hydrocarbons are used as solvents for paints. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons

The injection pattern investigation of hydrocarbon gas enhanced oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs

Considering the large difference in physical properties and low water flooding efficiency of heterogeneous reservoirs, the hydrocarbon gas flooding to enhance oil recovery was investigated. Through the rising bubble apparatus experiment, it was determined that the injected gas and crude oil are immiscible under formation conditions. On the other hand, the displacement experiment carried out on a long core was used to perform the effect of hydrocarbon gas flooding. According to displacement experiment, alternative injection of gas as slugs with water slugs can mobilize the residual oil in place in the reservoirs. When the gas injection rate is 0.5 cm3/min, the recovery efficiency of hydrocarbon gas flooding is highest. At the same time, the lower of water content, the better the timing of waterflooding to gas flooding. In experiments with slugs of different gas–water ratios, when the gas–water ratio is 1:1, the oil recovery efficiency is the highest. The water alternate gas in use within limit adaptation could significantly enhance the residual oil recovery and bring more economic benefits.

Characteristics of Oil and Gas Distribution and Controlling Factors of Hydrocarbon Accumulations in the Eocene Pinghu Formation of the Xihu Depression, East China Sea

The Xihu Depression at the shelf of the East China Sea is a petroliferous basin with excellent exploration potential. The Eocene Pinghu Formation has become a recent oil and gas exploration target and as the critical hydrocarbon-bearing stratigraphic layer in the basin. However, studies specifically examining the characteristics of hydrocarbon distribution and the controlling factors of reservoirs in the Kongqueting area remain limited. The lack of in-depth hydrocarbon accumulation model research restricts subsequent exploration. In this paper, based on data from drilling, 3D seismic, well test, and geochemical analysis, we found that coal bed-related hydrocarbon source rocks were widely occurred in the Pinghu Formation in the Kongqueting area. The source rocks provide good hydrocarbon supply of near-source and distant-source to reservoir. The river sands were connected laterally and stacked vertically, forming a pattern characterized by ‘lateral succession and vertical superposition’ indicative of good quality of reservoir. During the deposition period of the Pinghu Formation, two large sets of regional cap rock (P3 and P7) were excellent sealing rock. The sand reservoir was interbedded with shale layers, forming a Mille-feuille type of reservoir-seal pair. Faults formed at the early stage of the formation of basin serve as conduits for hydrocarbon migration, governing both the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon-bearing strata and the types of hydrocarbon accumulations. These faults were instrumental in facilitating the formation of extensive oil and gas accumulations. This paper establishes a hydrocarbon accumulation model in the Kongqueting area, characterized as ‘dual hydrocarbon supply from source, upper oil, and lower gas, good reservoir-seal pair, hydrocarbon migration through fault conduit’.

The energy mix dilemma in Indonesia in achieving net zero emissions by 2060

Background: The global responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions forces Indonesia to evaluate its energy policies and strategies. The energy mix dilemma in Indonesia arises as a consequence of rapid economic growth, rapid urbanization, and the continuously increasing energy demand. By 2060, Indonesia aims to have an energy mix dominated by renewable energy sources (RES) and to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. The importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly apparent, considering Indonesia is one of the countries highly vulnerable to climate change. Method: This study employs a combined approach of policy analysis and literature review. The method used in this research is an objective narrative literature review as a reference for conducting the literature study. Findings: In 2023, Indonesia is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels, primarily coal, oil, and natural gas. The Indonesian government has enacted several regulations related to energy use, including policies for the development of renewable energy. Despite efforts to reduce emissions through the application of clean technologies, the main challenge is significantly replacing fossil energy sources with renewable energy. Several inhibiting factors emerge as real challenges in the journey to achieve Net Zero Emissions. Technological and infrastructure constraints are the main obstacles. The strategic importance of sustainable economic growth is a central point in this dilemma. However, the transition to net zero emissions often requires structural adjustments that can impact the economy. Conclusion: The process of transitioning to renewable energy must be carefully implemented to avoid the risk of supply instability. The alignment between economic growth, energy security, and emission reduction is key to designing effective and sustainable policies. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study provides a comprehensive examination of Indonesia's energy mix dilemma in the context of achieving net zero emissions by 2060, specifically highlighting the intricate balance between sustainable economic growth, energy security, and global climate commitments. By adopting a holistic approach that involves the government, private sector, and societal participation, the research offers innovative policy recommendations for transitioning from non-renewable to renewable energy sources while addressing socio-economic challenges.

A historic, technological, systematic, environmental, and economic introduction of hydro power

Hydropower is a clean and sustainable energy source that generates electricity by utilizing the potential energy of flowing water for energy conversion. It produces 16% of the worlds electricity and is the most widely used renewable energy source. In most cases, hydropower plants are built on rivers or other bodies of water that vary widely in elevation. The basic concept is to use dams or other structures to create reservoirs at higher altitudes and then release the water through turbines to generate electricity. Renewable energy has become the future development trend, and the amount of coal, oil, and natural gas has been drastically reduced due to human exploitation in the past few decades. This report presents the history of hydropower development since the Han Dynasty; the working mechanism of hydropower, such as its composition and basic physical principles; the physical construction of hydropower and the overall economic system; and the impact of hydropower on the environment and economy, mainly on ecology and global climate.

Numerical Simulation Study of Combustion under Different Excess Air Factors in a Flow Pulverized Coal Burner

The basic national condition that is dominated by coal will not alter in the foreseeable future. Coal-fired boiler is the main equipment for coal utilization, and cyclone burner is a practical type of burner. There is a cyclone formation, a primary air duct inside the center air duct, and a secondary air duct. Introducing a small stream of pulverized coal gas or oil mist stream or gas directly into the reflux zone in the center duct ignites first a stable combustion and a small fluctuation of ignition pressure. In this paper, the variation of furnace temperature for cyclone pulverized coal burner corresponding to different excess air factors and the composition of gases such as O2, CO, CO2, and NOX produced by combustion were investigated using fluent software. A single cyclone pulverized coal burner from an actual coal-fired boiler is used, and a combustion zone applicable to the study of a single pulverized coal burner is established to study the actual operation of a single pulverized coal burner at different excess air coefficients. The findings indicate that the ignition position of pulverized coal combustion advances with decreasing α (Excess Air Factors); however, the length of the produced high-temperature flame gets shorter. As the value of α decreases, the burnout in the furnace decreases and the CO emission concentration increases, with a maximum CO mole fraction of 0.38% at α = 1.2 and a maximum CO mole fraction of 3.13% at the axial position when α decreases to 0.8. The furnace’s concentration of NOX, the NOX emission level decreases significantly with decreasing α. The NOX mole mass increases gradually with increasing α, and in the bottom portion of the primary combustion zone, more NOX is produced. The concentration of NOX in the chamber changes significantly after α exceeds 1.0, and the NOX at the outlet surges from 417.25 ppm to 801.07 ppm, which is attributed to the increase in the average temperature of the chamber, which promotes the generation of thermophilic NOX. The distribution pattern of O2 mole fraction along the furnace height cross-section at different excess air factors is basically the same, with a maximum at the burner inlet and a gradual decrease in the O2 content as it enters the combustion chamber to react with the pulverized coal in a combustion reaction. The value of α = 0.8 when the air supply is obviously insufficient, the fuel cannot be fully combusted, and only a small amount of CO2 is produced.

Environmental, energy, and economic assessment of Jatropha curcas L. biodiesel production in China

Developing non-grain forestry woody fuel industries such as Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) aligns with the national conditions of countries with food shortages and large populations, such as some countries in Africa and Asia, and is an ideal alternative to replace fossil fuels. Determining appropriate planting densities suitable for different regions is one of the most critical practices for agriculture and forestry to achieve high yields and sustainability. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the JCL biodiesel's environmental impact, energy balance, and economic analysis (3E) of two densities and three of the most suitable planting regions in China. Findings reveal that the density of 2500 plants/ha had a better 3E performance than 1600 plants/ha, and Yunnan province outperformed Guizhou province and Sichuan province. JCL biodiesel effectively mitigates the greenhouse effect (1141.14–1936.59 kg CO2 eq/t) compared to conventional fossil diesel in different cases. Key factors influencing environmental performance include seed yield, urea applied during cultivation, methanol for biodiesel conversion, and electricity for irrigation. The Net Energy Balance (NEB) and Net Energy Ratio (NER) demonstrate the superior energy efficiency of JCL biodiesel over fossil diesel. The cost of producing JCL biodiesel decreased with the maturation of the trees, with water use and labor salary accounting for over 80% due to the necessity of the cultivation stage. Although the Financial Net Present Value (FNPV) was negative when considering only JCL biodiesel, it became positive (12111.64–27342.44 CNY) with the inclusion of by-products (glycerine, press-cake, and shells) in high-density cases. Our findings suggest that JCL biodiesel with appropriate density can serve as a sustainable biofuel alternative, replacing a portion of the fossil diesel currently on the market and significantly contributing to climate change mitigation and nonrenewable energy conservation.

Research on transformer fault diagnosis method based on ACGAN and CGWO-LSSVM

This paper proposes a transformer fault diagnosis method based on ACGAN and CGWO-LSSVM to address the problem of misjudgment and low diagnostic accuracy caused by the small number and uneven distribution of some fault samples in transformer fault diagnosis. Firstly, generate adversarial networks through auxiliary classification conditions, The ACGAN method expands a small and imbalanced number of samples to obtain balanced and expanded data; Secondly, the non coding ratio method is used to construct the characteristics of dissolved gases in oil, and kernel principal component analysis is used, KPCA method for feature fusion; Finally, using the improved cubic gray wolf optimization algorithm, CGWO for least square support vector machines, optimize the parameters of the LSSVM model and construct a transformer fault diagnosis model. The results show that the proposed method has a low false alarm rate and a diagnostic accuracy of 97.66%, compared to IGOA-LSSVM the IChOA-LSSVM and PSO-LSSVM methods improved accuracy by 0.12, 1.76, and 2.58%, respectively. This method has been proven to solve the problems of misjudgment and low diagnostic accuracy caused by small sample sizes and uneven distribution. It is suitable for multi classification fault diagnosis of transformer imbalanced datasets and is superior to other methods.

Impact of mustard biodiesel and clove oil additives on particulate matter emission and carbon deposition in diesel engines

Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts’ particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine’s fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel.