Gas Storage Vessels Research Articles

Analysis of Hot Continuous Process of Special Gas Storage Vessel for Semiconductor Cleaning Process

Analysis of Hot Continuous Process of Special Gas Storage Vessel for Semiconductor Cleaning Process

Experimental evaluation and quantitative modeling of thermal behavior of surface-attached insulation polymers and steel structures under combustion

The surfaces of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage vessels are usually coated with polymer insulation to maintain low temperatures. However, this insulation layer poses a potential fire risk. This study aimed to investigate the heat feedback mechanism and its impact on steel structures when bonded thermal insulation materials combust. Thermal insulation materials were bonded to Q345 steel surface, which is commonly used in LPG storage tanks, and experiments were conducted by designing a burning experimental rig of the combustible material attached to steel plate. Results revealed the existence of an equivalent temperature layer in the flame zone above the insulation material. Equations for predicting radiative and convective heat feedback were formulated. As combustion of the insulation material stabilized, the predicted heat feedback from the equations closely matched experimental values. A quantitative evaluation method, based on the inverse heat transfer problem, was proposed. This method determines the thermal decay function of heat feedback through the insulation material and steel plate. By establishing three key performance indicators, this work achieved independent quantification of potential thermal concerns and robustness evaluations of steel structures with surface-bonded insulation materials under combustion.

Crystalline polymer functionalized non-oxidized graphene flakes for high gas barrier composites

High gas barrier polyethylene (PE) composites containing non-oxidized graphene flakes (GFs) were fabricated through solution blending. GFs were synthesized through ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. Then, GFs were functionalized via directly inducing PE molecular crystallization along their surface under proper temperature and PE/GFs ratio. The composites with only 0.5 wt% GFs gave a helium leak rate of 6.29 × 10−8 Pa m3/s at 0.6 MPa, outperforming pure PE with a decrease of 83.4%. In addition, the interface interaction between PE and GFs is very weak, and the cohesive energy is only 0.1448 J m−2. Therefore, at high GFs concentrations (>0.5 wt%), the continuous weak interfaces between the GFs interconnected networks and PE will reduce the effective diffusion path to a certain extent, leading to the reduction of gas barrier efficiency. In general, this method offers great promise for barrier materials that can be utilized in lightweight high-pressure gas storage vessels.

Prospects for Producing Special Cold-Resistant Economically Alloyed Nickel Ferritic Steel for Liquefied Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Vessels

Prospects for Producing Special Cold-Resistant Economically Alloyed Nickel Ferritic Steel for Liquefied Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Vessels

Distributed fiber-optic strain sensing with millimeter spatial resolution for the structural health monitoring of multiaxial loaded GFRP tube specimens

Due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent fatigue resistance, glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) are used as a construction material in a variety of applications including composite high-pressure gas storage vessels. Thus, an early damage detection of the composite material is of great importance. Material degradation can be determined via measuring the distributed strain profile of the GFRP structures. In this article, swept wavelength interferometry based distributed strain sensing (DSS) was applied for structural health monitoring of internal pressure loaded GFRP tube specimens. Measured strain profiles were compared to theoretical calculation considering Classical Lamination Theory. Reliable strain measurements with millimeter resolution were executed even at elongations of up to 3% in the radial direction caused by high internal pressure load. Material fatigue was localized by damaged-induced strain changes during operation, and detected already at 40% of burst pressure.

Reliability Analysis of Type III Gas Storage Vessel Under Pressure Loading

This work presents the suggestion of a model for the prediction of the reliability of type III gas storage vessel under pressure, considering the geometrical and mechanical uncertainties using the Monte Carlo method. Using the hoop stress for each ply, the Monte Carlo method was used to predict the distribution function of the mechanical response. The random design variables of the aluminum liner; which is overwrapped by a composite manufactured by filament winding. Nine random design variables with uncertainties were selected, namely: elastic constants of metallic and composite materials, ply angles, thickness, and finally the mechanical loading (pressure). To ensure the accuracy of the obtained results, we have performed 105 simulations. The obtained results showed that the elastic properties of the composite materials have no significant influence on the security of the composite vessels type III in relation to the manufacturing parameters: which are thickness, winding angle, and the loading pressure. The probability of failure increased significantly when all the random variables were considered simultaneously.

Comprehensive Study of a Sorption-Based Storage Vessel with Thermal Control for Gaseous Fuel

The authors have presented a calculation model for a gas storage vessel with a microporous adsorbent and a heat pipe with radial fi nning. The model was verifi ed by experimental data derived during the testing of a methane storage vessel in the regime of complete operating cycle. The authors have given the results of parametric investigation which confi rm the important role of the factor of cooling of the adsorbent layer during the charging of the storage vessel.

Application of Inverse Method to Estimation of Gas Adsorption Isotherms

As a first step to analyze the inverse kinetic of adsorption, an inverse algorithm is developed to estimate equilibrium adsorption isotherm in a gas storage vessel by using the dynamic transient internal pressure. In the present study, no prior information is need for the functional form of the unknown isotherm equation to solve continuity equation. The conjugate gradient method is employed for optimization procedure. The incremental differential quadrature method as a computationally efficient and accurate numerical tool is applied to solve the corresponding direct, sensitivity and adjoint problems. The accuracy of the presented approach is examined by simulating the exact data of known model. Good accuracy of the obtained results validates the presented approach.

Fluid dynamics analysis of the discharge of cold helium into the storage vessel following a fast discharge of the JT-60SA superconducting coils

The cold gaseous helium, exhausted from the superconducting toroidal field coils of JT60-SA following a fast discharge will be released through a quench line into a 250m3 storage vessel. An analysis has been performed to compute the transient mass flow, the temperature and pressure along the quench line and in the helium gas storage vessel in order to assess if the vessel, made from carbon steel, is always above its allowed minimum temperature.

Experimental studies of storage by adsorption of domestically used natural gas on activated carbon

Experiments were designed for developing domestically used natural gas storage vessels. Adsorption data of methane on the activated carbon having SBET = 2074 m2/g was volumetrically measured. Storage vessels in net volume 1.5 L and filled with 700 g activated carbon were employed for dynamic characteristic tests. It shows that a relative error from Toth equation prediction is less than 0.07%. At the flow rate 15 L/min, by circulating water around the central of storage vessels and charging/discharging the gas through a perforated tube, the maximum fluctuation of temperature can be respectively reduced to 15 °C and 10 °C, and the charged/discharged amount can correspondingly be increased about 14.2% and 4.4%. However, the highest temperature in the center is independent of the temperature of the cooling water within the range 10°C–30 °C. Discharged amounts accumulated at 15 L/min increase in the temperature of the heating water from 30 °C to 70 °C, but the total discharged amounts nearly remain the same. It suggests that domestically used ANG vessels can utilize running water as a coolant or the supplemental heat to manage the thermal effect. Optimization of the arrangement of heat exchanging pipes and the charge/discharge ports is required to have a successful design of a storage vessel.

Gas tank fill-up in globally minimum time: Theory and application to hydrogen

The process of filling-up high-pressure gas storage vessels consists of a gas source tank, an isenthalpic (Joule–Thomson or J–T) valve, a cooling system, and a gas storage vessel. These units are assumed to be thermally insulated. The fill-up process is formulated as a minimum time optimal control problem. Despite the nonlinear nature of the aforementioned optimal control problem, its global solution is obtained analytically. A novel transformation technique is employed, to decompose the problem into a process simulation problem independent of time, and a simpler minimum time control problem that only depends on the final molar density value and the maximum allowable feed mass flowrate. The feasibility of the fill-up is uniquely determined by the process simulation problem, and upon fill-up feasibility, the minimum time control problem is then globally solved. Two fill-up case studies, involving two different system configurations are analyzed. In Case 1, the fill-up process has a constant molar enthalpy feed, and no cooling system. Case 2 considers a fill-up process with a constant temperature feed, delivered by an efficient cooling system. It was demonstrated that the optimal control strategy to achieve minimum fill-up time is to have the mass flowrate at its maximum allowable value during the entire duration of the fill-up. The presented problem formulation is general and can be applied to the fill-up of other gases, such as compressed natural gas. • A minimum time optimal control problem is formulated for gas fill-up process. • Problem is decomposed into a process simulation and a simple optimal control. • Process simulation solution is found uniquely, determines feasibility of a fill-up. • Global solution of simple optimal control is obtained analytically. • Mass flowrate minimum time strategy is determined to be maximum flowrate.

The Study on the Improvement for Mathematical Model and the Affected Actors of Gas Storage Vessel Leakage

Based on the method of mathematics and physics, the mathematical model of gas storage vessel leakage is improved. The improved mathematical model can better simulate the leakage at anytime, And we gets some results that (1) the function of leakage of quantity, intensity and gas pressure with the variable t, (2) the more correct the mathematical model for the gas storage vessel leakage, and (3) on the analysis of the affected actors of gas storage vessel leakage, the risk order of the factors is the area of the leakage hole, gas initial temperature, and pressure storage vessel.

Advanced sorbents for thermally regulated hydrogen vessel

Abstract Adsorbed hydrogen storage and transportation technology recently became competitive to compressed gas method due to high energy density capability achievements. New composite material (metal-hydride particles on the activated carbon fibre matrix) was developed as efficient hydrogen sorbent for gas storage and transportation system application. Effect of the carbon matrix nature and metal hydride content experimentally was investigated. To enhance the performance and thermodynamic efficiency of the gas storage vessel a heat pipe thermal control system was suggested. A two-dimensional transient model developed to analyze the influence of the thermal control on the operating characteristics of the sectional storage vessel with hydrogen and heat pipes.

Analysis of the autofrettage effect in improving the fatigue resistance of automotive CNG storage vessels

Type II compressed natural gas (CNG) storage vessels for automobiles are becoming widely used. They are not only supplied to automakers in Korea (such as Hyundai Motors), but are being exported overseas in increasing numbers. Autofrettage is a process that produces beneficial residual stresses in a vessel by subjecting it to excessive internal pressure. This strengthens the vessel and improves its fatigue resistance. This paper presents research into the autofrettage process and the residual stresses it produces in type II CNG storage vessels. Finite element analysis and a closed-form equation are used. Fatigue resistance is then analyzed via a fatigue evaluation performed according to ASME section VIII.

자동차용 압축천연가스 저장용기의 피로수명향상을 위한 자긴처리 효과 분석

Type 2 compressed natural gas(CNG) storage vessels for automobiles are becoming widely used. They are not only supplied to automakers in Korea, such as Hyundai Motors, but increasingly, they are being exported overseas. Autofrettage is a process that produces beneficial residual stresses in a vessel by subjecting it to excessive internal pressure. This strengthens the vessel and improves its fatigue resistance. This paper presents research investigating the autoftettage process and residual stresses it produces in type 2 CNG storage vessels. A finite element analysis technique and a closed form equation are used. Then, fatigue resistance is analyzed through a fatigue evaluation performed according to ASME section VIII.

구조 효율을 고려한 CNG 자동차 연료저장용기의 최적설계

Type Ⅱ compressed natural gas(CNG) storage vessels for automobiles have been acknowledged for their excellence and have recently become established in local regions. Their supply is not only to automakers in Korea such as Hyundai Motors but they are being increasingly exported. Although the available products have undergone safety evaluations and are certified by an authorized institution they are still short of the optimal design that is possible for such storage vessels. This research investigates the shape and thickness of the dome with the aim of optimizing the type Ⅱ CNG storage vessels by using a finite element analysis technique. CNG storage vessels can be largely divided into 3 parts namely, the hear part, the cylinder part and the dome part. The head part is designed by means of a hot spinning process and this method is safer than that used in the design of the dome part even though its shape is similar. The thickness of the liners and reinforcing materials was optimized based on the requirements of the cylinder and dome parts. In addition, the shape of the dome, which is most suitable for Type Ⅱ CNG storage vessels, is proposed by a process of review and analysis of various existing shape, and then conducting a structural stability evaluation to ensure the optimal design plan.

Activated carbon fiber composites for ammonia, methane and hydrogen adsorption

Complex compound material (activated carbon fiber, saturated with salts, or metal hydrides) was developed as an efficient gas (ammonia, methane, hydrogen) adsorbent for new gas storage and transportation system application. To enhance the performance and thermodynamic efficiency of the gas storage vessels a heat pipe thermal control system was suggested.

Development of a model to predict the effectiveness of existing water deluge systems and to optimise new systems

Abstract An empirical model has been developed to relate the water distribution on the surface of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage vessels, protected by a water deluge system, to parameters of the water deluge design. The model has been used to predict the optimum water distribution across the surface of a 2.2 m diameter LPG tank protected by a 4-row water deluge system, together with corresponding water deluge parameter settings. The model has been validated by comparing predicted water distributions generated by the model, for particular combinations of water deluge parameter settings, with measured water distributions obtained using a real system, for which the same water deluge parameter settings were adopted. The model was able to predict the water distribution with an accuracy of the order of ±10%.

Effectiveness of an enhanced deluge system to protect LPG tanks and sensitivity to blocked nozzles and delayed deluge initiation

Previous work has shown that directed water deluge systems designed to just give the current recommended minimum rate of ca. 10 dm3 m−2 min−1 provide inadequate protection of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage vessels against flashing-liquid propane or butane jet fires. However, the results suggested that an enhanced design could be effective. This paper describes the work carried out by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) to determine a deluge design for protecting against flashing-liquid propane jet fires. A suitable design was found for at least protection against ca. 2 kg s−1 flashing propane jet fires and this design was used to investigate the effect of blocked nozzles and delayed deluge initiation.

Linkage of a known level of LPG tank surface water coverage to the degree of jet-fire protection provided

Abstract Previous work, described in earlier papers in this special edition of the Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, has shown that directed water deluge systems designed nominally to deliver the current recommended minimum rate of ca. 10 dm 3 m −2 min −1 provide inadequate protection of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage vessels against jet fires. However, the results from this work also suggest that enhanced designs can be effective. This paper describes the work carried out by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) to validate an improved deluge system with a propane jet-fire trial on a vessel containing LPG. Linkage of the surface water coverage to the fire protection provided and the requirements for a new standard on directed water deluge is also considered.