Gas Production Units Research Articles

Citizens Awareness and Perception in Food Waste Management in some Metropolitan Cities in India

Food Waste is a global issue with implications for the health of society, economics, and the environment. It is a major issue in urbanized societies/ metropolitan cities as compared to rural areas and village populations in India. Food Waste its utilization in the natural gas production units and farm compost units which are lacking in metropolitan cities.

A New Ultrasonic Reactor for CaCO3 Antiscaling in Pipelines and Equipment

Summary Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scaling is one of the main drawbacks in oil and gas production pipelines and equipment, contributing to the reduction or shutdown of production in petroleum extraction industries. This work shows a new device for the prevention of calcium carbonate scale in oil and gas production units. Three cells containing five ultrasonic transducers each (60 W×40 kHz) were used to reduce carbonate scaling in pipelines. Long-term tests were carried out in a semi-industrial hydraulic system that was properly instrumented to allow us to simulate CaCO3 production by injection of CaCl2·2H2O and NaHCO3. A proof valve was positioned downstream of the equipment. Pressure drop in the valve, scale mass on the pipe samples, and morphology of crystals were evaluated after 2 hours of testing. Well-marked reductions in pressure drop (up to 96%) on the proof-valve and scale thickness (up to 95%) in pipe samples were verified when compared with the system without any scale prevention device. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed alteration of the geometry and reduction of the particle size as the main reason for the reduction of scaling.

Decreasing natural gas flaring in Brazilian oil and gas industry

From 2009 to 2019, Brazil experienced a reduction in its flaring volumes from 16% of the natural gas production to 4%. That was the result of the policy of reducing flaring volumes that started in 2000 and was recently improved. That places Brazil in the 24th position on natural gas volume flaring, with a flaring percent of around 4%. That flaring is compatible with countries with good practices in the oil and gas sector, like the United Kingdom.To identify and quantify the main reasons for flaring natural gas in oil & gas production units, both risk map analysis and future prediction on flaring were employed. The results can lead to the achievement of mid-term reduction with focused regulation. Both tools suggest that regulation improvements must be directed to the flaring in fields with high production of natural gas (especially newer and future ones) and the commissioning of production units.With improvement in regulation, the increase of 100% in natural gas production will possibly result in a decrease in natural gas flaring to around 2% in 2030. Some proposed actions can lead to even lower flaring percentages.

Mechanical behavior assessment of FPSO mid-ship repaired stiffened corroded side panels under combined loading

Hull plating thickness reduction due to corrosion generates a significant decrease in the structure ultimate load capacity, which may compromise the vessel’s integrity. In offshore oil and gas production units demobilization to a shipyard is unfeasible, so reparation must be performed locally and efficiently. This article presents an experimental - numerical investigation to assess the performance of an alternative in situ repair methodology for FPSO mid-ship corroded side panels subjected to common types of loads. The repair technique consists in the inclusion, with a single-pass welding, of an intermediate light longitudinal steel stiffener on the plating exposed to considerable thickness reduction, to reestablish the load carrying capacity, thus extending its operational life. A set of nine mid-ship panels of a VLCC (very large crude carrier) converted into an FPSO (floating production storage and offloading) platform, on a scale of 1:3.5, are fabricated and subjected to uniaxial compression. The panels portray the corrosion free intact condition, two levels of thickness reduction (25% and two with 58%) and two repair light stiffener profile dimensions for each level of thickness loss. A finite element model (FEM) is developed and firstly employed to compare and validate the experimental results for uniaxial compression. The FEM is subsequently employed to evaluate other typical loading combinations encountered in hull structures, including lateral pressure, uniaxial compression and shear stresses. The results show that the inclusion of an intermediate light longitudinal steel stiffener may satisfactorily restore the plate and consequently the panel load carrying capacity, allowing additional hull plating thickness reduction.

Construction of a sustainability indicators system for offshore oil and gas production units

Production units located in the Brazilian marine environment are responsible for the production of 95.7% of oil and 78.8% of natural gas of Brazil causing economic, environmental, and social impacts motivating us to construct a system of indicators as a tool aimed to improve the sustainable management practice of these production units. To date, one of the tools most used by the oil industry is the sustainability report, oriented by guidelines from international organizations. However, these reports have a corporate character being unable to help the sustainability management of production units’ activities. The indicators were selected based on a systemic approach, using current knowledge on sustainability indicators, together with the survey of aspects relevant to the operation and management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper describes the proposed indicators and presents the hierarchical structure of the system, built on the economic, environmental, social, and operational dimensions. The application of the proposed system of indicators, based on multicriterial and multiple decision-making analyses, validates a complex decision process, providing improved sustainable management of offshore production units by identifying points for which the necessary measures and actions can be implemented. Keywords: offshore oil and gas production; sustainability indicators; multicriteria and multiple decision-making analyses.

Sustainability Indicators System Based on Multicriteria Analysis: A Tool for the Management of the Sustainability of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Units.

The increasing production of oil and gas in the marine environment and the growing participation of companies of different nationalities and sizes require the use of tools to support the sustainable management of offshore oil and gas production units. This paper presents the results of the application of a sustainability indicator system, developed from the identification of the economic, environmental, social, and operational impacts of the activities of these production units. The sustainability performances of 3 oil and gas production units operating in the Brazilian marine environment were compared to the performance of one considered ideal, through the application of the PROMETHEE II and ordinal COPELAND multicriteria methods. The indicator system applied favored the analysis of the sustainability management of offshore oil and gas production activity in a multidimensional approach, considering the points of view of experts from various areas of knowledge, and proved to be a reliable tool to support the sustainable management of these offshore production units. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:614-625. © 2020 SETAC.

Machine learning approach for risk-based inspection screening assessment

Risk-based inspection (RBI) screening assessment is used to identify equipment that makes a significant contribution to the system's total risk of failure (RoF), so that the RBI detailed assessment can focus on analyzing higher-risk equipment. Due to its qualitative nature and high dependency on sound engineering judgment, screening assessment is vulnerable to human biases and errors, and thus subject to output variability and threatens the integrity of the assets. This paper attempts to tackle these challenges by utilizing a machine learning approach to conduct screening assessment. A case study using a dataset of RBI assessment for oil and gas production and processing units is provided, to illustrate the development of an intelligent system, based on a machine learning model for performing RBI screening assessment. The best performing model achieves accuracy and precision of 92.33% and 84.58%, respectively. A comparative analysis between the performance of the intelligent system and the conventional assessment is performed to examine the benefits of applying the machine learning approach in the RBI screening assessment. The result shows that the application of the machine learning approach potentially improves the quality of the conventional RBI screening assessment output by reducing output variability and increasing accuracy and precision.

Utilization of LSSVM strategy to predict water content of sweet natural gas

ABSTRACTThe presence of water in the natural gas causes numerous operating problems. Hence, in order to have satisfactory operational conditions in the gas production units, we should determine the accurate amount of water content of natural gas. This study aimed to develop a low parameter predictive tool based on the least square support vector machine for estimating water content of natural gas as a function of temperature and pressure under a wide range of conditions. Results obtained from the suggested model indicated its lower deviation than other existence correlations and confirmed its acceptable predictive capability. In addition, the obtained values of R-squared and mean relative error were 1.00 and 0.24%, respectively. This tool is simple to use and can be of help to gas engineers to determine an accurate approximation of water content of natural gas.

A general model for energy hub economic dispatch

This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm, namely Self-Adoptive Learning with Time Varying Acceleration Coefficient-Gravitational Search Algorithm (SAL-TVAC-GSA), to solve highly nonlinear, non-convex, non-smooth, non-differential, and high-dimension single- and multi-objective Energy Hub Economic Dispatch (EHED) problems. The presented algorithm is based on GSA considering three fundamental modifications to improve the quality solution and performance of original GSA. Moreover, a new optimization framework for economic dispatch is adapted to a system of energy hubs considering different hub structures, various energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat, cool, and compressed air), valve-point loading effect and prohibited zones of electric-only units, as well as the different equality and inequality constraints. To show the effectiveness of the suggested method, a high-complex energy hub system consisting of 39 hubs with 29 structures and 76 energy (electricity, gas, and heat) production units is proposed. Two individual objectives including energy cost and hub losses are minimized separately as two single-objective EHED problems. These objectives are simultaneously minimized in the multi-objective optimization. Results obtained by SAL-TVAC-GSA in terms of quality solution and computational performance are compared with Enhanced GSA (EGSA), GSA, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm in finding an operating point with lower objective function.

Determination of efficient surfactants in the oil and gas production units using the SVM approach

ABSTRACTHydrophilic-lipophilic balance is usually applied for enhanced oil recovery to determine optimum surfactant structure. The authors used the potential of a support vector machine as a great embranchment of computational intelligence approaches to find the relationship among the variables for an optimum surfactant configuration. This tool estimates the mole average weighted carbon number (NC) as a function of the equivalent alkane carbon number, mole average weighted propylene oxide, mole average weighted ethylene oxide, temperature difference from 25°C, and salinity. This tool has great accuracy compared with other previous models and can be of great application for enhance oil recovery.

Software implemented fault tolerance of triple-redundant dynamic positioning (DP) control system

ABSTRACTDynamic Positioning (DP) system is an essential requirement for marine vessels and in most offshore operations, especially in deepwater oil and gas production units. A single point of failure in DP system may result in serious financial loss, or injury to people and ecological harm, hence it is important to improve the operational availability and reliability for DP operated vessels by employing advanced fault-tolerant technique making it possible to conduct the specified operation in harsh water. This paper presents a DP control solution of triple-modular redundant hardware and triple-version programming software for the dynamically positioned vessels. To arbitrate and detect any error of the triple-redundant control computers, a novel majority voting algorithm is proposed by introducing the voter threshold and comparison threshold to check the distances between distinct voter inputs. Consider the single point of failure of the voter in general triple-redundant voting system, the software voter is designed attaching to each of the control computers. Finally, DP dynamic simulation with environmental modelling of wind, current and waves are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the fault-tolerant software implementation.

Evaluation of Energy Efficiency, Energy Consumption and Energy Saving in the Production of Oil, Gas and Energy Sectors

Energy efficiency, energy consumption and energy savings depend on the performance of energy-technological equipment characterising the operational suitability of it. The operational suitability of the equipment determines the quality of it. Based on energy consumption, fuel consumption and reliability indicators as the formalised quality indicators in energotechnological equipment it is possible to determine the energy efficiency, energy consumption and energy savings of the equipment and therefore select the right production volume indicator (PVI). The aim in determining the fuel and power parameters (FPP) of the oil and gas production units and power sector is to get dependence influencing the energy efficiency (EE), power consumption (PC) and energy saving (ES) of those production units. To solve this problem it was necessary to choose the right (PVI). For that purpose, the issues concerning justifying the choice of the volume indicator for the oil, gas and power sectors using the gas turbine units (GTU) were examined. The correct choice of (PVI) it was possible to determine the available efficient power of gas turbine units which should meet the power consumption requirements for the gas compression by gas pumping units (GPU) on the compressor station (CS) of gas transmission systems for a given mode [4,5].

Designing a green gas supply to meet regional seasonal demand – An operations research case study

One of the issues concerning the replacement of natural gas by green gas is the seasonal pattern of the gas demand. When constant production is assumed, this may limit the injected quantity of green gas into a gas grid to the level of the minimum gas demand in summer. A procedure was proposed to increase the gas demand coverage in a geographical region, i.e., the extent to which natural gas demand is replaced by green gas. This was done by modeling flexibility into farm-scale green gas supply chains. The procedure comprises two steps. In the first step, the types and number of green gas production units are determined, based on a desired gas demand coverage. The production types comprise time-varying biogas production, non-continuous biogas production (only in winter periods with each digester having a specified production time) and constant production including seasonal gas storage. In the second step locations of production units and injection stations are calculated, using mixed integer linear programming with cost price minimization being the objective. Five scenarios were defined with increasing gas demand coverage, representing a possible future development in natural gas replacement. The results show that production locations differ for each scenario, but are connected to a selection of injection stations, at least in the considered geographical region under the assumed preconditions. The cost price is mainly determined by the type of digesters needed. Increasing gas demand coverage does not necessarily mean a much higher cost price.

Physic-Geographic Factors of Oil Development in the Chechen Republic

Oil development in the Chechen Republic for a long time has led to formation of widespread and inwardly heterogeneous area of oil development business impact on the natural complexes in the neighborhood. Therefore, authors have set the goal of detecting physic-geographical factors of the area where oil has been intensively developed for almost two centuries. The research made by the authors showed that the most widespread technogenic loads are related to many technical objects-wells, intra-and inter-oilfield oil ducts, pits, sediment basins, etc. These technical facilities that are served by Oil and Gas Production Units (OGPU) are the most powerful sources of impact on the landscape structure. Basing on analysis of materials of the field study, map-making, statistical and find materials, the authors managed to identify physic-geographical factors of oil production in the Chechen Republic that are manifested in concentration in certain narrow landscape units of certain oil production facilities. Technogenic loads on the landscape are related to it. Detailed study of worked-out pits made at the territory of the republic showed that accumulated drilling waste in its composition and physic-chemical properties are sources of environment pollution. Sludge storage pits made with violation of ecological requirements may filter and allow liquid fractions of drilling waste through walls and bottom of pits. Confinedness of oil deposits to submontane and montane zone of the republic, according to authors’ opinion, defines the necessity of developing special methodological approaches to the analysis and assessment of the impact of oil production facilities in the fragile and dynamic mountain landscapes.

Performance Evaluation for Gas Production Units Based on ANP

In view of the existing situation of gas field development, one kind of method to evaluate the production performance of gas production units (GPUs) was presented in this paper. Among the commonly used indicators of gas field development, we select 11 indicators from the three aspects of production task, gas reservoir management, and production technology. According to the principle of analytic network process (ANP), this paper introduced one kind of new method to get the weights of indicators. By means of the method of TOPSIS, it is easy to obtain the rankings for all the GPUs through calculating the weighted Euclidean distance between each GPU and the positive or negative ideal point. This evaluation method could constantly improve the management level of gas production units and deepen the delicacy management of gas field development.

Maintaining a neutral water balance in a 450 MW e NGCC-CCS power system with post-combustion carbon dioxide capture aimed at offshore operation

A post-combustion CO 2 capture process intended for offshore operations has been designed and optimised for integration with a natural gas-fired power plant on board a floating structure developed by the Norway-based company Sevan Marine ASA—designated Sevan GTW (gas-to-wire). The concept is constrained by the structure of the floater carrying a SIEMENS modular power system rated at 450 MW e, with a capture rate of 90% and CO 2 compression (1.47 Mtpa) for pipeline pressure at 12 MPa. A net efficiency of 45% (based on a lower heating value) is estimated for the system with CO 2 capture, thus suggesting that the post-combustion CO 2 capture system is accountable for a fuel penalty of nine percentage points. The rationale behind the technology selection is the urgency of replacing the dispersed aero-derivative gas turbines which power the offshore oil and gas production units in Norwegian waters with near-zero emission power. As (inherently) fresh water usually constitutes a limiting factor in sea operations, efforts are made to obtain a neutral water balance to obtain an optimal design. This is primarily achieved by controlling the cleaned flue gas temperature at the top of the absorber column.