Gas Plasma Treatment Research Articles

Dyeing jute-cotton blended fabric with natural dyes: A chemical-free approach of LPGD plasma technology using O2 and N2 gases

In response to growing environmental concerns in the textile industry, this study investigates the effects of a low-pressure glow discharge (LPGD) plasma with oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) gases on the dyeing process of jute-cotton (JC) blended fabrics, using coffee extract as a natural dye source. The hydrophilic properties of all the JC blended fabric samples were enhanced due to plasma treatments. The contact angles of the samples were significantly decreased from 131° to 52° (O2) and 55° (N2) after 20 minutes of plasma treatment. Compositional analysis revealed new functional groups e.g., CO and N−H, on the fabric's surface after plasma treatment. Surface morphology analysis indicated that the surface roughness of the treated fabric was increased with plasma treatment time. The improvement of the wicking properties of the fabric with contact time was also observed. All the plasma-treated fabric samples exhibited good colour strength (k/s), wash fastness, and rubbing fastness. After plasma treatment with O2 gas for 20 minutes, the k/s value had increased from 3.6 to 4.9. Washing and rubbing (dry) color fasting ratings were enhanced from 1 to 3 and 2–4, respectively, following a 20-minute plasma treatment with O2 gas. Although both O2 and N2 plasma treatment showed a significant impact on the dyeing properties of JC blended fabric, O2 gas provided better results compared to N2 gas plasma treatment.

On-Demand Bioactivation of Inert Materials With Plasma-Polymerized Nanoparticles.

Conventional gas plasma treatments are crucial for functionalizing materials in biomedical applications, but have limitations hindering their broader use. These methods require exposure to reactive media under vacuum conditions, rendering them unsuitable for substrates that demand aqueous environments, such as proteins and hydrogels. In addition, complex geometries are difficult to treat, necessitating extensive customization for each material and shape. To address these constraints, an innovative approach employing plasma polymer nanoparticles (PPN) as a versatile functionalization tool is proposed. PPN share similarities with traditional plasma polymer coatings (PPC) but offer unique advantages: compatibility with aqueous systems, the ability to modify complex geometries, and availability as off-the-shelf products. Robust immobilization of PPN on various substrates, including synthetic polymers, proteins, and complex hydrogel structures is demonstrated in this study. This results in substantial improvements in surface hydrophilicity. Materials functionalization with arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD)-loaded PPN significantly enhances cell attachment, spreading, and substrate coverage on inert scaffolds compared to passive RGD coatings. Improved adhesion to complex geometries and subsequent differentiation following growth factor exposure is also demonstrated. This research introduces a novel substrate functionalization approach that mimics the outcomes of plasma coating technology but vastly expands its applicability, promising advancements in biomedical materials and devices.

Gas Plasma Exposure Alters Microcirculation and Inflammation during Wound Healing in a Diabetic Mouse Model.

Diabetes can disrupt physiological wound healing, caused by decreased levels or impaired activity of angiogenic factors. This can contribute to chronic inflammation, poor formation of new blood vessels, and delayed re-epithelialization. The present study describes the preclinical application of medical gas plasma to treat a dermal, full-thickness ear wound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Gas plasma-mediated effects occurred in both sexes but with gender-specific differences. Hyperspectral imaging demonstrated gas plasma therapy changing microcirculatory parameters, particularly oxygen saturation levels during wound healing, presumably due to the gas plasma's tissue delivery of reactive species and other bioactive components. In addition, gas plasma treatment significantly affected cell adhesion by regulating focal adhesion kinase and vinculin, which is important in maintaining skin barrier function by regulating syndecan expression and increasing re-epithelialization. An anticipated stimulation of blood vessel formation was detected via transcriptional and translational increase of angiogenic factors in gas plasma-exposed wound tissue. Moreover, gas plasma treatment significantly affected inflammation by modulating systemic growth factors and cytokine levels. The presented findings may help explain the mode of action of successful clinical plasma therapy of wounds of diabetic patients.

Synergistic low-temperature plasma (DBD) treatment of n-hexane gas

The experiment is based on a single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma generator, using micro-discharge to produce non-equilibrium plasma synergizing with two different catalysts (TiO2, 4A molecular sieve) to decompose n-hexane gas. In the n-hexane degradation experiment, the study investigates the influence of factors such as the type of catalyst, discharge voltage, and flow rate on the degradation rate of n-hexane. The experiments revealed that in all synergistic experiments with catalysts, the degradation rate of n-hexane increased with the decrease in flow rate and with the increase in voltage. Among the four catalysts selected, the 4A molecular sieve catalyst showed the best removal effect for n-hexane gas, reaching 73.2%.

Effects of Argon Gas Plasma Treatment on Biocompatibility of Nanostructured Titanium.

In this study, we applied argon plasma treatment to titanium surfaces with nanostructures deposited by concentrated alkali treatment and investigated the effects on the surface of the material and the tissue surrounding an implant site. The results showed that the treatment with argon plasma removed carbon contaminants and increased the surface energy of the material while the nanoscale network structure deposited on the titanium surface remained in place. Reactive oxygen species reduced the oxidative stress of bone marrow cells on the treated titanium surface, creating a favorable environment for cell proliferation. Good results were observed in vitro evaluations using rat bone marrow cells. The group treated with argon plasma exhibited the highest apatite formation in experiments using simulated body fluids. The results of in vivo evaluation using rat femurs revealed that the treatment improved the amount of new bone formation around an implant. Thus, the results demonstrate that argon plasma treatment enhances the ability of nanostructured titanium surfaces to induce hard tissue differentiation and supports new bone formation around an implant site.

Fine-Tuning the Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Surface for Selective Biological Response.

Cardiovascular diseases are a pre-eminent global cause of mortality in the modern world. Typically, surgical intervention with implantable medical devices such as cardiovascular stents is deployed to reinstate unobstructed blood flow. Unfortunately, existing stent materials frequently induce restenosis and thrombosis, necessitating the development of superior biomaterials. These biomaterials should inhibit platelet adhesion (mitigating stent-induced thrombosis) and smooth muscle cell proliferation (minimizing restenosis) while enhancing endothelial cell proliferation at the same time. To optimize the surface properties of Ti6Al4V medical implants, we investigated two surface treatment procedures: gaseous plasma treatment and hydrothermal treatment. We analyzed these modified surfaces through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle analysis (WCA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, we assessed in vitro biological responses, including platelet adhesion and activation, as well as endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Herein, we report the influence of pre/post oxygen plasma treatment on titanium oxide layer formation via a hydrothermal technique. Our results indicate that alterations in the titanium oxide layer and surface nanotopography significantly influence cell interactions. This work offers promising insights into designing multifunctional biomaterial surfaces that selectively promote specific cell types' proliferation─which is a crucial advancement in next-generation vascular implants.

Gas Plasma Treatment Improves Titanium Dental Implant Osseointegration-A Preclinical In Vivo Experimental Study.

Recent technological advancements led to the development of various plasma-based technologies for post-packaging modifications. The purpose of the present preclinical in vivo study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel chairside nonthermal gas plasma treatment for enhancing osseointegration of titanium implants. Six male mixed foxhounds underwent extraction of mandibular premolars and first molars, and the sockets healed for 42 days. Canine mandibles were randomized to receive either plasma-treated (test) or non-plasma-treated (control) dental implants. A total of 36 implants were placed in six animals, and they were sacrificed at 2 weeks (two animals), 4 weeks (two animals), and 6 weeks (two animals) after the implant surgery. When the radiographic analysis was performed, the changes in bone level were not statistically significant between the two groups at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The difference became significant at 6 weeks (p = 0.016), indicating more bone loss from baseline to 6 weeks for the control group. The bone-to-implant contact (BIC) appeared to be higher for the test groups at all time points, and the BIC was significantly higher for the test group at 4 weeks (p = 0.046). In conclusion, this study underscored the potential of nonthermal plasma treatment in enhancing implant osseointegration.

Medical Gas Plasma Technology Combines with Antimelanoma Therapies and Promotes Immune-Checkpoint Therapy Responses.

Strategies to improve activity and selectivity are major goals in oncological drug development. Medical gas plasma therapy has been subject to intense research in dermatooncology recently. Based on partial gas ionization, this approach is exceptional in generating a variety of reactive oxygen species simultaneously that can be applied locally at the tumor side. It is hypothesized that combined gas plasma treatment can potentiate drug responses in the treatment of melanoma. Using a plasma jet approved as medical device in Europe, a systematic screening of 46 mitochondria-targeted drugs identifies five agents synergizing in vitro and in vivo. Increased intratumoral leucocyte infiltration points to immunomodulatory aspects of the treatment, motivating to investigate responses to immune checkpoint blockade in combination with plasma. Tumor growth is monitored based on bioluminescent imaging, and single-cell suspensions are retrieved from each tumor to characterize tumor-infiltrating leucocytes using multicolor flow cytometry. Gene expression profiling is done using a validated NanoString panel targeting 770 genes specifically designed for immuno-oncological research. Cell type abundancies are characterized from bulk RNA samples using the CIBERSORT computational framework. Collectively, the results indicate that local application of medical gas plasma technology synergizes with mitochondria-targeted drugs and anti-PD1 checkpoint therapy in treating melanoma.

Enhancement of S-scheme heterojunction hematite and titanium dioxide nanocomposite by plasma treatment in the photocatalytic membrane for hydrogen separation

This work evaluated the performance of the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) for hydrogen and oxygen separation. The PMR was conducted in a 500-ml reactor under solar light simulated by a mercury arc lamp (250 W). Hematite (α-Fe2O3) was deposited on titanium dioxide (TiO2) by sol-gel method on the Ti foil while palladium (Pd) was deposited on the other side. The sample surface was modified by argon (Ar) gas plasma treatment at 50 W for 10 min. The S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. The charge carrier transport of photocatalysts was also analyzed. The photocatalytic activity was significantly improved by plasma treatment. The band gap energy decreased from 1.88 eV to 1.77 eV, and the average crystalline was reduced from 21.62 ± 4.79 nm to 21.34 ± 5.63 nm. The photocatalytic activity of fabricated materials for hydrogen production was evaluated in multi-cycle experiments. The highest hydrogen production rate of 1346.19 µmol h−1 was observed for the Ar plasma-treated heterojunction α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 nanocomposite sample (α-Fe2O3 @TiO2-P). After 5 cycles, the photocatalyst reaction of α-Fe2O3 @TiO2-P under solar light irradiation showed high stability for H2 production of 85.24 % compared to the first cycle. The S-scheme was photogenerated of charge transferred of type S-scheme mechanism between α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 under solar light. This work provides insight to enhance hydrogen production through the modification of the S-scheme photocatalyst membrane. The improved photocatalytic performance of the fabricated material suggests the effectiveness of the proposed Ar plasma treatment strategy to enhance the photoactivity for H2 production via water splitting.

Chronic oxidative stress adaptation in head and neck cancer cells generates slow-cyclers with decreased tumour growth in vivo

BackgroundReactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in cancer therapy and as drivers of microenvironmental tumour cell adaptations. Medical gas plasma is a multi-ROS generating technology that has been shown effective for palliative tumour control in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients before tumour cells adapted to the oxidative stress and growth regressed fatally.MethodsIn a bedside-to-bench approach, we sought to explore the oxidative stress adaptation in two human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Gas plasma was utilised as a putative therapeutic agent and chronic oxidative stress inducer.ResultsCellular responses of single and multiple treated cells were compared regarding sensitivity, cellular senescence, redox state and cytokine release. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed a strong correlation of cancer cell adaption with increased interleukin 1 receptor type 2 (IL1R2) expression. Using magnetic resonance imaging, tumour growth and gas plasma treatment responses of wild-type (WT) and repeatedly exposed (RE) A431 cells were further investigated in a xenograft model in vivo. RE cells generated significantly smaller tumours with suppressed inflammatory secretion profiles and increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity showing significantly lower gas plasma sensitivity until day 8.ConclusionsClinically, combination treatments together with cetuximab, an EGFR inhibitor, may overcome acquired oxidative stress resistance in HNC.

Сушка яблочных чипсов с применением интеллектуальной обработки низкотемпературной атмосферной плазмой

The food industry needs more effective drying procedures that would maintain the quality of the original fruit or vegetable. Infrared drying combined with advanced electrophysical technologies may be a perfect solution. The present research objective was to study the effect of low-temperature atmospheric gas plasma treatment on the drying efficiency of apple slices.
 The research featured apples of the Idared variety (Russia) sliced into pieces of 5, 7, and 10 mm. The experiment involved the parameters of drying kinetics and moisture diffusion. The quality of the apple slices was assessed by the total content of phenols and flavonoids, generalized antiradical activity, color characteristics, and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum.
 The electropores induced by the cold atmospheric gas plasma processing had a tree-like structure. The pre-treatment reduced the drying time by 18.0, 13.0 and 10.5% for the samples with a thickness of 5, 7, and 10 mm, respectively. The specific energy consumption decreased by 15–18%, depending on the slice thickness. The pre-treatment also increased the total content of phenols, flavonoids, and antiradical activity by 2.5–14.3, 19.1–25.9, and 8.3–35.4%, respectively.
 Therefore, the pre-treatment with cold atmospheric gas plasma reduced the drying time and preserved the original biologically active compounds in dried apple slices.

Surface Modification and Mechanical Properties Improvement of Bamboo Fibers Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Treatment.

The effect of argon (Ar) and oxygen (O2) gases as well as the treatment times on the properties of modified bamboo fibers using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma at generated power of 180 W were investigated. The plasma treatment of bamboo fibers with inert gases leads to the generation of ions and radicals on the fiber surface. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that the functional groups of lignin and hemicellulose were reduced owing to the removal of the amorphous portion of the fibers by plasma etching. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) results in an increased crystallinity percentage. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed the oxygen/carbon (O/C) atomic concentration ratio increased with increasing treatment time. The fiber weight loss percentage increased with increased treatment time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that partial etching of the fiber surface led to a higher surface roughness and area and that the Ar + O2 gas plasma treatment provided more surface etching than the Ar gas treatment because of the oxidation reaction of the O2 plasma. The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy (FRE) matrix composites revealed that the F(tr)RE-Ar (30) samples showed a high tensile strength, whereas the mechanical properties of the F(tr)RE-Ar + O2 sample decreased with increased treatment time.

Influence of power-dependent Argon gas plasma treatment on the electron field emission properties of carbon nanotube field-emitters

Influence of power-dependent Argon gas plasma treatment on the electron field emission properties of carbon nanotube field-emitters

Influence of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Surface Characteristics and Bond Strength of a Resin Nanoceramic.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment on resin nanoceramic (RNC) surface state and its bond strength with resin cement. RNC with different surface treatments were prepared: control, sandblasting treatment (SB), hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) and plasma treatment of helium gas (CAP-He) and argon gas (CAP-Ar). The prepared samples were measured by SEM, Ra, Rz, contact angle goniometer, and XPS for surface characteristics. The shear bond test of RNC was examined in nine groups: SB + saline coupling agent (SL), HF + SL, CAP-He/Ar, CAP-He/Ar + SL, SB + CAP-He/Ar + SL, and control. The bond strength between RNC and resin cement was compared using shear bond strength test, before and after thermocycling. After CAP irradiation, the surface topography maintained, while the surface water contact angle was significantly reduced to 10.18° ± 1.36° (CAP-He) and 7.58° ± 1.79° (CAP-Ar). The removal of carbon contamination and inducing of oxygen radicals was detected after CAP treatment. The bond strength was improved by CAP treatment, but varied on CAP gas species and combination methods. CAP of Ar gas had better SBS than He gas. After thermocycling, CAP-Ar + SL showed the maximized shear bond strength (32.38 ± 1.42 MPa), even higher than SB + SL group (30.08 ± 2.80 MPa, p < 0.05). In conclusion, CAP treatment of helium and argon can improve the bonding properties of RNC by improving surface wettability, and CAP of argon gas combined with silane coupling agent shows the highest bond strength.

Heat Shock Protein 27 Affects Myeloid Cell Activation and Interaction with Prostate Cancer Cells

Heat shock proteins are cytoprotective molecules induced by environmental stresses. The small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is highly expressed under oxidative stress conditions, mediating anti-oxidative effects and blocking apoptosis. Since medical gas plasma treatment subjects cancer cells to a multitude of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing apoptosis and immunomodulation, probable effects of Hsp27 should be investigated. To this end, we quantified the extracellular Hsp27 in two prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3) after gas plasma-induced oxidative stress, showing a significantly enhanced release. To investigate immunomodulatory effects, two myeloid cell lines (THP-1 and HL-60) were also exposed to Hsp27. Only negligible effects on viability, intracellular oxidative milieu, and secretion profiles of the myeloid cells were found when cultured alone. Interestingly, prostate cancer-myeloid cell co-cultures showed altered secretion profiles with a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. Furthermore, the myeloid surface marker profiles were changed, indicating an enhanced differentiation in co-culture upon Hsp27 treatment. Finally, we investigated morphological changes, proliferation, and interaction with prostate cancer cells, and found significant alterations in the myeloid cells, supporting the tendency to differentiate. Collectively, our results suggest an ambiguous effect of Hsp27 on myeloid cells in the presence of prostate cancer cells which needs to be further investigated.

Electrochemical activation for sensing of three‐dimensional‐printed poly(lactic acid) using low‐pressure plasma

AbstractIntegrated electrochemical sensors in which plasma‐treated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) single material acts as both selective coating layer and electrochemical transductor (electrode) are prepared. Thus, three‐dimensional‐printed PLA specimens are transformed into electroresponsive material by applying a low‐pressure gas plasma treatment with three different gases: N2, O2, and air (79% N2 + 21% O2). Although all treated samples are able to electrochemically detect dopamine, the one derived from the treatment of low‐pressure O2 plasma exhibits the best performance as a sensor. Finally, cell adhesion assays demonstrate that the cell viability is higher for plasma‐treated PLA modified than for pristine PLA, making the former a promising, versatile, and powerful electroresponsive platform for diverse applications in biomedicine.

Medical gas plasma augments bladder cancer cell toxicity in preclinical models and patient-derived tumor tissues

IntroductionMedical gas plasma therapy has been successfully applied to several types of cancer in preclinical models. First palliative tumor patients suffering from advanced head and neck cancer benefited from this novel therapeutic modality. The gas plasma-induced biological effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated in the plasma gas phase result in oxidation-induced lethal damage to tumor cells. ObjectivesThis study aimed to verify these anti-tumor effects of gas plasma exposure on urinary bladder cancer. Methods2D cell culture models, 3D tumor spheroids, 3D vascularized tumors grown on the chicken chorion-allantois-membrane (CAM) in ovo, and patient-derived primary cancer tissue gas plasma-treated ex vivo were used. ResultsGas plasma treatment led to oxidation, growth retardation, motility inhibition, and cell death in 2D and 3D tumor models. A marked decline in tumor growth was also observed in the tumors grown in ovo. In addition, results of gas plasma treatment on primary urothelial carcinoma tissues ex vivo highlighted the selective tumor-toxic effects as non-malignant tissue exposed to gas plasma was less affected. Whole-transcriptome gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of tumor-promoting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) accompanied by upregulation of apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIFm2), which plays a central role in caspase-independent cell death signaling. ConclusionGas plasma treatment induced cytotoxicity in patient-derived cancer tissue and slowed tumor growth in an organoid model of urinary bladder carcinoma, along with less severe effects in non-malignant tissues. Studies on the potential clinical benefits of this local and safe ROS therapy are awaited.

Conductive Gas Plasma Treatment Augments Tumor Toxicity of Ringer's Lactate Solutions in a Model of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.

Reactive species generated by medical gas plasma technology can be enriched in liquids for use in oncology targeting disseminated malignancies, such as metastatic colorectal cancer. Notwithstanding, reactive species quantities depend on the treatment mode, and we recently showed gas plasma exposure in conductive modes to be superior for cancer tissue treatment. However, evidence is lacking that such a conductive mode also equips gas plasma-treated liquids to confer augmented intraperitoneal anticancer activity. To this end, employing atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet kINPen-treated Ringer’s lactate (oxRilac) in a CT26-model of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis, we tested repeated intraabdominal injection of such remotely or conductively oxidized liquid for antitumor control and immunomodulation. Enhanced reactive species formation in conductive mode correlated with reduced tumor burden in vivo, emphasizing the advantage of conduction over the free mode for plasma-conditioned liquids. Interestingly, the infiltration of lymphocytes into the tumors was equally enhanced by both treatments. However, significantly lower levels of interleukin (IL)4 and IL13 and increased levels of IL2 argue for a shift in intratumoral T-helper cell subpopulations correlating with disease control. In conclusion, our data argue for using conductively over remotely prepared plasma-treated liquids for anticancer treatment.

Biological Risk Assessment of Three Dental Composite Materials following Gas Plasma Exposure.

Gas plasma is an approved technology that generates a plethora of reactive oxygen species, which are actively applied for chronic wound healing. Its particular antimicrobial action has spurred interest in other medical fields, such as periodontitis in dentistry. Recent work has indicated the possibility of performing gas plasma-mediated biofilm removal on teeth. Teeth frequently contain restoration materials for filling cavities, e.g., resin-based composites. However, it is unknown if such materials are altered upon gas plasma exposure. To this end, we generated a new in-house workflow for three commonly used resin-based composites following gas plasma treatment and incubated the material with human HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. Cytotoxicity was investigated by metabolic activity analysis, flow cytometry, and quantitative high-content fluorescence imaging. The inflammatory consequences were assessed using quantitative analysis of 13 different chemokines and cytokines in the culture supernatants. Hydrogen peroxide served as the control condition. A modest but significant cytotoxic effect was observed in the metabolic activity and viability after plasma treatment for all three composites. This was only partially treatment time-dependent and the composites alone affected the cells to some extent, as evident by differential secretion profiles of VEGF, for example. Gas plasma composite modification markedly elevated the secretion of IL6, IL8, IL18, and CCL2, with the latter showing the highest correlation with treatment time (Pearson’s r > 0.95). Cell culture media incubated with gas plasma-treated composite chips and added to cells thereafter could not replicate the effects, pointing to the potential that surface modifications elicited the findings. In conclusion, our data suggest that gas plasma treatment modifies composite material surfaces to a certain extent, leading to measurable but overall modest biological effects.

Impact of Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment of Wool Fabric for Dyeing with PEDOT: PSS.

This study presents the effect of non-thermal plasma modification on the changes of surface morphology, color characteristics and electrical conductivity of wool fabric dyed with intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS). The wool fabric was treated with an aqueous dispersion of PEDOT: PSS, Clevios F ET, providing electrically conductive properties to textiles. The wool fabric, containing basic groups of amines (NH2), was pre-activated with low-pressure plasma of non-polymer forming nitrogen (N2) gas before exhaust dyeing with PEDOT: PSS at 90 °C was applied. This treatment imparted hydrophilicity, reduced felting, increased adhesion, improved dye ability and ensured that more PEDOT: PSS negatively charged sulfonate counter ions would be electrostatically bounded with the cationic protonated amine groups of the wool fiber. Initially, before (N2) plasma treatment and after fabrics were evaluated according to the test method for aqueous liquid repellency, the surface morphology of the plasma-modified and -unmodified wool dyed fabric was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The functional groups introduced onto the surface after N2 gas plasma treatment of wool fabric were characterized by X-ray photoelectron and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The results of color difference measurements show that N2 gas plasma treatments provide more intense color on Clevios F ET dyed wool fabric and retain its electrical conductivity.