Gas Generation Research Articles

Columnar jointing in Paleoproterozoic carbon-bearing rocks (Onega Basin, NW Russia): implications for carbon migration in sedimentary rocks

ABSTRACT Columnar jointing occurs commonly in igneous rocks and rarely in sedimentary rocks. We report the results of combined field and petrological studies, Raman spectroscopy and column geometry analysis of columnar jointing in Paleoproterozoic carbon-bearing rocks, Eastern Fennoscandian Shield, NW Russia. The columnar rocks occur near the contact with the saucer-shaped dolerite sill emplaced in the unconsolidated organic rich sediments. Columnar jointing aureole (1 to 7 m) and column architecture strongly depends on the contact morphology. Columnar jointing is caused by the contraction of organic-rich sediments due to generation and further release of gas and oil rich fluid. The results of integrated studies indicate that fluidization driving the jointing is associated with not only the dehydration, but also with the mobilization of gas and oil rich fluid due to the thermal maturation of organic matter. Columnar jointing is associated with intensive fluid circulation and devolatilization evidenced by the numerous veins, globules, and vugs filled with migrated carbonaceous matter and secondary minerals in the columnar rocks as well as high vesicularity of dolerites near the contact. The redistribution of the mobile elements (K, Rb, LREE) along with the significant enrichment of S near the contact also indicates the intensive fluid circulation. The study contributes to understanding of mechanism of columnar jointing in sedimentary rocks and formation the fracture networks in organic-rich sediments.

Energy-conversion efficiency for producing oxy-hydrogen gas using a simple generator based on water electrolysis

Producing hydrogen efficiently through water electrolysis could greatly reduce fossil fuel consumption. As well as this renewable energy source will also help combat global warming and boost economic investment opportunities. This paper studied some factors affecting the performance of oxy-hydrogen/hydroxy (HHO) gas generator, such as applied voltage (from 10.5 to 13.0 V) and electrolyte solution concentration (from 0.05 to 0.20 M), using a dry fuel cell based on the electrolyzing technique of water. The results revealed that the HHO gas production rate, power consumption, and temperature change of electrolyte solution increased significantly with increasing the tested applied voltage and electrolyte concentration. This study concluded that the optimum conditions for producing HHO gas ranged from 11.5 to 12.0 V for applied voltage and from 0.05 to 0.10 M for KOH concentration according to the lowest specific energy and highest HHO gas generator efficiency. Under the previous optimum conditions, the highest productivity, specific energy, and efficiency of the HHO gas generator were 343.9 cm3 min−1, 3.43 kW h m−3, and 53.79%, respectively, using 12.0 V for applied voltage and 0.10 M for electrolyte solution concentration. These findings provide an unambiguous direction for adjusting the operational factors (applied voltage and electrolyte concentration) for efficient HHO gas production and use in different applications. Furthermore, the required energy to operate the HHO gas generator can be obtained from renewable sources.

Experimental measurement and modeling of the internal pressure in cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells under abuse conditions

The internal pressure evolution of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells under abuse tests is evaluated in this work. The pressure evolution is recorded through a cavity at the center of the inner structure of the cylindrical cell. Understanding pressure buildup due to exothermic reactions aids in designing safety features, such as improved venting mechanisms. The pressure activation for the safety mechanism depends on both the venting cap design and the different abuse test conditions. This study focuses on two important parameters: the state of charge (SOC) and the overheating ramp. The SOC significantly influences the venting pressure activation at the overheating abuse tests. The 18650 cell exhibits a similar venting behavior as the 21700 cell, with pressure safety mechanisms activating sooner for the 18650 cell. The geometric structure of the battery and safety mechanisms significantly influence vent-activation thresholds. After the Current Interruptor Device (CID) breakdown, pressure rises exponentially until venting occurs, due to gas generation from the decomposition of internal components and electrolyte vaporization. With the experimental data for the overheating abuse test, a model that predicts the evolution of the pressure has been developed. For the overcharging abuse test, the pressure evolution has been measured with different current rates (C-rates) to simulate overcharge with standard charging current and fast charging current. However, the internal pressure inside the cell activates the current interrupt device, which avoids overcharging the cell, thus preventing the thermal runaway (TR) from occurring.

Theoretical Analysis of Landfill Gas Migration in Capillary Barrier Covers Considering Effects of Waste Temperature

The high-temperature and high-humidity conditions arising from the biochemical degradation of landfill waste result in significant temperature gradients within the landfill cover. The effects of waste temperature on landfill gas transport and microbial aerobic methane oxidation are not fully understood. In this study, a fully coupled theoretical model was developed to simulate the interactions of moisture, heat, and gas transport within a capillary barrier cover. A series of parametric studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the combined effects of temperature gradient, initial soil moisture content, and landfill gas generation rate on methane transport, oxidation, and emissions. The simulated results indicated that increasing waste temperature intensified the temperature gradient, leading to higher surface evaporation rates and variations in methane oxidation efficiencies. Additionally, variations in initial soil moisture content and landfill gas generation rates were found to significantly impact gas migration and methane oxidation in the cover. This study demonstrates the critical role of waste temperature in landfill gas migration within landfill cover systems, providing technical methodologies for the optimized design of soil cover systems.

Evolution of mechanical properties of organic-rich shale during thermal maturation

Accurate assessment of the mechanical properties of organic matter, clay matrix, and bulk shale during maturation remains a challenge. Here, we aim to assess the mechanical properties of organic-rich shale during maturation using a combination of nanoindentation methods and various geochemical analyses, i.e., mineral composition, mass loss rate, chemical structure of organic matter, and Rock-Eval analyses. Results show that the evolution of mechanical properties of organic matter in shale during maturation can be divided into: the main oil-generation stage, and the condensate oil and gas generation stage. The stiffening of organic matter in the shale is mainly due to increased aromaticity and condensation of aromatic groups. The clay matrix experiences a slight decrease in hardness and Young’s modulus at low maturity levels due to the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. However, overall, the clay matrix becomes stiffer as the shale matures due to shale dehydration, expulsion or cracking of liquid hydrocarbons, transformation of clay minerals, and hardening of organic matter. The Young’s modulus and hardness of bulk shale generally increase with increasing maturity. This is closely related to the hardening of organic matter and clay matrix, as well as the development of the more compact and dense microstructure in the shale.

Effects of zirconium diboride addition on porosity reduction in laser metal deposition of tungsten carbide–cobalt cermet material

Laser metal deposition of tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC-Co) cermet material is a promising means of improving the wear resistance of metal products. However, laser metal deposition of WC-Co has constraints on its practical use because a clad bead of WC-Co often includes numerous gas pores. Earlier studies have found CO gas generation in a molten pool by reaction of carbon and oxygen to be the main cause of gas porosity in a WC-Co clad bead. Preventing the gas reaction is important to obtain clad beads with few pores. The addition of elements with strong affinity for oxygen, such as aluminum, was found to be effective for porosity reduction in a clad bead. However, the addition of highly reactive pure aluminum particles on WC-Co powder presents some difficulties for industrial use. For this study, zirconium diboride (ZrB2), a chemically stable compound, was used as an additive to WC-Co powder. After WC-Co powder with adhered ZrB2 particles was prepared using a wet granulation process, laser metal deposition was conducted. Zirconium stemming from the dissolution of ZrB2 in the molten pool was found to have the effect of trapping oxygen elements as solid zirconium oxides. Consequently, gas generation in the molten pool by the reaction of carbon and oxygen was restrained. Clad beads having few pores and fine microstructures were obtained. Observations of the molten pool behavior taken using a high-speed camera indicated that ZrB2 addition drastically improves process stability compared to processes using conventional WC-Co powder.

Unveiling the Structural and Chemical Evolution of Layered Oxide Cathode for Na‐Ion Batteries Induced by Water Vapor

AbstractNa‐ion batteries (NIBs) have received considerable attention as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries, particularly for low‐speed electric vehicles and large‐scale energy storage applications. Currently, layered oxide compounds are considered the most important cathode materials for NIBs. However, they suffer from reduced capacity and a shortened lifespan when exposed to water vapor during storage or battery assembly. This article elaborates on the structural and chemical evolution of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) cathode at the atomic scale in a pure water vapor environment. The Na+/H+ exchange induces the formation of a spinel‐like phase via a multi‐site nucleation mechanism. This transition preferentially occurs either at the cathode surface or along planar defects such as twin boundaries and grain boundaries. Additionally, numerous microcracks perpendicular to <003> direction appear inside NFM grains, further exacerbating the structural deterioration. Upon prolonged exposure to water vapor, NFM grains decompose into a mixture of Na2O and transition metal oxide nanoparticles (FeO, NiO, and MnO), accompanied by the generation of oxygen gas. This research provides a comprehensive atomic‐scale insight into the water vapor instability mechanism of layered oxide cathodes, offering guidance for the design and manufacture of the next generation of water vapor‐tolerant layered oxide cathodes in NIBs.

Study on the Characteristics of Combustible Mixed Gas Production during Lignite Oxidation Process

CO, H2, and other combustible gases will be produced during coal oxidation in coal mines, which will increase the risk of explosion when mixed with methane. Therefore, it is very important to understand the production characteristics of combustible gas during coal oxidation. In this paper, a programmed temperature gas test system is built to study the impact of lignite on the production of gases at different particle sizes and temperatures, and the release characteristics of gases are also analyzed. The result shows that the production of combustible gas is influenced by the coal particle size significantly when the temperature is above 200 °C, and it decreases as the particle size increases. CO is the main gas during the early stage of coal spontaneous combustion, and the release of CH4 and H2 increases after 300 °C. The fitted equations of gas generation and temperature are consistent with the experimental results. The research results are helpful in understanding the hazards of coal spontaneous combustion and have a certain guiding significance for coal mine monitoring and prevention of coal spontaneous combustion.

Lignin-based flame retardant via sequential purification-nanoparticle formation, and N[sbnd]P coupled chemical modification

A nonhalogenated and ecofriendly flame-retarding material was developed using lignin, one of the main components of lignocellulosic biopolymers. Lignin was purified, dissolved, and formulated as nanoparticles and implemented after processing in an ecofriendly water-based γ-valerolactone (GVL) system at different concentrations. Nitrogen‑phosphorus sequential chemical modification was performed using polyethyleneimine (PEI) and phytic acid (PA), The char residue increased by ≥10 % compared with lignin nanoparticles (LNPs). A 10 wt% lignin-based flame retardant (L-FR) based on the weight of cotton fabric was introduced using a simple dipping method. Compared to existing cotton fabrics, the combustion time of L-FR treated cotton fabrics was reduced by 6.8 s. The maximum flame height was reduced by 5.4 cm, and the charcoal residue increased by 25 %. The flame-retarding mechanism of L-FR involved low-temperature dehydration, thermal decomposition of cellulose by the phosphorus component of PA and generation of expansive gas by the nitrogen component of PEI. These results showed that lignin-based raw material processing, polymer processing, and chemical modification were biomass-based, suggesting that lignin could be converted into an ecofriendly flame retardant, highlighting the feasibility of high-value-added lignin.

Abnormal Gas Generation during First Discharge Process of Sodium Ion Battery.

In recent years, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a lot of attention and are considered an ideal alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The hard carbon (HC) anode in SIBs presents a unique challenge for studying the formation process of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during initial cycling, owing to its distinctive porous structure. This study employs a combination of ultrasonic scanning techniques and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry to conduct an in-depth analysis of the two-dimensional distribution and composition of gases during the formation process. The findings reveal distinct gas evolution behaviors in SIBs compared to LIBs during formation. Notably, significant gas evolution is observed during the discharge phase of the formation cycle in SIBs, with higher discharge rates leading to increased gas evolution rates. This phenomenon is likely attributed to the adsorption of CO2 gas by the abundant pores in HC, followed by desorption during discharge. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the addition of 5A molecular sieves, which competitively adsorb gases, effectively reduces gas adsorption on the anode during formation, thereby significantly enhancing battery performance. This research elucidates the gas adsorption and desorption behavior at the battery interface, providing new insights into the SEI formation process in SIBs.

Potential hazards of gas generation during underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Potential hazards of gas generation during underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Abnormal Gas Generation during First Discharge Process of Sodium Ion Battery

AbstractIn recent years, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a lot of attention and are considered an ideal alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The hard carbon (HC) anode in SIBs presents a unique challenge for studying the formation process of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during initial cycling, owing to its distinctive porous structure. This study employs a combination of ultrasonic scanning techniques and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry to conduct an in‐depth analysis of the two‐dimensional distribution and composition of gases during the formation process. The findings reveal distinct gas evolution behaviors in SIBs compared to LIBs during formation. Notably, significant gas evolution is observed during the discharge phase of the formation cycle in SIBs, with higher discharge rates leading to increased gas evolution rates. This phenomenon is likely attributed to the adsorption of CO2 gas by the abundant pores in HC, followed by desorption during discharge. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the addition of 5A molecular sieves, which competitively adsorb gases, effectively reduces gas adsorption on the anode during formation, thereby significantly enhancing battery performance. This research elucidates the gas adsorption and desorption behavior at the battery interface, providing new insights into the SEI formation process in SIBs.

A method of pretreating incineration ashes containing metallic aluminium using NaOH to mitigate volume expansion under highly alkaline conditions

Globally, millions of tonnes of incineration ashes are produced with a substantial portion remaining underutilized in low-value applications or disposed in landfills. Many types of fly ashes and bottom ashes contain metallic aluminium (Al0), which causes volume expansion when the ashes are used in alkali-activated materials and as a supplementary cementitious material due to the generation of hydrogen gas at high-pH conditions. This phenomenon significantly restricts the potential applications of these ashes. To address this issue, ashes can be pretreated with NaOH to oxidize the metallic aluminium (Al0) before their utilization. This study focuses on investigating the effect of the NaOH pre-treatment duration on fly ashes from the co-combustion of recovered solid fuel, peat, and wood. A pre-treatment process was conducted using 8 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution to treat the fly ash for up to 60 minutes. The formed slurry was subsequently used to prepare alkali-activated material by mixing it with bottom ash and employing either sodium silicate or sodium carbonate as an alkali activator. The NaOH pre-treatment demonstrated a 100 % metallic aluminium conversion into oxidized form resulting enhancement in mechanical performance, microstructure, and water absorption properties. The proposed method offers a highly efficient and rapid solution for eliminating the drawbacks caused by the presence of metallic aluminium and it can be conveniently implemented on construction sites. Concurrently, this study also explores the leaching behaviour of heavy metals during alkali-activation. Significant reductions in the leaching of Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Pb were observed, highlighting the environmental remediation potential of alkali-activation methods.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ГІБРИДНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯ ТВАРИННИЦЬКОЇ ФЕРМИ З ВІДНОВЛЮВАЛЬНИМИ ДЖЕРЕЛАМИ ТА ЕЛЕКТРОТРАНСПОРТОМ

The article considers the improvement of the control with using the generation of renewable energy sources forecast for a grid-connected a hybrid power supply system of a livestock farm with electric transport and a gas generator. The task is to form a graph of the state of charge of the main battery with a limitation of the depth of discharge with the maximum use of renewable sources energy. The calculation method of the state of charge of a battery and power consumption graph when working with the grid and in autonomous mode has been improved, with the definition of recommendations for charging electric transport. A mechanism has been developed for correcting the power consumption based on the deviation of the battery charge state relative to the specified value, with the correction disabled to implement the function of eliminating the export of excess energy to the grid or gas generator. This ensures the limitation of the gas generator power within certain limits and helps to limit the influence of generation and load deviations relative to the forecast on the battery discharge depth. The structure of the energy processes model in the system for the daily operation cycle has been developed. In the process of modeling, the deviation of renewable energy generation up to 20% and 10% was studied simultane-ously with a 10% increase in load.

Study on Oxygen Balance Regulation of TKX‐50 Based on Emulsion Method

AbstractDuring the process of external work, the energy of the negative oxygen balanced 5,5′‐Bi‐tetrazolium‐1,1′dioxyhydroxylammonium salt (TKX‐50) is not fully released, resulting in low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of harmful gases that pollute the environment. Based on this, in order to adjust the oxygen balance of TKX‐50, nano TKX‐50/AP composites with positive, zero and negative oxygen balance were prepared by emulsion method. The morphology of nano TKX‐50/AP composite was similar to that of hedgehog‐like spherical‐like particles, with many dense pores formed on the surface, and the average particle size was about 30 μm. During the composite process, part of TKX‐50 reacted with AP to form 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′dioxidamide (ABTOX). The first thermal decomposition peak temperature of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 236.0°C, which was slightly reduced compared with that of TKX‐50. The second thermal decomposition peak temperature was 275.1°C, which was 22.2°C higher than that of TKX‐50. The heat release of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite reached 2206 J g−1, which increased by 35.9% compared to TKX‐50, and the energy utilization efficiency was also greatly improved. The drop height of 50% explosion probability (H50) of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 63.5 cm, and the explosion probability of friction sensitivity was 72%. Compared with TKX‐50, it increased by 15.1 cm and decreased by 28%, respectively. The results showed that the mechanical safety performance of TKX‐50 had been improved.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Characteristics and Driving Factors Analysis in the Eutrophic Saline Lake Daihai Lake

To investigate the greenhouse gas emission characteristics and driving factors of eutrophic saline lakes in northern China, considering Daihai Lake in Inner Mongolia as an example, 10 monitoring sites were selected based on hydrological distribution characteristics in April, July, and October 2023. Using headspace gas chromatography and modeling methods, dissolved concentrations and exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and nitrous oxide （N2O） were determined in the nearshore zone, open lake area, and lake center surface water. During the study period, Daihai Lake exhibited significant seasonal variations in greenhouse gas concentration and flux. The average concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O in surface water were （26.52 ± 17.58） μmol·L-1, （282.30 ± 172.30） nmol·L-1, and （9.09 ± 1.64） nmol·L-1, respectively. The average fluxes were （5.29 ± 11.98） mmol·（m2·d）-1, （178.24 ± 63.34） μmol·（m2·d）-1, and （-0.74 ± 1.28） μmol·（m2·d）-1, with cumulative emissions of 50 770.77, 543.52, -4.21 kg·km-2 and a global warming potential （expressed in CO2-equivalent） of 50 770.77, 15 218.49, -1 254.48 kg·km-2. Daihai Lake acted as a source of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 but a sink for N2O during the study period. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses revealed that pH and total dissolved solids （TDS） influenced CO2 concentration and flux, while the factors affecting CH4 were water temperature （WT）, water depth （WD）, wind speed （WS）, oxidation-reduction potential （ORP）, and total nitrogen （TN）. For N2O, the influencing factors were WT, WS, and TN. Additionally, Daihai Lake's eutrophication and salinity characteristics influenced the generation and emission of greenhouse gases. This study provides insights into the greenhouse gas dynamics and environmental factors in eutrophic saline lakes like Daihai Lake.

Study of flammable gases generation and radionuclide release during and after drying of damaged VVER SNF

The paper presents an experimental evaluation of drying the damaged VVER SNF after the wet storage. The aim of the experiments was to justify the fire safety of air-tight canisters with the dried SNF during transportation, storage, and reprocessing. Keeping the SNF in boric acid during the experiments determined the concentration of uranium, plutonium, and specific activity of fission products in the solution inside the model canisters with the SNF. The canisters with the SNF underwent the thermal vacuum drying to determine the process parameters (temperature, residual pressure, drying rate), a hydrogen release, 85Kr activity during the drying, and an airborne radionuclide release onto the filters of the SNF thermal vacuum drying system. The results of weighing the baskets of the canisters before soaking in the boric acid and after drying at 160 °С to the residual pressure below 6 mbar showed that the difference in weight is almost the same as the calculated difference in weight of H3BO3 loaded into the canister and the weight after the complete decomposition into B2O3. Thus, we have discovered that the boric acid undergoes complete decomposition into boric anhydride, and the SNF corrosion products generate hydrogen that accumulates in the air-tight canister. We also considered the hydrogen that accumulated in the air-tight model canister with the dried SNF as a result of the radiolysis of hydrated corrosion products of the spent oxide nuclear fuel, as well as a release of gaseous fission products (GFP) inside the canister. We calculated the quantity of the hydrated corrosion products of uranium oxide after the wet storage and determined their chemical composition after the thermal-vacuum drying. The equation with an exponential decay function describes the hydrogen accumulation. The calculated maximum volume of hydrogen and uranium in the SNF corrosion products suggests that the SNF corrosion product is schoepite with the number of gyrated water molecules corresponding to the formulas from UO3·0.95H2O to UO3·1.5H2O. The received data allows for the fire safety justification of drying the wet damaged SNF and handling the dried SNF during transportation and storage.

Pre-treated municipal solid waste bottom ash as alkali-activated mortar precursor

Pre-treated incinerator bottom ash was used as a precursor of alkali-activated mortars. Control mortars were produced using coal fly ash. Different combinations of alkaline activator were tested (sodium oxide/binder ratio (4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15%) and silicon dioxide/sodium oxide ratio (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0)) and the influence of these on the mortar's mechanical performance was evaluated. The mortars were tested in both fresh (for density and workability) and hardened states (for dry density, compressive and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity) after 7, 28, 91 and 182 days. The first stage of work was precursor pre-treatment in a sodium hydroxide solution to prevent the expansion of fresh specimens due to the reaction of aluminium with the alkaline activator. The pre-treatment was effective in preventing excessive hydrogen gas generation during setting, leading to dimensional stability and improved strength. Different optimum sodium oxide contents were observed after 28 days (i.e. 15% for fly ash specimens and 8% for bottom ash specimens). The results of a simplified life-cycle assessment showed that such mixes exhibited lower overall carbon dioxide emissions when compared with cement-based counterparts. However, this trend was reversed with increasing contents of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.

RESEARCH OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGY USING GASIFICATION OF PREPARED BIOMASS

The rapid growth of the part of decentralized power generation, associated with the use of renewable energy sources for its production, is one of the main directions of the modern development of power generation systems. The article summarizes the state and direction of development of the world and Ukrainian energy industry. The development of electricity generating equipment based on gas generation is briefly described. The results of the study of electricity production technology using gasification of prepared biomass are given. The technological schemes for the preparation of generator gas as motor fuel and the requirements of manufacturers for the quality of gaseous fuel in the case of its use as motor fuel in modern engines are presented. Methods of determining the content of polluting components in gas, data on the composition of condensate taken from generator gas are given. The presented scheme of gas purification is intended for the use of solid residues of the gasification process for gas purification from finished biofuel. The results of the analysis of the sorption properties of coke-sol residue and the results of gas purification using it as a filter are given. The results of the operation of the complex for the production of electricity by the gasification method are given. It is shown that the environmental indicators of the installation in terms of CO and NOx emissions into the atmosphere meet Euro-5 requirements. Bibl. 20, Fig. 4, Tab. 4.

Organic geochemistry and 1D-basin modeling in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand: Implications for deltaic-source rocks of the cenozoic oil and condensate reservoirs

The Taranaki Basin in New Zealand is an area of active exploration for oil and condensate. This research focuses on integrating geochemical characteristics and 1-D basin modeling to Late Cretaceous to Miocene source rock systems, along with oil and condensate data from fifty-seven wells in the Taranaki Basin. The geochemical study reveals that the oil and condensate samples were generated from clay-rich source rocks, containing mixed organic matter, with large amounts of terrestrial organic matter input. These source rocks were deposited in fluvial to fluvio-deltaic environments under oxic conditions. The presence of oleanane in both oil and condensate samples suggests that the source rocks had a significant terrestrial component and deposited during the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic. Using various biomarker proxies, oil-source rock correlation along with 1-D basin modeling revealed that the oil and condensate were mainly derived from the Late Cretaceous Rakopi and Paleocene Farewell formations at different maturity stages. The oils were generated within the peak-mature oil window, while the condensates primarily resulted from the secondary cracking of oil taking place in the source rock within the gas generation window. This finding is consistent with the 1-D basin modeling results. The model shows that the Paleocene Farewell source rock has achieved the primary stage of oil generation (0.55–0.95 Easy %Ro), contributing to most of the discovered oils in the Cenozoic reservoir rocks. Meanwhile, the Late Cretaceous Rakopi source rock reached the gas window with a higher vitrinite reflectance of more than 1.30 Easy %Ro, indicating greater gas generation potential.