Gas Drilling Industry Research Articles

Performance evaluation of the nano-biodegradable drilling fluid using the greenly synthesized zinc nanorods and gundelia seed waste

Addressing the increasing demand for green additives in drilling fluids is essential for the sustainable development of the oil and gas industry. Fluid loss into porous and permeable formations during drilling presents significant challenges. This study introduced an innovative, environmentally sustainable drilling fluid known as nano-biodegradable drilling fluid (NBDF). The NBDF formulation incorporates greenly synthesized zinc nanorods (ZNRs) and gundelia seed shell powder, with ZNRs derived from Cydonia oblonga plant extracts using an eco-friendly method. The research developed multiple drilling fluid variants for experimentation: a reference drilling fluid (BM); biodegradable drilling fluid (BDF) with particle sizes of 75, 150, 300, and 600 µm at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1 wt% (GSMs); a drilling nanofluid (DNF) with ZNRs at a 0.1 wt% concentration (ZNR); and NBDF combining both nano and gundelia waste (GS-ZNR). Experimental tests were conducted under various temperature and pressure conditions, including low temperature and low pressure (LTLP) and high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). Rheological and filtration measurements were performed to assess the impact of the nano-biodegradable additives on flow behavior and fluid loss. Results indicated that incorporating 1 wt% of gundelia seed shell powder with a particle size of 75 µm led to a 19.61% reduction in fluid loss compared to BM at 75 °C and 200 psi. The performance of the same GSM improved by 31% under identical conditions when 1 wt% of zinc ZNRs was added. Notably, the GS-ZNR formulation demonstrated the most effective performance in reducing fluid loss into the formation, decreasing mud cake thickness, and enhancing the flow behavior of the non-Newtonian reference drilling fluid. This study highlights the relevance of particle size in the effectiveness of biodegradable additives and underscores the potential of NBDF to address environmental concerns in the oil and gas drilling industry.

Quasi-In Situ Localized Corrosion of an Additively Manufactured FeCo Alloy in 5 Wt Pct NaCl Solution

FeCo alloys are important materials used in pumps and motors in the offshore oil and gas drilling industry. These alloys are subjected to marine environments with a high NaCl concentration, therefore, corrosion and catastrophic failure are anticipated. So, the surface dissolution of additively manufactured FeCo samples is investigated in a quasi-in situ manner, in particular, the pitting corrosion in 5.0 wt pct NaCl solution. The local dissolution of the same sample region is monitored after 24, 72, and 168 hours. Here, the formation of rectangular and circular pits of ultra-fine dimensions (less than 0.5 µm) is observed with increasing immersion time. In addition, the formation of a corrosion-inhibiting surface layer is detected on the sample surface. Surface dissolution leads to a change in the surface structure, however, no change in grain shape or grain size is noticed. The surface topography after local dissolution is correlated to the grain orientation. Quasi-in situ analysis shows the preferential dissolution of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) leading to a change in the fraction of HAGBs and low-angle grain boundaries fraction (LAGBs). For the FeCo sample, a potentiodynamic polarisation test reveals a corrosion potential (Ecorr) of − 0.475 V referred to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) and a corrosion exchange current density (icorr) of 0.0848 A/m2. Furthermore, quasi-in situ experiments showed that grains oriented along certain crystallographic directions are corroding more compared to other grains leading to a significant decrease in the local surface height. Grains with a plane normal close to the langle {1}00rangle direction reveal lower surface dissolution and higher corrosion resistance, whereas planes normal close to the langle {11}0rangle direction and the langle {111}rangle direction exhibit a higher surface dissolution.

Corrosion Resistance Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coating on 42CrMo Substrate by Overlap Remelting

To delay the corrosion rate of 42CrMo steel in oil and gas drilling industry, Co-based coatings were prepared on 42CrMo steel through laser cladding at different overlap rate (20%, 50% and 60%). The relationships between microstructure and corrosion behaviour of Stellite-6 coating in Cl ion corrosion medium were analysed by means of SEM, polarization curve and EIS. The results showed that the microstructures of Stellite-6 coating were mainly equiaxial crystal, and the corrosion form of cladding Stellite-6 alloy was pitting corrosion. The best corrosion resistance of Stellite-6 coating was the coating prepared at the overlap rate 50%. The formation of passivation films (Cr2O3 and Cr(OH)3) on the coating could obviously improve the corrosion resistance in Cl ion corrosion medium.

Improving predictive models for rate of penetration in real drilling operations through transfer learning

The rate of penetration (ROP) is a key performance indicator in the oil and gas drilling industry as it directly translates to cost savings and emission reductions. A prerequisite for a drilling optimization algorithm is a predictive model that provides expected ROP values in response to surface drilling parameters and formation properties. The high predictive capability of current machine-learning models comes at the cost of excessive data requirements, poor generalization, and extensive computation requirements. These practical issues hinder ROP models for field deployment. Here we address these issues through transfer learning. Simulated and real data from the Volve field were used to pre-train models. Subsequently, these models were fine-tuned with varying retraining data percentages from other Volve wells and Marcellus Shale wells.Four out of the five test cases indicate that retraining the base model would always produce a model with a lower mean absolute error than training an entirely new model or using the base model without retraining. One was on par with the traditional approach. Transfer learning STL allowed for reducing the training data requirement from a typical 70 percent down to just 10 percent. In addition, transfer learning reduced computational costs and training time. Finally, results showed that simulated data could be used without real data or in combination with real data to train a model without trading off the model’s predictive capability.On top of our previous work Pacis et al. (2022) from a single transfer learning, we explored continuous transfer learning (CTL) in Alvheim field wells. Due to the inherent uncertainty and dynamics of drilling data, it was no surprise that continuous retraining further reduced the error than a single transfer learning paradigm. Moreover, we investigated the effect of drilled formations and input combinations on model performance.

Experiment and Simulation Research on Rock Damage Mechanism in Tooth Indentation

In the oil and gas drilling industry, cemented carbide teeth are one of the most widely used rock-breaking elements. In order to reveal the rock damage mechanism of tooth indentation, a series of tooth indentation experiments were conducted in this study, and an indentation simulation was also conducted as a supplement to the experiment. In the experiment, a new method to observe the inner damage status of the rock was put forward, i.e., utilizing the splitting action of the teeth to avoid unexpected rock damage that may affect the actual experiment results. The load-displacement curves and the damage status of the rock revealed that the wedge tooth was more efficient in fracturing and damaging the rock because the load requirement of the wedge tooth was lower, the narrow tooth crown generated larger specific stress in the rock; that rock-breaking advantage of the wedge tooth resulted from the occurrence of the compacted core and the tension stress generated by the core. According to the simulation results, the plastic strain in the intermediate area between the wedge teeth appeared more concentrated and increased faster, and the rock material beneath the wedge teeth was removed earlier than beneath the conical teeth, indicating that wedge teeth, disposed with proper spacing, can break rock more effectively than the conical teeth. The experiment and simulation results in this paper have proved the advantages of the wedge tooth in rock fracturing and damaging, which will provide technical support for the design and development for the drill bits applied in oil and gas drilling.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Rock-Breaking Technology and Oil and Gas Drilling Applications: A Review

High-efficiency rock-breaking is a problem that has long been studied in the oil- and gas-drilling industry. The successful use of ultrasonic technology in related fields has prompted us to study how to introduce ultrasonic technology into rock-breaking in oil and gas drilling. This paper introduces and discusses the successful cases of ultrasonic breaking technology in related fields, summarizes the three basic forms of ultrasonic action on rocks, namely, resonance, impact and cavitation, expounds the factors and laws that affect ultrasonic-assisted rock-breaking, and summarizes the research results reported in recent years. It is believed that, at present, the application of ultrasonic-assisted rock-breaking technology in the oil- and gas-drilling industry still faces some problems and challenges: first, the downhole high-temperature and high-pressure conditions will affect the effect of ultrasonic-assisted rock-breaking, and the related mechanisms and research are not clear; second, the impact of circulating media on ultrasonic-assisted rock-breaking is not clear; third, the problem of ultrasonic propagation and utilization in the downhole has not been well-solved; fourth, the stability of drilling tools and circulating media caused by high-frequency characteristics has not been well-solved. Therefore, it is suggested to increase research on the mechanism of ultrasonic-assisted rock-breaking with oil- and gas-drilling characteristics and the transmission and utilization of downhole ultrasonic energy in the future, and increase the development of supporting products to support the application of this technology in the oil and gas industry.

Technology Focus: Drilling and Completion Fluids (November 2022)

As the oil and gas drilling industry moves into more technically challenging environments [e.g., drilling ultradeep onshore/offshore wells under extremely high temperature (above 300°F) and pressure (mud specific gravity above 2.0)], companies increasingly come under pressure to stretch technology and improve drilling performance while continuously striving to reduce costs and meet the requirements of stricter environmental regulations. Significant reserves additions may be realized if the risks associated with drilling in such harsh conditions (e.g., pressure control, wellbore instability, lost-circulation, sour gas) can be managed effectively. Design and development of a new generation of drilling fluids able to fulfill all of the attributed functions (e.g., stabilize the wellbore, control formation pressure, transport the drilled cuttings, minimize the fluid loss, and not reduce formation productivity) under such extreme pressure and temperature conditions is one of the key requirements for unlocking these resources. Drilling fluids used under ultrahigh pressures and temperatures need to be thermally stable and able to retain their rheological properties. Traditionally, nonaqueous drilling fluids (NADFs) have been used under these extreme conditions. NADFs, however, have significantly high operational costs with an associated health, safety, and environmental risk. As a result, there has been an increasing demand from operators to use aqueous drilling fluids [water-based muds (WBMs)], which are known to be environmentally benign and relatively less expensive. The use of WBMs under extreme temperatures and pressures, however, faces several challenges, including the breakdown of polymers and other additives used as fluid-loss preventers and rheological stabilizers. Therefore, recent research has focused on design and development of WBM systems meeting the following specifications: - Use of sodium chloride (for barite-laden formulation) and sodium bromide (for barite-free formulation) as base brines to reduce the total solids content for optimal fluid properties and to maximize the quality of wireline logs - Ensure inhibition of reactive shale formations to maintain wellbore stability while drilling intermediate sections - Provide optimal and stable rheological properties for excellent hole cleaning and drilling performance The newly developed ultrahigh-temperature water-based systems used custom-made branched synthetic polymers that exhibit superior rheological properties and fluid-loss control as well as long-term stability above 400°F. These branched synthetic polymers are compatible with most oilfield brines and maintain excellent low-end rheology. Other formulations proposed the use of β-cyclodextrin polymer microspheres (β-CPMs) as an environmentally friendly ultrahigh-temperature filtration reducer. When the temperature rose above 160°C, a hydrothermal reaction occurred for β-CPMs, and, as a result, numerous micro- and nanosized carbon spheres formed, which bridged across micro- and nanopores within the filter cake and reduced the filter cake permeability effectively. Bentonite-hydrothermal carbon nanocomposites also are proposed as nonpolymer additives to solve the ultrahigh-temperature/-pressure challenge in water-based drilling fluid. The nanocomposites are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction in which biomass starch and sodium bentonite are used as the precursor and template, respectively. Such formulations have shown favorable rheology and filtration properties after hot rolling at temperatures as high as 460°F. This section presents selected papers showing examples of design, development, and field applications of the new generation of WBM fluid technologies. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org SPE 206444 - Successful Application of a New Generation of Clay-Inhibitor Polymers While Drilling a Deep Exploration Well in the Astrakhan Region by Petr Leonidovich Ryabtsev, Akros, et al. SPE 205539 - Improvement of Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids Using Bentonite-Hydrothermal Carbon Nanocomposites Under Ultrahigh-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions by Hanyi Zhong, China University of Petroleum East China, et al. SPE 209805 - The Utilization of Self-Crosslinkable Nanoparticles as a High-Temperature Plugging Agent in Water-Based Drilling Fluid by Ming Lei, University of Alberta, et al.

Assessment of the Impact of the New Type of Coronavirus Covid-19 Outbreak on the Oil and Gas Drilling Industry

2019 yılı Aralık ayında Çin’in Wuhan şehrinden çıkıp dünya genelinde bir salgına sebep olan yeni tip koronavirüs Covid-19 insanların günlük yaşamını, sanayi ve üretim çarklarını ve ülkelerin ekonomilerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Salgından etkilenen sektörlerin başında enerji sektörünün öncü kolu olan petrol ve doğal gaz sektörü gelmektedir. Yaşanan değişimler petrol ve doğal gaz talebinde ciddi düşüşlere ve bu durum petrol fiyatlarında dramatik azalmalara sebep olmuştur. Petrol fiyatlarının etkilediği kolların başında arama ve sondaj gelmektedir. Bu çalışma; Covid-19 salgınının sebep olduğu gündelik hayattaki, sanayi ve üretimdeki değişikliklerin petrol ve doğal gaz sondaj sektörüne olan etkisinin değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. Salgın sebebiyle oluşan gündelik hayat, trafik ve seyahatlerdeki değişimlerle birlikte, sanayideki tüketim ve elektrik tüketimindeki değişimler de göz önünde bulundurularak petrol ve doğal gaz talebinde neden olduğu azalımlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu talep azalmasının sonucu olarak dünya genelinde sondaj ve arama faaliyetlerinde ciddi oranda düşüşler yaşandığı belirtilmektedir. Salgının dünya genelindeki gidişatına göre sondaj ve arama faaliyetlerinde olabilecek farklı senaryolar sunulmaktadır. Gerek salgının kontrol altına alınma durumunun, gerekse olası tedavi ve aşı çalışmaları sonuçlarının ekonomilere, petrol fiyatlarına ve petrol ve doğal gaz sondaj faaliyetlerine olası etkileri incelenmiştir. Salgının devamlılığı ile ilgili farklı senaryolar yer almaktadır. Bu senaryolar sonucunda petrol ve doğal gaz sondaj sektörünün aktivite olarak salgın öncesi döneme dönmesinin zaman alacağı öngörülmektedir.

Corrosion Analysis On Internal Plastic Coating Drill Pipe 5 Inch 19.50 PPF Grade G-105

In the oil, gas and geothermal drilling industry, the use of a drill pipe is vital for its use as an addition to the length of the drilling depth. Another function of the drill pipe is to channel high pressure drilling mud (drilling fluid / fluid) to the drill bit. During the drill pipe operation, several problems were encountered, such as broken, bent, and leaking or wash-out drill pipes. This is very detrimental to the company because the time to replace a new drill pipe will take a long time, and will disrupt the drilling program which will result in high drilling operational costs. This study analyzes the corrosion of the drill pipe which can cause damage to the drill pipe. The analysis on the drill pipe includes analysis of thickness, corrosion rate, remaining life, internal plastic coating damage, and SEM. The results show that the storage and use of drill pipes greatly affect the conductivity of the drill pipe.

Measurement of exposure to radionuclides (40-K, 226-Ra, and 232-Th) in the oil and gas drilling industry

Measurement of exposure to radionuclides (40-K, 226-Ra, and 232-Th) in the oil and gas drilling industry

A complementary method of assessing clay stabilisers used in hydraulic fracturing applications

Reservoirs with clays that swell or migrate can potentially impair production (Johnson 1952; Nasr-El-Din et al. 1999). When these clays are present, it is advantageous to use clay stabilisers to mitigate this damage potential (Fink 2011). The oil and gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing industry has adopted several clay assessment methods including analytical procedures such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and performance testing methods such as capillary suction test (CST) and the roller oven test. This paper describes a new performance test method for inhibitors used in shale reservoirs that complements the existing methods such as XRD and CST. A modified core flow method has been developed using unconsolidated core material that mimics a fracture network and indirectly measures the clay swelling and migration potential. In this procedure, a packed column composed of tightly sized shale material is used to simulate an infinite fracture network. Treatment fluids are then pumped through the column at constant rate while measuring pressure drop. The relative pressure change, together with the turbidity of the effluent, allows easy assessment of the clay stabiliser.

Corrosion Analysis of Oil Drilling Pipes On Mobile RIG 42.3 N1500 E In Prabumulih

In the oil, gas, and geothermal drilling industry, the use of drill pipe is very important to increase the length of the drilling depth. Problems that are often encountered in drilling pipes such as broken, bent, and leaking drilling pipes, one of which is caused by corrosion. Corrosion is the degradation of materials (usually metals) due to the electrochemical reaction of these materials with their environment. This study uses a specimen of carbon steel pipe type G105 where this pipe is used in field drilling. From the results of research on the corrosion rate test, the corrosion rate value is obtained in mm / month. This study took the first drill pipe sample starting from May 2018 to October 2019 with the same sample code with a sample size of 69 pipes. Based on the research results, the largest corrosion rate value in the drilling pipe from May 2018 to October 2019 is 0.12 mm / month. In the research, the smallest remaining life of the drilling pipe is 6.2 months. Of the 69 drilling pipes studied, there were 11 drilling pipe samples that had decreased quality to class 2. Based on the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy photos, the condition of the pipe surface morphology after corrosion and there was surface damage after corrosion.

Flow Properties of Fresh Mud (Drilling Fluid) Used in Horizontal Directional Drilling

AbstractFresh mud (uncontaminated by soil or rock cuttings) plays important roles during borehole drilling, and its rheology has been studied for years in the oil and gas drilling industry. However...

Utilization of Nano and Micro Particles to Enhance Drilling Mud Rheology

Nanoparticles have been used to overcome the limitations of drilling oil and gas wellbores under harsh conditions of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). In the present work, calcium carbonate (CaCO3: 5 µm particles), graphene (powder and platelets) and carbon nano sphere nanoparticles were used as rheology enhancer and fluid loss agent for HTHP drilling fluid technology. The results revealed that by adding only 0.1 wt% of nanoparticles to ester-based drilling mud improved the stability for drilling deep and ultra-deep wells up to 230°C. Furthermore, adding graphene powder gave more effective results comparing to graphene platelets and carbon nano sphere. The mud can plug 10 µm of formation size with 8 ml of filtration and 775 mD of permeability using (21/2 × 1/4 ) inch of ceramic disc. The nanoparticle enhanced ester-based drilling fluid also showed superior rheology, fluid loss amount and mud cake thickness. The application of nano ester based drilling fluid is in oil and gas drilling industry.

Research and Field Application of the Axial-Torsional Coupled Percussion Drilling Technology

Abstract Enhancing the rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the goals pursued by the oil and gas drilling industry. It has been proved that percussion drilling is a feasible method to increase drilling efficiency. However, single percussion drilling technology (axial percussion or torsional percussion) cannot cater to the current needs. This paper proposed a new technology/tool called the axial-torsional coupled percussion drilling, which can use the advantages of the percussion drilling in a better way. Mechanical structure and working principle of this tool were first introduced in detail and the theoretical analysis of the impact force and the impact frequency were then conducted. It was found that both the axial impact force and the torsional impact force are in direct proportion to the fluid density and are in direct proportion to the square of the pump rate. Both the axial impact frequency and the torsional impact frequency are in direct proportion to the pump rate and are in direct proportion to the square root of the fluid density. Subsequently, a laboratory experiment was conducted to verify the above theoretical results. The tools were applied to the oil field in Xin Jiang province, China. Field application results indicate that the penetration rate of the test well is averagely 1.6–3.3 times as fast as that of the adjacent well.

Experimental study on harmless disposal of waste oil based mud using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Oil based mud (OBM) is widely used in unconventional oil and gas drilling industry due to its advantages of harmlessness to reservoir and inhibition of shale swelling. However, hazardous and poisonous contaminants in the mud could not be discharged with conventional disposals and treatments, which are of low economic efficiency and negative environmental. Therefore, alternative treatment technologies such as supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) are being of more and more concern in drilling operations. In this paper, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–VIS) are applied to examine the contents of different contaminants in the oil based mud from the North China Sea, which indicates that the hydrocarbon concentrations significantly exceed the normal value while the heavy metals are negligible. SCE experiments are then conducted to extract hydrocarbons from the mud to evaluate effects of various SCE operation parameters including extraction pressure (10–30 MPa), temperature (20–65 °C), extraction time (20–150 min) and the mass ratio of supercritical carbon dioxide to waste OBM (1–12). The results demonstrate that extraction efficiency could be up to 98% under the temperature of 35 °C, the pressure of 20 MPa and the extraction time of 60 min. In addition, gas chromatography is performed, finding that SCE can discharge all hydrocarbon components from C10 to C26, with lighter carbon components of C10 to C14 and n-alkanes (NC) structure hydrocarbons have more removability under experimental condition. Moreover, the properties of retrieved hydrocarbons are not altered in extraction processes and can be recycled in drilling processes.

Investigation of methane/drilling mud phase behavior and its influence to hydrocarbon drilling activity

AbstractKnowledge of methane dissolution behavior in drilling mud is of major importance to early kick detection and well control operation in oil and gas drilling industry. In this work, methane solubility experiments in water‐based and oil‐based muds were conducted over wide ranges of temperature and pressure conditions. The influences of mud compositions and methane phases were investigated accordingly. It is found that methane solubility in water‐based mud is minimal and can be ignored. The data in oil‐based mud were analyzed using different equation of state and mixing rules. Our results show that the combination of our novel binary interaction parameter equations, Peng‐Robinson equation, and van der Waals2 mixing rule provides a very good representation of our data as well as those available in the literature. With the proposed model, the annulus methane solubility profile of a deepwater well in South China Sea was predicted, which provides a better understanding of the annulus flow behavior and further improve the safety of drilling operation.

Human factor risk control for oil and gas drilling industry

To control the human factor risk for oil and gas drilling industry, the types of work activities involved in drilling were identified, the major accident risk types of human errors were selected, the probability and severity levels of the risks associated with each activity were quantified, and the human factor risk levels of major work activities involved in drilling processes were calculated. Quantitative results demonstrate that the highest risks during the drilling process include being struck by an object, injury by machine, and overexertion; conversely, the lowest risks include exposure to harmful substances or environments and fire and explosion. The highest risk activities are associated with, for instance, penetration drilling, the trip in and out, and the hoisting and lifting operations. Conversely, the relative lowest risk activities include auxiliary operations, well logging and mud logging, equipment inspection and maintenance. The total risk value of all main drilling activities is 11.3947 S/w-h. Twelve risk control measures were selected, and the Delphi method was taken to quantify the human factor risk mitigation capacity resulting from the selected risk control measures. The results demonstrate that the human risk control measures exist in three tiers of effectiveness, with each tier being separated by nearly an order of magnitude. The types of most risk mitigation are risk codes, such as injury by machine, fall from height, and contact with harmful material. The most minimal risk mitigation types include muscle strain and fire and explosion. Finally, these data will be valuable for drilling companies to strategically allocate limited resources to their safety management plan, and they can evaluate the expected effectiveness resulting from risk control measures.

Hole-cleaning performance comparison of oil-based and water-based drilling fluids

Cuttings transport is a topic of great interest in the oil and gas drilling industry. Insufficient cuttings transport leads to several expensive problems. Knowledge and selection of the drilling fluids is one of the important factor for efficient hole cleaning. It has been observed, however, that the hole cleaning performance of drilling fluids can be different even if the fluid rheological properties are similar as measured in accordance with API specifications. The reasons for stated difference in the behavior of drilling fluids are not well understood. The main objective of present work is to evaluate hole cleaning efficiency of an oil-based drilling fluid (OBM) and a water-based drilling fluid (WBM) whose viscosity profiles are similar as per API specifications.Hole cleaning efficiency of an oil-based drilling fluid and a water-based drilling fluid whose viscosity profiles are similar was investigated. The fluids tested were industrial fluids used in the field and were sent to us after reconditioning. Experimental studies were performed on an advanced purpose-built flow-loop by varying flow velocities and drill string rotation rates. The flow loop had a 10 m long annulus section with 4″ inner diameter wellbore and 2″ outer diameter fully eccentric drill string. Pressure drop and sand holdup measurements were reported. Rheological investigations of the same fluids were used to understand the difference in the behavior of the drilling fluids tested. Higher pressure drop was observed for WBM compared to OBM, and for both fluids, the pressure drop increased with drill string rotation speed. In case of no drill string rotation, better hole cleaning performance was observed with the oil-based fluid compared to the water-based fluid. With the presence of drill string rotation, hole cleaning performance of both the fluids was nearly the same.

Development to Job Target & Competency Assessment for Technical Personnel

In order for technical personnel in the oil & gas drilling industry, systematic training program is very important and highly demanded to maintain the human resource level and furthermore to raise up to safe as well as effective operations.