Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Profiling Research Articles

Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves

Abstract Aloe species are known for the treatment of various conditions including diabetes mellitus, hypocholesteremia, and glycation end products. Nevertheless, the biological activity of Aloe armatissima is yet to be reported. It is a first-time report to evaluate the Aloe armatissima leaves (AAL) extract for its antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic potential. In vitro tests of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl for the antioxidant and HSA for the antiglycation activity whereas in vivo models were used to assess the toxicity, antihyperglycemic, and anti-hypercholesteremic effects. The volatile profile was determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The IC50 values of 116 ± 0.66 (μg/mL) for antioxidant activity and 0.21 ± 0.009 (mg/mL) for antiglycation activity were observed for the AAL extract. The acute toxicity in the animal model revealed a lack of toxicity for the extract. The in vivo models exhibited a dose-dependent hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects with significant (P < 0.01) blood glucose levels reduction. Moreover, a profound decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL along with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in HDL and serum insulin levels was recorded. The statistical analysis demonstrated the values of F (24,125) = 23.95, P = 0.001, effect size = 1.95 (normoglycemic mice), F (24,125) = 143.21, P = 0.001, effect size = 4.79 (glucose loaded mice), and F (24,125) = 82.69, P = 0.001, effect size = 3.6 (diabetic model). GCMS showed the presence of eleven compounds with tetratetracontane (100%), β-sitosterol (27.76), and vitamin E (18.68) in major amounts. The results underscore the extract’s capacity to effectively combat various ailments; however, the active phytochemicals need to be isolated and the pharmacological activities may be established at the molecular level.

Use of carbonyldiimidazole as a derivatization agent for the detection of pinacolyl alcohol, a forensic marker for Soman, by EI-GC-MS and LC-HRMS in official OPCW proficiency test matrices.

Pinacolyl alcohol (PA), a key forensic marker for the nerve agent Soman (GD), is a particularly difficult analyte to detect by various analytical methods. In this work, we have explored the reaction between PA and 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) to yield pinacolyl 1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate (PIC), a product that can be conveniently detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Regarding its GC-MS profile, this new carbamate derivative of PA possesses favorable chromatographic features such as a sharp peak and a longer retention time (RT = 16.62 min) relative to PA (broad peak and short retention time, RT = 4.1 min). The derivative can also be detected by LC-HRMS, providing an avenue for the analysis of this chemical using this technique where PA is virtually undetectable unless present in large concentrations. From a forensic science standpoint, detection of this low molecular weight alcohol signals the past or latent presence of the nerve agent Soman (GD) in a given matrix (i.e., environmental or biological). The efficiency of the protocol was tested separately in the analysis and detection of PA by EI-GC-MS and LC-HRMS when present at a 10 μg/mL in a soil matrix featured in the 44th PT and in a glycerol-rich liquid matrix featured in the 48th Official Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Proficiency Test when present at a 5 μg/mL concentration. In both scenarios, PA was successfully transformed into PIC, establishing the protocol as an additional tool for the analysis of this unnatural and unique nerve agent marker by GC-MS and LC-HRMS.

The GC-MS Analysis of Kabasura Kudineer: A Vital Siddha Drug in COVID-19 Therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study focuses on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Kabasura Kudineer, a Siddha formulation renowned for its properties against cold and exclusively utilized during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The medication was obtained from a reputable Siddha vendor in Chennai, India, and subsequently extracted and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: The GC-MS profiling revealed the presence of several molecules, including benzoic acid, eugenol, alpha-ylangeneol, trans-2,4-dimethylthiane, S, S-dioxide, humulene, methyl 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoate, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-hexadecyn-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl, sulfurous acid, butyl heptadecyl ester, chloroacetic acid, tetradecyl ester, n-propyl cinnamate, oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate, 1-heptatriacotanol, and fenretinide. These compounds exhibit expansive medicinal roles. Conclusion: Kabasura Kudineer emerges as a highly effective remedy for cold-related ailments, particularly owing to the presence of bioactive compounds such as eugenol and humulene. These constituents play pivotal roles in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations into the individual medicinal efficacy of each identified molecule are warranted to substantiate the therapeutic potential of Kabasura Kudineer, providing valuable insights for future applications.

A new isopropyl esterification method for quantitative profiling of short-chain fatty acids in human and cow milk by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content in milk may have been underestimated due to the neglect of the esterified SCFAs content and the lack of an accurate detection method, especially for C1:0, C2:0, and C3:0 SCFAs. In this study, an accurate gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling method was established for 10 SCFAs. A 2-step esterification, including alkaline saponification (60°C for 30 min) and acid-catalyzed esterification (80°C for 150 min) in water/isopropyl/hexane (1:2:1, volume ratio), was found to be the most suitable for the quantification of esterified and nonesterified SCFAs analysis. The validation results demonstrate satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, matrix effects, precision, and accuracy. The recoveries of nonesterified and esterified SCFAs ranged from 82.78% to 112.49%, respectively. Human milk is distinguished from cow milk by its higher C1:0 and C2:0 content and lower C4:0 and C6:0 content. This method successfully accomplished qualitative and quantitative estimation of all 10 SCFAs in milk, including both nonesterified and esterified SCFAs. Furthermore, whether our method is applicable for the determination of SCFAs in serum, rumen fluid, and feces remains to be explored.

Survey of Medicinal and Invasive Weeds in Paddy Field – Phytochemical and GC-MS Profiling of Cyanotis axillaris R. & S.

This study aims to determine the dominant weed species associated with rice crop fields in the Eppodhumvendran region of Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu and to analyze the phytochemicals, identify the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and find their bioactivity using prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction in Cyanotis axillaris. The documentation of medicinal weeds was carried out with the help of traditional local healers in Eppodhumvendran region. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of C. axillaris were performed to evaluate the chemical profiling of the extract. A total of 25 plant species regarded as invasive species/weeds were identified with the help of traditional local healers. The most commonly mentioned plant family was the Poaceae with a total of five species followed by the Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae and Commelinaceae. Among these, C. axillaris is being studied for its potentiality due to its strong therapeutic value. The aerial plant part contains phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, quinones, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids. The GC-MS results revealed 30 bioactive compounds, which were predicted using the PASS prediction method. The study highlights the importance of weeds in the paddy field ecosystem. The results reveal that C. axillaris contains various phytocomponents and that more research into their phytopharmaceutical relevance is required in the future.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Medium-Chain Free Fatty Acid-Regulated Activity of the Phospholipase PlaF from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PlaF is a membrane-bound phospholipase A1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is involved in remodeling membrane glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and modulating virulence-associated signaling and metabolic pathways. Previously, we identified the role of medium-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) in inhibiting PlaF activity and promoting homodimerization, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remained elusive. Here, we used unbiased and biased molecular dynamics simulations and free energy computations to assess how PlaF interacts with FFAs localized in the water milieu surrounding the bilayer or within the bilayer and how these interactions regulate PlaF activity. Medium-chain FFAs localized in the upper bilayer leaflet can stabilize inactive dimeric PlaF, likely through interactions with charged surface residues, as has been experimentally validated. Potential of mean force (PMF) computations indicate that membrane-bound FFAs may facilitate the activation of monomeric PlaF by lowering the activation barrier for changing into a tilted, active configuration. We estimated that the coupled equilibria of PlaF monomerization-dimerization and tilting at the physiological concentration of PlaF lead to the majority of PlaF forming inactive dimers when in a cell membrane loaded with decanoic acid (C10). This is in agreement with a suggested in vivo product feedback loop and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling results, indicating that PlaF catalyzes the release of C10 from P. aeruginosa membranes. Additionally, we found that C10 in the water milieu can access the catalytic site of active monomeric PlaF, contributing to the competitive component of C10-mediated PlaF inhibition. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how medium-chain FFAs may regulate the activity of PlaF, a potential bacterial drug target.

Unveiling the Molecular Signature of High-Temperature Cooking: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Sucrose and Histidine Reactions and Its Derivatives Induce Necrotic Death on THP1 Immune Cells

High-temperature cooking processes like frying, baking, smoking, or drying can induce chemical transformations in conventional food ingredients, causing deteriorative modifications. These reactions, including hydrolytic, oxidative, and thermal changes, are common and can alter the food’s chemical composition. This study transformed a combination of sucrose and histidine (Su-Hi) through charring or pyrolysis. The GC-MS profiling study showed that when sucrose and histidine (Su-Hi) were exposed to high temperatures (≈240 °C), they produced carbonyl and aromatic compounds including beta-D-Glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro (10.11%), 2-Butanone, 4,4-dimethoxy- (12.89%), 2(1H)-Quinolinone-hydrazine (5.73%), Benzenamine (6.35%), 2,5-Pyrrolidinedione, 1-[(3,4-dimethylbenzoyl)oxy]- (5.82%), Benzene-(1-ethyl-1-propenyl) (5.62%), and 4-Pyridinamine-2,6-dimethyl (5.52%). The compounds mentioned can permeate the cell membrane and contribute to the development of cell death by necrosis in human immune cells. The evidence suggests that a specific set of pyrolytic compounds may pose a risk to immune cells. This investigation reveals the complex relationship between high-temperature cooking-induced transformations, compound permeation inside the cells, and downstream cellular responses, emphasizing the significance of considering the broader health implications of food chemical contaminants.

Phytochemical Profile, GC-MS Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Biological Applications of the Extracts of Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C.

Indigenous to Lebanon, Origanum syriacum L. and Cousinia libanotica D.C. are notable plants in the Middle East, with O. syriacum known for its aromatic qualities and C. libanotica being less explored. Both plants have a significant role in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological properties of the extracts from these plants. The extracts were obtained through cold maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The ethyl acetate extract of O. syriacum exhibited the highest total polyphenol content. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified fifteen compounds in both C. libanotica and O. syriacum extracts, whereas gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis unveiled 179 volatile compounds. Notably, the O. syriacum-MeOH extract showed moderate antioxidant activity. Both plants' methanolic extracts demonstrated significant anti-Alzheimer's potential. The O. syriacum-dichloromethane and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts displayed the highest cytotoxicities against the HCT-116 cell line. For anti-proliferative activity against the Caco-2 cell line, the O. syriacum-methanol and C. libanotica-cyclohexane extracts were the most effective. This study provides valuable insights into the phytochemistry and potential therapeutic applications of extracts from these two oriental plant species.

Metabólito secundário do extrato de folhas de cardamomo de Java em função de sombreamento e doses de nitrogênio

ABSTRACT Java cardamom is a species of herbal medicinal plant endemic to West Java, Indonesia, that has been used for a long time in traditional medicine. The effects of shading and nitrogen doses on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profile, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves were investigated in this study. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot scheme with three replicates. The main plot constituted shading (without, 25, 50, and 75%), and the sub-plot comprised nitrogen doses (control, 0.9, and 1.36 g nitrogen fertilizer per polybag). GC-MS analysis found 27 compounds in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves. The compounds 1.8-Cineole (36.87%) and 5-Hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone (18.83%) had the highest concentrations in the combination of 25% shade with 0.9 g N fertilizer per polybag and 50% shade with 1.36 g N fertilizer per polybag. The highest total phenolic content (1.26 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dry weight), flavonoid content (3.42 mg quercetin equivalent g-1 dry weight), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant activity (5.80 μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity g-1 dry weight) were found with 75% shade. Metabolites 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-cis-3-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-6-one, 4-propoxy-catechol, cyclohexane, tert-pentyl-, cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol, cis-carveol, and cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol were responsible for antioxidant activity in the ethanol extract of Java cardamom leaves. Shade of 75% is recommended to produce optimal antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid content from Java cardamom leaf extract.

Mushroom mediated selective bioreduction of S-(+)-carvone to cis-(-)-dihydrocarvone: approach towards a safer biocatalysis

Dihydrocarvone, possessing four stereoisomers is an important flavour and chiral building block in chemical synthesis. Ascomycetes are well known for the selective bioreduction of carvone to dihydrocarvone. Often, these fungi produce mycotoxins which may contaminate the biocatalytic product. Herein, Ganoderma sessile, a polypore mushroom, selectively reduced S-(+)-carvone to cis-(-)-dihydrocarvone (DHC) in its submerged culture. In an optimised condition (0.75 g/L, 18 h, pH 3-5, 30 °C and 150 rpm), 82.7% cis-(-)-DHC was obtained in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile of the fermented product. The absolute titre of cis-(-)-DHC in fermentation medium was 0.35 ± 0.01 g/L. However, substrate toxicity (IC50 0.15 g/L) drastically reduced the transformation at higher carvone concentration (≥1.0 g/L). On the other hand, R-(-)-carvone was less selective and efficient in producing the desired isomer i.e. trans-(+)-DHC. G. sessile is the member of a group of non-toxic medicinal mushrooms and may be a safer yet efficient option for producing cis-(-)-DHC biocatalytically.

Anti-Microbial Activity and GC-MS Profiling of Leaves Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens: In vitro and In silico Studies

Anti-microbial resistance turned into the main source of death universally, bringing about a critical requirement for the development of new, safe, and potent anti-microbial agents. Compounds retrieved from plants can be a fundamental source of new antibiotics. The Hyptis suaveolens plant is rich in anti-microbial phytochemicals. Here, we used the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach for the quantitative and qualitative identification of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves. Subsequently, anti-microbial activity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological properties were predicted using in silico tools. The methanolic extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves was found to have anti-microbial activity against all pathogenic strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans). The methanolic crude extract shows the highest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemical, TLC, UV-VIS, and FTIR analyses represented the maximum absorption and functional groups of phytochemicals. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 34 secondary metabolites. In silico studies revealed that megastigmatrienone was the most active compound on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in different organisms. It showed the best minimum binding energy (-6.8 kcal/mol). The methanolic crude extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves showed powerful anti-microbial action against five types of bacteria and one fungus. Megastigmatrienone was the most bioactive compound, and it passed Lipinski's rule of 5 to determine the drug-likeness properties. Therefore, the compound Megastigmatrienone is further subjected to animal testing and clinical trials for its use as an anti-microbial agent with commercial values.

GC-MS profiling of Bacillus spp. metabolites with an in vitro biological activity assessment and computational analysis of their impact on epithelial glioblastoma cancer genes.

Background: Bacterial metabolites play a crucial role in human health and have proven effective in treating various diseases. In this study, the 16S rRNA method and streaking were employed to isolate and molecularly identify a bacterial strain, with the goal of characterizing bioactive volatile metabolites extracted using nonpolar and polar solvents. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to identify 29 compounds in the bacterial metabolites, including key compounds associated with Bacillus spp. The main compounds identified included 2-propanone, 4,4-ethylenedioxy-1-pentylamine, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy-butane, and 3,3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-hydroxytetrahydropyran-2-one. Results: The literature indicates the diverse biological and pharmacological applications of these compounds. Different concentrations of the metabolites from Bacillus species were tested for biological activities, revealing significant inhibitory effects on anti-diabetic activity (84.66%), anti-inflammatory activity (99%), antioxidant activity (99.8%), and anti-hemolytic activity (90%). Disc diffusion method testing also demonstrated a noteworthy inhibitory effect against tested strains. Conclusion: In silico screening revealed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid exhibited anticancer activity and promising drug-designing properties against epithelial glioblastoma cancer genes. The study highlights the potential of Bacillus spp. as a valuable target for drug research, emphasizing the significance of bacterial metabolites in the production of biological antibacterial agents.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Volatile Metabolites Produced by Some Bacillus spp. and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antibiotic Activities.

Bacillus species produce different classes of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances: peptides or proteins with different structural compositions and molecular masses and a broad range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which may serve as biomarkers for microorganism identification. The aim of this study is the identification of biologically active compounds synthesized by five Bacillus species using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current study profoundly enhances the knowledge of antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites ensuring the unambiguous identification of VOCs produced by some Bacillus species, which were isolated from vegetable samples of potato, carrot, and tomato. Phylogenetic and biochemical studies were used to identify the bacterial isolates after culturing. Phylogenetic analysis proved that five bacterial isolates BSS12, BSS13, BSS16, BSS21, and BSS25 showed 99% nucleotide sequence similarities with Bacillus safensis AS-08, Bacillus cereus WAB2133, Bacillus acidiproducens NiuFun, Bacillus toyonesis FORT 102, and Bacillus thuringiensis F3, respectively. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the antibiotic resistance potency and the antimicrobial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains, including yeast strains such as Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and bacterial strains of Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus group B, Streptococcus mutans, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enteritidis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. GC-MS analysis of bacterial strains found that VOCs from Bacillus species come in a variety of chemical forms, such as ketones, alcohols, terpenoids, alkenes, etc. Overall, 69 volatile organic compounds were identified from five Bacillus species, and all five were found to share different chemical classes of volatile organic components, which have a variety of pharmacological applications. However, eight antibacterial compounds with different concentrations were commonly found in all five species: acetoin, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, oxime-, methoxy-phenyl, phenol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, nonanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl. The present study has demonstrated that bacterial isolates BSS25, BSS21, and BSS16 display potent inhibitory effects against Candida albicans, while BSS25, BSS21, and BSS13 exhibit the ability to restrain the growth and activity of Candida krusei. Notably, BSS25 and BSS21 are the only isolates that demonstrate substantial inhibitory activity against Klebsiella aerogenes. This disparity in inhibitory effects could be attributed to the higher concentrations of acetoin in BSS25 and BSS21, whereas BSS16 and BSS13 have relatively elevated levels of butanoic acid, 2-methyl-. Certainly, the presence of acetoin and butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, contributes to the enhanced antibacterial potential of these bacterial strains, in conjunction with other organic volatile compounds and peptides, among other factors. The biology and physiology of Bacillus can be better understood using these results, which can also be used to create novel biotechnological procedures and applications. Moreover, because of its exceptional ability to synthesize and produce a variety of different antibacterial compounds, Bacillus species can serve as natural and universal carriers for antibiotic compounds in the form of probiotic cultures and strains to fight different pathogens, including mycobacteria.

The polyphenolic suberized peridermal skin of the Sikkim cucumber acts as an effective chemical barrier against Botrytis cinerea infection

Certain species of fleshy fruit that undergo skin cracking are capable of forming a specialized polyphenolic periderm to seal the wounded skin. Some of the genetic and metabolic components pertaining periderm formation have been identified, however it remains unknown if, and to what extent, this specialized tissue can act as an efficient barrier against the invasion of pathogenic fungi. We monitored the infection process of Botrytis cinerea on the cuticle-coated skin of the common cucumber (Cucumis sativus) or on the polyphenolic suberized peridermal skin of the Sikkim cucumber (C. sativus var. sikkimensis). In vivo inoculation assays inferred that while B. cinerea can successfully penetrate and form necrotic lesions on sativus fruit, it is incapable of penetrating the peridermal skin of sikkimensis fruit. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of fruit skin extracts, in vitro conidial germination and germ tube elongation assays, and qRT-PCR cutinase-encoding gene expression analyses, inferred that the accumulation of suberin monomers in the peridermal skin of sikkimensis fruit stimulate increased elongation of B. cinerea germ tubes and significantly alters the differential expression of cutinase-encoding genes. Among them, Bcin0607010, Bcin08g01580 and Bcin07g06480, three yet unidentified cutinases, whose expression is specifically increased in the presence of sikkimensis fruit skin extracts. Our data demonstrate that a polyphenolic suberized peridermal skin in cucumber fruit can shape the interactions with B. cinerea and implies that suberization of fleshy fruit may provide a means for reducing damage imposed by this and other pathogens.

Physicochemical, Heavy Metal Analysis, HPTLC, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activity of an Ethanol Extract of Viola pilosa Blume Whole Plant

IntroductionQuality control of herbal products remains a big challenge. There needs to be more than the physicochemical parameters to authenticate and differentiate adulterants in medicinal plants. Viola pilosa is one of the herbs used to treat various bodily ailments. This study aims to evaluate the quality control, HPTLC, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fingerprint profiles of the whole plant of V pilosa. The in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of V pilosa were also studied. MethodsThe physicochemical standardisation and the heavy metal analysis of the whole plant of V pilosa coarse powder were carried out using standard methods. High-performance Thin layer chromatography and Gas chromatography - Mass spectroscopy (HPTLC and GC-MS) analyses of the ethanol extract of V pilosa were performed using standard methods. The in-vitro antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract on DPPH and its antimicrobial effects against different microbes were also investigated. ResultsThe physicochemical properties of V pilosa have shown that all the parameters were within the permissible limits. The HPTLC fingerprint profile of the ethanolic extract exhibited 14 peaks under UV 254 nm and seven peaks under UV 366 nm. The GC-MS analysis illustrated the presence of 10 bioactive compounds in the test sample. The ethanolic extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against certain organisms and promising antioxidant activity. ConclusionsThe quality control findings revealed that the test drug was free from adulterations. The physicochemical constants, HPTLC, and GC-MS profiles of V pilosa can be essential data in the future. This herb's ethanolic extract may treat infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Cannabis profiling of seized samples: An intra-location variability study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiles and multivariate data analysis.

Yearly, cannabis belongs to the most seized drugs worldwide. During judicial investigations, illicit cannabis profiling can be performed to compare seized herbal material. However, comparison is challenging because of the natural heterogeneity of the psychoactive crop. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles, consisting of eight cannabinoids, were used to study the intra-location (within) and inter-location (between) variabilities. Decision thresholds were derived from the 95% and 99% confidence limits, applying Pearson correlation coefficients for the intra-location samples. The false negatives and false positives (FPs) determined the discriminative power of different pretreatments applied to obtain the lowest FP error rate possible. Initially, a 97 samples data set was used and with log transformation as pretreatment, a decrease in FPs from 38% and 45% FPs to 17% and 22%, for both confidence limits, respectively, was seen relative to internal standard normalization that was used as reference. An additional intra-plantation variability study with 130 samples verified whether the initial model contained sufficient within-location information, but this was not the case. Hence, a combined data matrix was constructed with all seized samples. Log transformation provided the best FP results for both limits, that is, an improvement from 58% and 64% to 21% and 26%, respectively, was seen. The representativeness of these 'linked' thresholds was demonstrated using both cross-validation and an external set, for which similar FP results as for the calibration set were obtained. By applying data pretreatment, a significant improvement was observed to distinguish seized samples. However, the FP rate is still not at an acceptable level to defend in court.

GC-MS validated phytochemical up-leveling with in vitro-raised Sansevieria trifasciata [Prain]: The Mother in Law’s tongue gets more antibacterial

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health challenge, jeopardizing the efficacy of infectious disease treatments and necessitating innovative solutions. The exploration of plants, renowned for their wealth of bioactive compounds, as sustainable sources of antimicrobials is gaining momentum. Sansevieria, a succulent plant genus, boasts ornamental, medicinal, and pollution-remediating attributes owing to its phytochemical richness. Notably, specific species exhibit inherent antimicrobial properties, positioning them as promising reservoirs of alternative antimicrobial agents. Efficient cultivation methods are imperative for the economically viable production of Sansevierias with potential medicinal benefits. In addressing this need, in vitro micropropagation emerges as a strategic solution, enabling mass multiplication and germplasm conservation. Leveraging our previous success in achieving efficient in vitro regeneration of Sansevieria trifasciata through elevated temperatures and auxin supplementation, we present a novel PTC-assisted antimicrobial elicitation platform. This innovative approach resulted in significantly augmented biomass production, heightened concentrations of potent phytochemicals, and increased antibacterial activity in tissue extracts compared to their field-grown counterparts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling confirmed the upregulation of phytochemicals known for their antibacterial efficacy. Notably, Citronellol, 7,8-Epoxylanostan-11-ol, 3-acetoxy, and several new compounds were markedly elevated in PTC-raised Sansevieria trifasciata. Our study furnishes compelling evidence for the efficacy of in vitro techniques in enhancing the growth and phytochemical profiles of Sansevieria plants. This opens new avenues for their commercial production, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance. Importantly, this study represents the first exploration of phytochemical bioprospecting in the Sansevieria genus through in vitro tissue culture endeavors.

Formulation and characterization of functional andaliman lozenges

In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) has been reported to exert potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetes activities by ameliorating gene markers related to inflammation and diabetes in vitro. Here, andaliman ethanolic extract was formulated into a lozenge tablet and further tested for its functional efficacy to prevent metabolic syndrome through antioxidant and inhibitory enzyme activity against alpha-glucosidase and lipase in vitro. The lozenge was made from andaliman ethanolic extract and formulated in 3 variants, i.e. original andaliman lozenge, andaliman lozenge with honey additive, and andaliman lozenge with sorbitol additive. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling showed that all andaliman lozenges contained limonene as a major essential compound found in andaliman extract. All lozenges were able to scavenge >50% of free radicals, indicating their antioxidant potency. This is also linear with their total phenolic contents (~160 GAE/mL). Andaliman lozenges also blocked alpha-glucosidase (50-70%) and lipase activities (~50%). Organoleptic results showed that among all, most panellists prefer andaliman lozenge with sorbitol additive over others. In conclusion, andaliman lozenges may offer an alternative functional supplement for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Practical benzylation of N,N-substituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents for analysis and detection by electron ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The benzylation of three low molecular weight N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines related to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to furnish derivatives with improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles is described. Due to their low molecular weight and polar nature, N,N-disubstituted ethanolamines are notoriously difficult to detect by routine GC-MS analyses during Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) proficiency tests (PTs), particularly in scenarios when they are present at low levels (~1-10 ppm) amidst more abundant interferences. Our studies revealed that the optimal derivatization conditions involved the treatment of the ethanolamine with benzyl bromide in the presence of an inorganic base (e.g., Na2 CO3 ) in dichloromethane at 55°C for 2 h. This optimized set of conditions was then successfully applied to the derivatization of N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine and N,N-diisopropylethanolamine present separately at 1 and 10 μg/mL concentrations in a glycerol-rich matrix sample featured in the 48th OPCW PT. The benzylated derivatives of the three ethanolamines possessed retention times long enough to clear the massive glycerol-containing matrix interferences. The protocol herein is introduced as an alternative method for derivatization of these CWA and pharmaceutically important species and should find broad applicability in laboratories where routine forensic analysis is carried out.

Role of chemometric classification for future prediction: application on different geographical origins of Jordanian Guava

In this study, the guava-origin fruits were collected from different cultivated regions in Jordan, then scanned using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal the chemical constituents. The chemical contents were then used with the help of multivariate analysis to classify the regions. Guava fruit was collected from; Northern Shouneh-1, Northern Shouneh-2, Madaba, Saham Al-Kfarat, and Southern Shouneh. Hydrodistillation was implemented to extract the essential oils from guava fruits. Comprehensive chemical profiling of the extracted essential oils was achieved using (GC -MS). A total of thirty-eight chemical compounds have been detected and identified with variances from one region to another. Limonene, longifolene, β-copaene, and t-muurolo were found in high concentrations among the other detected compounds. The GC-MS data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to reveal the similarities/differences between guava fruit regions. The Northern Shouneh-1 and Madaba regions' fruits showed high similarity to each other due to the distinct contents of limonene and longifolene. On the other hand, cadinol was the main compound in Saham Kfarat and Southern Shouneh regions. Finally, Northern Shouneh-2 guava samples showed different content than other regions due to the distinguished levels of t-muurolol. Guava classification based on the GC-MS profile will meet the practical needs of its applications in food production and will contribute to the standardization of commercially available cultivars in Jordan.