Gas Bottles Research Articles

Impact of new type of plastic as aggregate on fresh and hardened, microstructure properties of concrete

The goal of this work is to reuse plastic waste as a result of the production of valves on gas bottles into concrete. In this way, one can reduce and consume that waste and at the same time reuse it in concrete and study its effects on its properties to decide which best content. This kind of plastic waste was used in different quantities (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%) to replace fine natural aggregate (sand) partially. The effects of these ratios on the fresh concrete's slump factor, the density of hardened concrete, compressive strength, absorption, microstructure, and ultrasonic pulse speed were studied and compared with a reference mixture free of plastic waste. The ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the results of the fresh and hardened tests, and it was concluded that 5% was the ideal percentage of the percentages used, as it had less negative influence on the properties of concrete. From laboratory work, it was concluded that increasing the percentage of plastic waste has a negative impact on the properties of concrete, such as reducing compressive strength, flexural strength, spitting tensile strength, and increasing absorption.

Experimental Evaluation of the Methane Number Measurement Procedure for Gaseous Fuel Rating

Methane Number (MN) is a fuel rating technique for gaseous fuels analogous to Octane Number. This study establishes and shares a repeatable and reproducible method for MN determination of a gaseous fuel using a modified Cooperative Fuel Research Engine (CFR). Adaptations required to convert a CFR engine for use in the MN test procedure are identified. The investigation includes allowable environmental parameters and operating variation limits. An essential aspect of the MN method involves identifying and quantifying Knock Intensity (KI) during engine operation. CFR engines, originally designed for gasoline testing, come equipped with their own knock measurement systems utilizing a capacitive detonation sensor. The original system is compared with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach that uses a piezoelectric pressure transducer. Quantification of methane number requires an accurate assessment of the reference fuel blend (CH4 + H2). A comparison is carried out between dynamic blending using mass flow meters and bracketing using certified gas bottles containing various CH4/H2 blends from a gas supplier.

Strength performance simulation and testing of pontoon component cabin

The helicopter emergency flotation system consists of a buoy installation mechanism, a high-pressure gas bottle, and an electronic control starting device. The buoy assembly cabin is an important part of the buoy installation mechanism. During the flotation test, openings and cracks appeared in the pontoon assembly cabin due to insufficient strength. To avoid the occurrence of openings and cracks, methods such as rounding corners at the locations of openings and cracks, carbon fiber cross-laying technology, and changing cross-sections at stress concentration locations are adopted. The improved method was applied to the buoy cabin of the emergency flotation system, and the damage coefficient in the front and back states was simulated. The simulation results showed that the damage coefficient was reduced by 59%. After the improved cabin was subjected to the emergency flotation system flotation test, the openings and cracks in the pontoon assembly cabin disappeared, indicating that the improvement method was effective and could improve the strength and performance of the cabin.

Investigation on the pressure drop characteristics of ITER thermal shield cooling pipes

This paper presents the experimental results of the pressure drop through the cooling pipes of the ITER Thermal Shield (TS) panels. High pressure and room temperature nitrogen gas is selected for the experiment, which is equivalent operating condition with the 80 K helium gas from fluid mechanics point of view. Flow rate is set by a mass flow controller and pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the cooling pipe is measured by a differential pressure gauge. The experimental set-up is open loop type, which is connected to high pressure gas bottle. Flexible corrugated pipes are used to connect the TS cooling pipes with the measurement system line. The effect of the corrugated pipe is evaluated separately and excluded from the measurement results of the TS pipes. Test results of several TS panels are shown in this paper and are compared with the calculation using existing friction factor correlation and local loss coefficient of the pipe bends. The limitation of the calculation is discussed considering the hydrodynamic developing flow in the pipe routing.

Extraction of hydrocarbons from “yellow oil” with liquefied gas residue

In order to extract the hydrocarbon content obtained from “Yellow oil” by using the liquefied gas residue collected at the bottom of the gas bottles during the distribution of liquefied gas to the local population, the properties of the liquefied gas residue were analyzed by traditional methods and the chemical composition was analyzed with the help of chromatographic methods. Based on the results of the analysis, it has been proven that it can be used as an extractant due to the fact that its composition consists of a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons. In the extraction of hydrocarbon content, when extracting abilities of hexane and liquefied gas residue were studied, it was found that separation of raffinate from the extraction mixture is carried out twice as fast in liquefied gas residue as compared to hexane. It is recommended to use it as an extractant in the extraction of hydrocarbon content.

Influence of laser metal deposition process parameters on a precipitation hardening stainless steel

The combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels (MPHSS) makes them well suited for demanding applications in aerospace, high-pressure gas bottles, or in injection molding of corrosive plastics. Directed energy deposition methods and specifically the laser metal deposition process with powder as feedstock (LMDp) have the potential to be applied in the production of such components. It is well-known that the geometrical features of the deposited beads such as aspect ratio and dilution are crucial for process efficiency and deposition quality. Therefore, this work aims at understanding the influence of the process parameters and the resulting microstructure of a MPHSS modified PH 13-8Mo alloy when using LMDp. Design of experiment (DoE) was used to plan and analyze the influence and interaction of the different LMDp process variables in the geometry of the deposits. It was found that height, width, and depth were statistically significantly influenced by speed, while height was also considerably influenced by the powder feeding rate. In terms of laser power, it was the most significant factor for the width and the depth, but it did not significantly affect the height of the beads. The results showed that the as-deposited microstructure of the modified PH 13-8Mo under the LMDp conditions investigated in this work consists of a martensitic matrix with some amount of primary δ ferrite. The presence of a low amount of retained austenite and aluminum-enriched inclusions was confirmed. This work enhances the fundamental process and material understanding of LMDp of the modified PH 13-8Mo alloy as a first stage in the fabrication of additively manufactured components.

Study on the Relationship between Indoor Vertical Greening and Oxygen Content in High-Rise Buildings

This article clarifies the quantitative relationship between vertical greening, indoor ventilation, and the oxygen content in high-rise buildings, with the aim of determining values for a high-oxygen-content threshold to assess the ventilation and greening of high-rise buildings. The quantitative index could be provided to architects to assist in the sustainable design of vertical greening in high-rise buildings. The quantitative index offers an effective, convenient, and environmentally friendly oxygen-content-testing method for interior spaces, while avoiding the air pollution caused by the current red phosphorus combustion method. Firstly, a floor of a high-rise building in Harbin was selected for on-site and fixed-point experiments. Secondly, through the design of a candle-burning experiment in a gas bottle, we measured the change in candle-burning time before and after installing vertical greening, as well as under different ventilation states. Finally, the changes in relative oxygen content in each functional space before and after vertical greening and under different ventilation states were statistically analyzed. The results showed that there was a potential correlation between indoor oxygen content and vertical greening placement in high-rise buildings; this correlation was found to be directly related to room orientation, the degree of the plants’ photosynthesis, and indoor airflow. In general, vertical greening should be placed in south-facing rooms. For daily ventilation, two or more windows should be opened to ensure convection in rooms, which can increase their oxygen content.

Synthesis of an Odorant Substance for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a Substitute for Thiophene (Tetrahydrothiophene)

Tetrahydrothiophene (C4H8S) is used as an odorant for liquid gas (LPG).the Tetrahydrothiophene acts as an alarm when a leak occurs in liquid petroleum gas (LPG) bottles at a gas filling and distribution company. where it is added at a concentration of (20PPM) to the liquefied gas.
 This research includes the preparation of an alternative substance to (tetrahydrothiophene C4H8S). ethanethiol (C2H5SH), that is used as an odorant for gas leaks. It was prepared in the laboratory at the Petroleum Research and Development Center through the reaction of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) with ethanol alcohol (C2H5OH) in the presence of a catalyst (Gama alumina) .at a temperature of (350-400 °C) using the reactor or the system that was manufactured Inside the petroleum research and development center.
 The prepared substance was identified using various techniques including the (FT-IR) technique to identify the functional groups. In FTIR the thiol group (SH) clearly appeared at a frequency of (2500 cm-1) with the disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching band, which usually appears at a frequency of (3300Cm-1).
 The density test for the prepared substance was also conducted using a digital density measuring device inside the laboratories of the petroleum Research and Development Center. The result was 0.8452 g/cm3 at the standard temperature (15.6 ○C).
 The (GC-Mass) assay technique was also used, which is considered one of the most important identification tests and works to give the synthetic formula of the substance. A chart with the highest signal intensity was obtained, which is (62) that represents the molecular weight of the prepared substance ethanethiol (C2H5SH) according to what was extracted from the electronic library of the examination device.

Mathematical Modeling & Engineering Design of Wastewater Treatment Unit for Al-Kut Gas Filling Company

New talented treatment method without chemicals and with minimum operational cost was performed to treat industrial waste water discharged by a hydrostatic test performed on the gas bottles maintenance workshops to reuse it. A common method by Tarleton and Wakeman was used to select the general treatment philosophy, The implementation of this study was carried out on three stages, water sample analysis, simulates the proposed preliminary design and detailed engineering designing for the first stage, a sample of waste water was brought from Al-Kut Gas Filling Company - maintenance section and tested for settling, aeration, and filtration. The experiments showed that the most of sediments were insoluble but rather than suspended in water and can be removed by settling. Furthermore, aeration test showed that concentrated Thiophene odor in water was removed at 50 C of water with diffused air bubbling. On the other hand, filtration of using 10 Micron filter paper was achieved to eliminate the rest of tiny sedimentation. Secondly, general dimension of equipment was calculated by engineering design equation according to qualitative and quantitative analyses of waste water. Accordingly, a set of experiments of simulation using ANSYS V19.0 and Eulerian – Eulerian as mathematical model were performed for the 3D two phase flow sedimentation tank with capacity of 5 m3/hr to find the optimum sedimentation performance by testing of the modifications on the tank geometry (baffle depth, distance between baffle and inlet, hooper). Simulation results showed that the optimum tank geometry (0.86 m Baffle depth with inclined part, 2.5m distance between baffle and inlet, hooper within V type geometry W=1.67m/0.29 m, D=1.03 m and tank dimension (L=10m, W=2.5, H=2.5 with slope angle = 2o) with 49.5 volume % in sediment layer with a minimum sediment layer height. 
 The third stage included an accomplishment of the Preliminary and detailed engineering design of the entire unit by SOLIDWORKS software to be ready for prototyping.

Microstructural examination of carbonated 3D-printed concrete.

The recent interest in 3D printing with concrete has generated great interest on how inhomogeneities arise and affect performance parameters, in particular strength and durability. With respect to durability, of particular interest is how 3D‐printed layer interfaces can impact transport of species of interest, such as moisture, chlorides or carbon dioxide in carbonation processes. This is of particular interest considering that the primary use case of 3D‐printed concrete has been as a lost formwork for a cast structural concrete, and thus it is of interest to determine the carbonation resistance. This study consists of a preliminary look at the microstructure after accelerated carbonation of a 3D‐printed concrete used as a lost formwork. Preferential carbonation is observed in the layer interfaces compared to the bulk of the printed filaments, possibly related to porosity from air voids or a locally high capillary porosity corresponding to the lubrication layer.

A portable muon telescope for multidisciplinary applications

Muon tomography or “muography” is an emerging imaging technique that uses cosmogenic muons as the radiation source. Due to its diverse range of applications and the use of natural radiation, muography is being applied across many fields such as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. Muons can be detected using various detector technologies, among which, resistive plate chambers (RPC) are a very cost effective choice. RPCs are planar detectors which use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons, already used since years in major particle accelerator experiments.We have developed a muon telescope (or “muoscope”) composed of small scale RPCs. The design goal for our muoscope is to be portable and autonomous, in order to take data in places that are not easily accessible. The whole setup is light and compact, such to be easily packed in a car trunk. Individual RPCs are hosted in gas-tight aluminium cases. There is no need for gas bottles, once the chambers are filled. The muoscope can be controlled from a reasonable distance using wireless connection. In this paper we summarize the guiding principles of our project and present some recent developments and future prospects, including a long-term stability study of the resistivity of the semiconductive coating obtained with serigraphy.

Numerical investigation and experimental validation of controlled venting of Helium from a high pressure gas bottle

Numerical investigation and experimental validation of controlled venting of Helium from a high pressure gas bottle

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МЕТОДІВ ФІЗИЧНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ДЛЯ АНАЛІЗУ ПРОЦЕСУ ПРИЗЕМЛЕННЯ ПАРАШУТНИХ ПЛАТФОРМ НА НАДУВНІ ПОВІТРЯНІ АМОРТИЗАТОРИ

Research has been carried out aimed at developing the theoretical bases of physical modelling of landing processes of parachute platforms on inflatable air shock absorbers. At the same time, the features of the application of physical modeling methods for solving this task are considered. The conditions, landing features and operation of parachute platform devices at landing on inflatable air shock absorbers are determined. It is shown that presently parachute-depreciation systems have become widespread, in which soft tissue shells are used, filled through the inlet openings with atmospheric or air injected from gas bottles air. The operation of these devices is based on the compression of air in the shell and expiration of him through exit holes (valves). At the same time, air inflatable shells absorb the kinetic energy of the impact, controlling the release of air through exit holes.It has been established that the most effective method for studying the behavior of a dropped vehicle is physical modelling, which uses a free-flying dynamically similar model (FDSM) or stand dynamically similar model (DSM) of a dropped object as an research object. Modeling of landing processes of parachute platforms on inflatable air shock absorbers is not related to the dynamics of the flight and air flow around surfaces. Therefore, for this task, the existing developments in physical modelling of dynamics flight cannot be applied, and for the theoretical substantiation of the dynamic similarity to modeling motion, it makes sense to use the laws of gas dynamics in regard to air shock absorbers.

Thermochemical energy storage system development utilising limestone

For renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels, large scale energy storage is required and thermal batteries have been identified as a commercially viable option. In this study, a 3.2 kg prototype (0.82 kWhth) of the limestone-based CaCO3-Al2O3 (16.7 wt%) thermochemical energy storage system was investigated near 900 °C in three different configurations: (i) CaCO3 was thermally cycled between 850 °C during carbonation and 950 °C during calcination whilst activated carbon was utilised as a CO2 gas storage material. (ii) The CaCO3 temperature was kept constant at 900 °C while utilising the activated carbon gas storage method to drive the thermochemical reaction. (iii) A mechanical gas compressor was used to compress CO2 into volumetric gas bottles to achieve a significant under/overpressure upon calcination/carbonation, i.e. ≤ 0.8 bar and > 5 bar, respectively, compared to the ∼1 bar thermodynamic equilibrium pressure at 900 °C. Scenarios (i) and (iii) showed a 64% energy capacity retention at the end of the 10th cycle. The decrease in capacity was partly assigned to the formation of mayenite, Ca12Al14O33, and thus the absence of the beneficial properties of the expected Ca5Al6O14 while sintering was also observed. The 316L stainless-steel reactor was investigated in regards to corrosion issues after being under CO2 atmosphere above 850 °C for approximately 1400 h, and showed no significant degradation. This study illustrates the potential for industrial scale up of catalysed CaCO3 as a thermal battery and provides a viable alternative to the calcium-looping process.

Studies on fluorine-based impurity production in Triple-GEM detectors operated with C[formula omitted]-based gas mixture

One of the primary elements influencing gaseous detector operation is the purity of the gas mixture. Its quality can be undermined by the presence of impurities, already present in the supply gas bottles or that could be created in the gas system or from the detector itself. Gaseous detectors operated with Freon-based gas mixtures are subject to the formation of the products of gas molecules break up, occurring when the gas is exposed to high-rate radiation, and enhanced by the presence of high electric field. The release of highly reactive products could be critical as they could either create polymerized deposits or cause material etching, that could compromise detector performance and accelerate aging processes. Moreover, the operation of gas systems with gas recirculation, nowadays common in many gas systems, could worsen the risk of damage due to possible impurities accumulation. This work focuses on the production of fluorine-based impurities in Triple-GEMs detectors operated with CF4-based gas mixture. Detectors are operated in a LHC-like gas system and exposed to high-rate gamma irradiation thanks to the intense 137Cs source provided by the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Impurity production is characterized for different detector operation conditions such as gas mixture, working voltage, input flow rate, and irradiation rates. Furthermore, purifier module operation is validated proving its efficiency in removing Fluoride impurities.

Caravan explosions: a case series of burns patients at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital.

Caravan explosions due to gas cylinder explosions or gas leaks are responsible for a small but significantly injured group of burns patients. Those involved in explosions are sometimes assumed to be at risk of primary blast wave injury; however, the likelihood of such injuries is unclear. The aim of this research was to seek evidence of primary blast injury in groups defined by clinicians as having sustained burns in explosive and non-explosive events. This is a single-centre case series of patients with caravan-related burns from 2009 to 2019, identified using the burns data registry at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based on the mechanism of injury, with injuries sustained from either a gas bottle explosion (group 1) or from gas ignition (group 2). Twenty-one patients were identified over the 10-year period. The explosion group suffered more extensive burns, with a median % total body surface area of 31% (23.5-43.5) and 9.5% (5-20) in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P = 0.01). There was a numerically longer median hospital and intensive care unit length of stay in group 1. In multivariable analysis, there were no statistically significant predictors of intensive care unit or hospital length of stay. None of the patients appeared to have suffered any of the expected effects of primary blast wave injury. Gas bottle explosions in caravans uncommonly, if ever, result in a blast wave of sufficient energy to cause primary blast injury.

Oxygen Sensors Based on Titanium Oxide Layers Produced By Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

Introduction Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of titanium is a powerful technique for creating key materials, for instance, in photocatalytic devices, automotive components, biomedical prostheses and recently in gas sensors [1,2]. Graphite-platinum electrodes on top of PEO oxide layers on titanium foils led to gas sensors for H2, H2O and CO, depending on the applied detection principle [2]. In our study, we investigate the potential of PEO produced titanium oxide layers for detecting O2.In this context, the porous microstructure, layer thickness and crystal titanium dioxide phase composition is essential. The porous microstructure provides a high surface-to-bulk ratio which is beneficial for gas interaction. The thickness and phase composition affect the electronic resistivity. Recent studies show, that the titanium oxide layer may vary in its porosity, thickness and phase composition, depending on the fabrication parameters in PEO [3, 4]. For instance, the crystal phase, either anatase or rutile, can be adjusted intentionally by customizing the electrolyte in the process. Based on recent findings [3, 4], we optimize the titanium oxide layer and apply it as sensor material for detecting oxygen. Method Oxide layers on titanium foils were produced by galvanostatically controlled plasma electrolytic oxidation in concentrated sulfuric acid with small additions of phosphoric acid up to 3% mole fraction. Before and after PEO, the samples were analyzed for weight gain with a microbalance. Oxide surfaces and cross sections were systematically studied in different phases of the process by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. From confocal Raman microscopy on cross sections, we derived some information about the phase distribution in the oxide layer. Elemental composition was investigated by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.The top electrode on the oxide layers consists of platinum and was applied by sputter deposition. Electrical connection between substrate as well as top electrode and socket pins was achieved with either silver epoxy glue or gold wire bonding. The gas sensing experiments were performed in a gas-flow apparatus with two pressurized gas bottles (oxygen and nitrogen). Mass flow controllers adjust the overall gas flow and the concentration of oxygen. Results and Conclusions Oxide coatings on titanium were produced in a PEO process with constant current density and were applied as gas sensing materials. The electrolyte in the PEO process was varied by different amounts of sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Therefore, the intensity of characteristic breakdowns in the PEO process and their impact on the oxide layer changes. In pure sulfuric acid, rough surfaces with high pore densities and mainly rutile evolve. With small additions of phosphoric acid, the destructive reforming is suppressed and mainly anatase is formed. Our findings explain the drastic change by a preferential adsorption of H3PO4 anions on the anodic area, which block the surface for more reactive H2SO4 anions [3]. Our findings from PEO were exploited to customize the oxide layers for application as sensor material for oxygen detection. The sensor performance varies, depending on the structure of the oxide layer. The signal was investigated regarding the sensitivity, stability and reproducibility. The performance was explained in a simple model of oxygen interaction.

Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Signal Shape Processing for Selective Detection of Hydrocarbons in Realistic Air Conditions

Introduction The selective detection with high spatio-temporal resolution of hydrocarbons leakage as a result of pipelines inconsistency is a valid industrial demand [1]. Perspectives are associated with deployment of distributed networks of chemical sensors, transferring data on ambience pollution to the data processing center [2]. Miniature micromachined metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors possess a great perspective of practical use in this regard, however their long term operation in real atmosphere conditions requires improvement [3]. In this work we demonstrate improved selectivity of propane vs. methane detection in low concentrations in the ambient air of highly urbanized location by the SnO2-based semiconductor gas sensors with the modulated working temperature, using statistical analysis of “sensor response/sensor working temperature” shape representation. The obtained results of gases discrimination with artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning algorithm, used such pre-treated data as input samples, demonstrate advantages over similar classification methods without signal pre-processing, or pre-processing with previously reported methods of PCA, wavelet transformation and polynomial curve approximation. Sensor fabrication, data collection and processingThree SnO2-based materials have been used – pure SnO2, gold-modified SnO2 and bimetallic Au and Pd modified SnO2. The gas sensing materials synthesis via single step flame spray pyrolysis technique and sensors fabrication has been reported in a recent paper [4]. A fixed air flow from outside of the building of the Department of Chemistry of Moscow State University through PTFE sensor chamber was used as a background. Methane or propane were admixed to the background air flow through precise mass-flow controllers in three different concentrations from certified gas bottles. Sensors were operated in a working temperature modulation mode between 500 oC and 150 oC with period length of 60 sec. Sensitive layer resistance was measured with the 10 Hz frequency. Collected data was separated in two parts: first, collected in December 2018 was used for data processing algorithms training. Second, collected during January and February 2019, was used for the testing of elaborated data processing models. The total data set of 22440 measurement cycles,11220 of which represent an ambient air, while two data subsets of 5610 measurement cycles represent same air with admixture of methane or propane, were used for processing. The multilayer perceptron ANN-model with 2 hidden dense layers has been used for data processing model development and gases discrimination. The batch normalization and dropout techniques were implemented to avoid model overfitting.According to statistical shape analysis approach, each characteristic point of sensor response is characterized by certain gas sensor working temperature and sensitive layer resistance. All characteristic points of each single measurement cycle during analysis are converted into Kendall’s pre-shape space with removed translation and scaling factor, but with remaining rotation as well as the shape. During further processing the data samples are projected onto the unit-sphere with a pole of mean shape of sensor responses towards air without additives. Later inverse transformation of data samples leads to icon representation of response shape, eliminating possible effects of sensor baseline and response amplitude drift. Results and Conclusions Direct application of collected data to artificial neural network algorithm for methane vs. propane selective detection without any pre-processing gives a decent level of accuracy (Fig.1). However, it can be seen by the rise of discrimination error after normalization of data samples, that the main component of the sensors response, used by algorithm for gases discrimination, is of amplitude nature. It means, that the developed signal processing model may work in unstable manner when any additional gas is involved in the measurements. The use of statistical shape analysis allows to significantly improve the accuracy of discrimination of methane vs. propane in comparison with other pre-processing techniques. The remained error of gases identification is mostly related to the single day of measurements, which is associated with urban air pollution during winter heating season.

Low Cost, Energy Efficient Production of Bio-Methane from Landfill Gas

As the world is currently moving fast towards globalization, industrial and technological advancement; sufficient generation and utilization of energy sources have become important issues. Presently, the main energy source is fossil fuel which is non-renewable. However, Renewable energy sources (RES) supply about 14% of the total world energy demand. The aim of this research work is to generate and study the quality of gases produced from municipal solid waste. Landfill simulating vessels, with associated piping, fitting and treatment unit, were to generate the required gas samples for the study. The test rig is intended to receive, treat and convert bio-degradable non-hazardous solid waste into pure bio-methane which is a useful renewable energy resource. The objectives of this study are to;(1) To ensure maintenance of high sanitary standards for the disposal of waste in Niger Delta University and its environs;(2) To develop waste prevention scheme via recycling and conversion of waste into bio-methane;(3) To reduce cost for the disposal of waste. A total of three gas samples were simulated; one gas sample in each of the three vessels and subjected to five different treatment resulting to fifteen gas samples (5 treatment by 3 replication experiment =15 samples) which were collected using 0.5L capacity Swagelok gas bottles and stored in large plastic coolers containing iced blocks so as to retain the quality & composition of gas samples, while in transit to laboratory for analysis. The experimental gas samples were designated as samples; A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 respectively. Analysis of collected gas samples was carried out at Niger Delta University central Research laboratory with support from Geospectra Engineering services & consultancy laboratory, using gas chromatograph and other hi-tech equipment. Results show that; sample A1 had the highest methane content of 78.87 %. The methane contents got here are higher than those reported in some past researches. For example Polprasert (1996), reported that landfills gas is basically composed of methane (CH4, 55 to 65%). While, Larry (2011), Reported in his research on landfills gas that he recorded Methane content of between 45 – 60%. Sample A5 had the highest amount of carbon dioxide of 10.53%. While sample C2 yielded the smallest amount of CO2 of 3.94% out of the 15 gas samples that were used for this experiment. Sample A1 had the lowest moisture content of 0.5 ppm. Sample A1 also yielded the highest Gross heating value of 48.67 KJ/kg and Net heating value of 44.16 KJ/kg. From the findings of this research the following recommendations were made; That the renewable energy solutions got in this research should be commercialized by the Niger Delta University management, the federal government of Nigeria and agencies of government like; Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Tertiary Education Trust fund & Nigeria content Development Board.

A portable solution blow spinning device for minimally invasive surgery hemostasis

In situ fiber deposition technology has shown great excellence in visceral hemostasis. In recent years, minimally invasive surgery has been widely welcomed by patients because of its small trauma, light pain and rapid recovery. In the treatment of minimally invasive surgical wounds, fiber deposition has the advantages of fast, convenient, disassemble free and low toxicity. However, due to the conductive nature of the human body and narrow space in thoracic and abdominal cavity, the use of electrospinning technology to deposit fibers have high risk of short circuit and creepage. Such adverse effects, on the one hand, bring dangers to patients, and on the other hand, they will destroy equipment such as endoscopes. In this work, we used gas-blowing spinning instead of high-voltage electricity to guide fiber deposition, and completed liver hemostasis in a minimally invasive surgical environment. Pathological section analysis revealed that the surgery did not trigger an additional inflammatory response. It is worth mentioning that the gas blowing system used in this work can be a portable one. The high pressure gas source is changed from a conventional air pump to a commercially available compressed gas bottle (weight ~284 g, air pressure ~0.6 MPa). The gas source is greatly optimized and the volume is smaller. It is more convenient to carry, which makes the combination of hemostasis and other surgical items more convenient. This method is similar to the hemostatic membrane prepared by electrospinning technology, which can avoid the use of drainage tube, thus providing a cutting-edge form for minimally invasive surgery.