Garlic Waste Research Articles

In vitro evaluation of the anthelmintic potential of proteases from garlic peel (Allium sativum)

The garlic peel (Allium sativum) is rich in protease-type enzymes, which have already demonstrated their anthelmintic activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of proteases from garlic peel in the in vitro control of Moniezia expansa eggs and trichostrongylid. The prepared extract was precipitated and dialyzed, and its proteolytic activity was evaluated. Subsequently, three experimental groups were prepared: one containing the active extract, another with the denatured extract, and a control group. In vitro assays were then conducted to assess the effect of the extract on M. expansa eggs and trichostrongylid (Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.). There was an increase in enzymatic activity from 4.39 U/mL to 7.32 U/mL after precipitation and dialysis. In vitro experiments confirmed the nematicidal and ovicidal efficacy of garlic peel proteases, with an average reduction of L3 in the experimental groups, in comparison with the control, were: 9,16 % for the denatured extract and 55% for the active extract and 27.69% for M. expansa eggs. This is the first report of the nematicidal and ovicidal effect of these parasites using enzymes from garlic peel. Further research should explore the potential of garlic waste enzymes to create products that contribute to parasite control.

Enzymatically Digested Garlic Waste Conserved Most of Its Polyphenols and Contributed to Nrf2 Activation: Bio-accessibility, Bioactivity, Gene Expression, and Genotoxicity Analysis

Enzymatically Digested Garlic Waste Conserved Most of Its Polyphenols and Contributed to Nrf2 Activation: Bio-accessibility, Bioactivity, Gene Expression, and Genotoxicity Analysis

Production of single cell protein by fungi from different food wastes

AbstractSingle-cell protein (SCP) which is derived from agricultural waste has recently drawn increased interest as a substitute source of protein to improve both human and animal nutrition. In this study, pineapple, orange, banana, sugarcane, and garlic wastes were prepared as substrates for SCP production using fungi under a liquid fermentation system. The fermentation conditions (temperature, pH, and nitrogen sources) of the most promising fungal isolates were optimized for maximum SCP production. Results obtained showed that Aspergillus niger with pineapple waste after 10 days gave the highest protein content (9.79 ± 0.11 g/L), followed by Penicillium citrinum with orange waste after 8 days (9.41 ± 0.15 g/L) and Penicillium crustosum with banana waste after 6 days (7.75 ± 0.11 g/L).The optimum fermentation temperature, pH value, and nitrogen source for SCP production were recorded at 30 °C, pH 4.3, and ammonium sulphate with Aspergillus niger; at 30 °C, pH 5.0, and ammonium sulphate with Penicillium citrinum; and at 20 °C, pH 5.0, and ammonium sulphate with Penicillium crustosum. Based on proximate analysis of SCP produced, fat content ranged from 2.74 ± 0.08∼10.73 ± 0.1%, fibers from 4.8 ± 0.18∼9.45 ± 0.15%, carbohydrates from 14.1 ± 0.06∼20.81 ± 0.06%, ash from 4.05 ± 0.05∼16.1 ± 0.2%, total phenols 0.14 ± 0.03∼0.64 ± 0.04%, and total flavonoids 0.09 ± 0.01∼0.55 ± 0.15%. The amino acid profile of SCP showed that all essential amino acids were present in significant amounts. This study recorded some fungal species as SCP producers for the first time and provided a significant amount of protein. Briefly, fungal SCP is a great protein source and other essential nutrients that may be used in food products. Graphical Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from onion and garlic waste under organic, inorganic and dual acid mixtures

This study aims to investigate pectin extraction from garlic (GW) and onion waste (OW) by microwave-assisted (MAE) and sequential microwave assisted-hot acid extraction (MAHE) methods. All extractions were performed under three different media including organic acids [citric (CA) and acetic (AA)], inorganic acids [sulfuric (H2SO4) and hydrochloric (HCl)] and their mixtures. GW provided more pectin yields compared with OW. While the highest pectin yields from GW and OW by MAE in H2SO4 were respectively 24.62 ± 0.65 and 24.93 ± 0.59%, these yields under MAHE were 27.99 ± 0.36 and 28.43 ± 0.42%, respectively. Higher pectin yields and galacturonic acid (Gal-A) contents were mostly achieved in inorganic acids. However, degree of esterification (DE), methoxyl content (MeO) and equivalent weight (EW) values were higher for the pectins extracted under organic acids. Extraction of pectin from GW and OW was also accomplished in dual acidic media by MAE. Addition of inorganic acids to the organic acid solutions resulted in increasing pectin yields. The highest pectin yields from GW and OW under dual acid solutions were respectively 23.36 ± 0.66 and 21.88 ± 0.52%, and achieved in 1/3 HCl-H2SO4 and 1/3 CA-H2SO4 mixtures by MAE. While increasing inorganic acid contents in dual acid solutions resulted in enhanced Gal-A contents, increasing organic acid volume also generated higher DE and MeO values of the pectins. Obtained successful outcomes indicate that MAHE method could be used as an efficient extraction technique for the higher pectin yields, and utilization of organic-inorganic dual acid mixtures during MAE provides enhanced yields and controlled physicochemical properties of pectin.Graphical abstract

Pectins rich in RG-I and galactose extracted from garlic pomace: Physicochemical, structural, emulsifying and antioxidant properties

Pectins are highly sought after as food additives, functional ingredients, and structural polymers. So far, no study has been performed on the extraction, characterization, and application of pectins from garlic pomace. In this study, a medium-sized low-methoxyl pectin rich in rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and galactose was prepared from garlic pomace (termed “GP”; molecular weight, Mw, 324.08 kDa; degree of methyl esterification, DM, 48.10%; RG-I, 35.20%), via citric acid-water extraction at 65 °C for 120 min and ethanol precipitation. GP contained six neutral monosaccharides (fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and xylose) and two acidic monosaccharides (galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid), and could protect zebrafish against metronidazole-induced oxidative damage. Compared with commercial citrus pectin, GP had a comparable Mw, much more RG-Is and homogalacturonans, higher protein and phenolic contents, higher degree of branching, lower crystallinity, higher thermal stability (over 30–377 °C), higher in vitro and invivo antioxidant capacities, higher viscosity, and higher emulsifying and emulsion-stabilizing abilities. Accordingly, garlic pomace was a good source of RG-I-rich and galactose-rich pectins with high emulsifying and antioxidant capacities. GP can be used for making foods and pharmaceuticals possessing simultaneously high emulsifying, emulsion-stabilizing, and antioxidant capacities. This study demonstrates a sustainable garlic waste valorization approach.

Fractionation and characterisation of pectin-rich extracts from garlic biomass

Polysaccharides from garlic waste leaf and skin biomass have been isolated using a sequential extraction protocol and characterised using constituent sugar composition and linkage analysis, spectroscopy, chromatography and dilute solution viscometry. The results revealed that the isolated polysaccharides were predominantly pectins. The predominant monosaccharide in all samples was galacturonic acid (>61 %), followed by galactose and rhamnose. The pectins extracted from skin biomass were mainly homogalacturonan (83–91 %), whereas those extracted from leaf biomass comprised both homogalacturonan (62–65 %) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (35–38 %). The degree of methyl esterification of uronic acids in all samples was 44–56 %. The peak molecular weight of the main polysaccharide population in each sample was ∼ 350 x103 g/mol, with leaf extracts and the skin acidic extract containing a second, lower molecular weight peak. Overall, waste garlic biomass is a potential resource for commercial pectin extraction for use in food or pharmaceutical industries.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxicity of Garlic Leaf Extract from Garlic Waste

Five garlic parts (root, clove skin, leaf, flower stalk and garlic peel) of garlic waste from garlic harvest processing were used in this study. Each part of the garlic waste was screened for total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity after extraction with 70% ethanol. Interestingly, garlic leaf (GLf) showed the greatest richness of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity. GLf was selected to extract with water and 70% ethanol and the highest extraction yield was achieved with water extract. The GLf extracts demonstrated a good quality standard of physical and chemical properties. The aqueous extract of GLf revealed the highest total phenolic content of 1,676.40 ± 18.02 mg GAE/100 g extract. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not differ regarding total flavonoid contents, showing values of 118.60 ± 6.10 mg QUE/100 g extract and 110.90 ± 2.30 mg QUE/100 g extract, respectively. Phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin and tannic acid were detected in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of GLf by HPLC assay. Moreover, four flavonoid compounds including isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin were detected in aqueous extract whereas the ethanolic extract presented apigenin, isoquercetin, quercetin and kaempferol. The ethanolic extract of GLf demonstrated the stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous extract. GLf extracts also exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 125-250 mg/mL. In addition, GLf aqueous extract showed lower toxicity on Vero cells than ethanolic extract. Therefore, GLf waste can be used as a cheap source of natural compounds and antioxidants, with potential applications in different biological, medicinal and food products. Keywords: Allium sativum L., Antibacteria, Antioxidant, Garlic, Toxicity

Pectin extraction from garlic waste under dual acid condition

AbstractA novel approach for the extraction of pectin from garlic waste (peel, stem, and straw) was accomplished under dual acid solution conditions including two organic (citric acid [CA] and acetic acid [AA]), two inorganic (hydrochloric acid [HCl] and sulfuric acid [H2SO4]) and six different mixtures of these acids (CA‐HCl, CA‐H2SO4, CA‐AA, AA‐H2SO4, AA‐HCl, and HCl‐H2SO4) with 1/30 (v/w) solid–liquid ratio at 90°C in 90 min extraction duration. The effects of acid mixture on the yields and physicochemical properties of the extracted pectins from garlic waste were investigated. Applying different acid mixtures during the extraction process allowed to obtain pectin samples with controlled physicochemical properties and higher yields. The maximum pectin yield of 22.4% was observed in the extraction condition carried out HCl‐H2SO4 (1/3 v/v) mixture. Extractions carried out under dual acid mixtures showed higher Gal‐A contents compared with the conditions where organic or inorganic acids were used alone. The extracted pectin samples were generally composed of high methoxyl pectin and their methoxyl contents are observed to be close to that of commercial citrus pectin. FT‐IR spectra results of the extracted samples from garlic waste confirmed the pectin structure compared with the FT‐IR spectrum of commercial citrus pectin. Results indicate that organic–inorganic dual acid mixtures could be used as an efficient extraction media for the controlled physicochemical properties and higher yields of pectin extraction. Considering that about 3.7 million tons of garlic waste is annually produced worldwide, it could be very beneficial to obtain pectin from these wastes as a useful product for the industry.Practical applicationsGarlic waste was converted into a valuable product for the industry and used as an alternative pectin source. Applying organic–inorganic dual acid mixtures during the pectin extraction process from garlic waste allowed to obtain pectin samples with controlled physicochemical properties and higher yields. Extracted pectin samples showed higher Gal‐A contents compared with the conditions where organic or inorganic acids used alone. Obtained pectins were generally composed of high methoxyl pectins and their methoxyl contents are observed to be close to that of the commercial citrus pectin.

Effect of cellulose nanoparticles from garlic waste on the structural, mechanical, thermal, and dye removal properties of chitosan/alginate aerogels

Effect of cellulose nanoparticles from garlic waste on the structural, mechanical, thermal, and dye removal properties of chitosan/alginate aerogels

Determining of usability of garlic waste in Pleurotus eryngii cultivation and physical-chemical properties of garlic based substrates at different stages of production

Determining of usability of garlic waste in <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> cultivation and physical-chemical properties of garlic based substrates at different stages of production

Comparative antioxidant study of onion and garlic waste and bulbs

Among vegetables, onion and garlic production occupies a leading position worldwide due to their wide usage in various sectors of the food industry. Husk is the main waste from onion and garlic processing. The biological properties of onion and garlic bulbs are well studied, but the husks are not well investigated to date. The total antioxidant capacities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of onion and garlic husks and bulbs were determined by the ORAC method and expressed in μmol equiv. Trolox/g of sample. The husks demonstrated the greatest total antioxidant capacities and significantly exceeded those of the bulbs. Onion husk was the most active, and its total antioxidant capacity was 521.24±11.23 μmol equiv. Trolox/g of sample for aqueous extract and 1206.93±8.37 23 μmol equiv. Trolox/g of sample for ethanol extract. Antioxidant capacity depended on extractant type.

Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste

Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste

大蒜废弃物负载纳米零价铁还原反应活性的定量评价研究

大蒜废弃物负载纳米零价铁还原反应活性的定量评价研究

Identification of predictor parameters to determine agro-industrial compost suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici diseases in muskmelon and pepper seedlings.

The lack of reliable prediction tools for evaluation of the level and specificity of compost suppressiveness limits its application. In our study, different chemical, biological and microbiological parameters were used to evaluate their potential use as a predictor parameter for the suppressive effect of composts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) and Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici) in muskmelon and pepper seedlings respectively. Composts were obtained from artichoke sludge, chopped vineyard pruning waste and various agro-industrial wastes (C1: blanched artichokes; C2: garlic waste; C3: dry olive cake). Compost C3 proved to offer the highest level of resistance against FOM, and compost C2 the highest level of resistance against P. capsici. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids isolated from compost revealed that the three composts showed different microbial community structures. Protease, NAGase and chitinase activities were significantly higher in compost C3, as was dehydrogenase activity in compost C2. The use of specific parameters such as general (dehydrogenase activity) and specific enzymatic activities (protease, NAGase and chitinase activities) may be useful to predict compost suppressiveness against both pathogens. The selection of raw materials for agro-industrial composts is important in controlling Fusarium wilt and Phytophthora root rot.

Biosorption of heavy metals by utilising onion and garlic wastes

Onion ( Allium cepa L. ) and garlic ( Allium sativum L. ) wastes from market and food canning processes were used for adsorption of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Hg 2+ , As 3+ and Cd 2+ from multi-component systems at different adsorbent/metal ion ratios. The influence of pH, contact time, temperature and the concentration of adsorbent and adsorbate were studied to optimise the conditions to be utilised on a commercial scale for the decontamination of effluents in a batch adsorption technique. The study was carried out at 50°C and efficiencies were found to be pH dependent. The equilibrium time was 30 minutes and kinetic parameters were calculated using a second order model. The maximum q value was 10.47 ± 0.52 mg g –1 obtained for Pb 2+ at an adsorbent loading weight of 0.5 g/100 ml mixed ion solution. Desorption indicates maximum 71% recovery of metal ions, making the remediation process cost effective and reusable. The biomasses were used for removal of heavy metals from both synthetic and industrial effluents and the technique appears industrially applicable and viable.