Garlic Research Articles

Sustainable Bacterial Control of Hatching Eggshells Using Essential Oils

Background: Decontamination of poultry surfaces through appropriate hygiene and sanitation measures can partially mitigate bacterial problems, as this process does not result in the complete elimination of bacteria. Thus, the remaining bacteria can persist and contaminate eggshells. Therefore, regardless of the rigor of the sanitary standards applied on farms, it is suggested that hatching eggs be subjected to the sanitization process. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of essential oil-based antibacterial agents in sanitizing eggs. Results: The results indicated that essential oils from Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl. (CCEO), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (SAEO) and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (CNEO), at specific concentrations, have antibacterial effects in vitro, reducing the load of mesophilic bacteria and enterobacteria in the eggshell by at least 3 and 2 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The adoption of CCEO, SAEO and CNEO to reduce the bacterial load on eggshells could be a favorable change to the conventional protocol of egg sanitization with formaldehyde, especially on farms where sanitary standards are insufficient.

Exogenous applications of salicylic acid, ethrel and cycocel: Synergistic effects on yield, quality and storability in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Ooty 2

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a valuable bulb crop, known for its rich bioactive compounds and health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various foliar spray treatments on the growth, yield and quality of garlic cv. Ooty 2. The treatments included a control, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm of salicylic acid, cycocel at 1000 ppm and ethrel 200, 300 ppm sprayed at 45 and 60 days after planting. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Results revealed that salicylic acid 300 ppm increased growth traits followed by ethrel 300 ppm over the control. Cycocel 1000 ppm showed that high bulb yield and less reduction in quality characters viz., TSS (39.2 ?Brix), acidity (0.38 %), ascorbic acid (11.25 mg 100 g-1), total carbohydrate (39.82 g 100 g-1) and phenolics (4.10 mg 100 g-1) content during 3 months storage period, followed by ethrel 300 ppm. Additionally lowest levels of physiological loss in weight (17.47 %), rubbering (5.13 %), rotting (5.88 %) and total loss (23.64 %) was observed compared to all other treatments during the storage period. The results indicate that cycocel at 1000 ppm had the most beneficial effects and can be effectively used to enhance the harvest, post-harvest traits and quality and storability of garlic bulbs.

Broiler Chicken Performance with The Addition of Moringa Leaf Flour (Moringa oleifera) and Garlic Flour (Allium sativum L)

This study aims to determine the effect of giving Moringa leaf flour at 1, 2.5% and 5% and garlic flour at 2% on the performance of broiler chickens. The materials used are 64 broiler chickens. Moringa leaf flour and garlic flour. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. P0 = 100% commercial feed, P1 = 1% Moringa leaf flour and 2% garlic flour, P2 = 2.5% Moringa leaf flour and 2% garlic flour, P3 = 5% Moringa leaf flour and 2% garlic flour for 35 days. The variables observed were feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality and performance index. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis, and the Duncan test was continued. The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, weight gain, FCR, mortality and IP. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that administering Moringa leaf flour at up to 5% and garlic flour at 2% yielded good results on weight gain, FCR, and mortality.

Synergistic Antihyperglycemic Effects of Soursop Leaves and Garlic in Alloxan-Induced Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin production. Natural remedies, such as soursop leaves (Annona muricata) (SL) and garlic (Allium sativum) (GAR), are known for their antihyperglycemic properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SL and GAR extracts, individually and in combination, on reducing blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, receiving treatments of either metformin, SL, GAR, or their combination for seven days following alloxan administration to induce hyperglycemia. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after induction, and post-treatment on day 15. The results showed that the combined extracts exhibited better antihyperglycemic activity compared to individual treatments, with the most effective dose being 26.3 mg/kg BW SL + 31.5 mg/kg BW GAR.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> Leaves Extract as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Materials

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted attention due to their unique properties and potential application. This research aimed to do green synthesis of AgNPs with Syzygium aromaticum leaves extract (SALE) and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Syzygium aromaticum leaves were extracted using distilled water at 70 °C for 30 min and the results were characterized with FTIR. AgNPs were synthesized by mixing AgNO3 precursor with SALE. The effects of parameters such as volume ratio of AgNO3 precursor to SALE, AgNO3 concentrations, and synthesis times were investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, and TEM. Antibacterial activity of SALE and AgNPs was investigated against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) with disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity was tested with DPPH method. The FTIR characterization revealed that SALE and resulting AgNPs contain O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, and C≡C functional groups. The UV-Vis characterization demonstrated that AgNPs exhibited an absorption peak at λ = 420 nm indicating surface plasmon resonance. The optimal volume ratio of AgNO3 to SALE, AgNO3 concentrations, and synthesis time for AgNPs synthesis was achieved at 10:3, 5 mM, and 60 min respectively. TEM characterization indicated that AgNPs have spherical form and sizes ranging from 14 to 32 nm. The antibacterial testing revealed that AgNPs have antibacterial activities against E. coli and B. subtilis with inhibition zone values are 8,38 ± 0,48 and 6,88 ± 1,47 respectively. Additionally, antioxidant testing presented that the IC50 values were 85.05 µg/mL for SALE and 34.71 µg/mL for AgNPs. The results indicate that green synthesis of AgNPs from AgNO3 precursor with SALE was done successfully and this nanoparticle has good antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Inhibition of Accumulation of Neutral Lipids and Their Hydroperoxide Species in Hepatocytes by Bioactive Allium sativum Extract

Our ongoing research suggests that extracts from plant-based foods inhibit the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) and oxidized lipid droplets (oxLDs) in liver cells. These findings suggest their potential use in the alleviation of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its most severe manifestation, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Allium extracts (ALs: AL1–AL9) were used to assess their ability to reduce lipid droplet accumulation (LDA) and oxidized lipid droplet accumulation (oxLDA) by inhibiting neutral lipid accumulation and oxidation in LD. Among the tested Allium extracts, AL1, AL3, and AL6 demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects on the LDA. Furthermore, AL1 extract showed real-time inhibition of LDA in HepG2 cells in DMEM supplemented with oleic acid (OA) within 12 h of treatment. Our lipidomic approach was used to quantify the accumulation and inhibition of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) and oxidized TAG hydroperoxide [TG (OOH) n = 3] species in hepatocytes under OA and linoleic acid loading conditions. These results suggest that Allium-based foods inhibit LD accumulation by decreasing intracellular lipids and lipid hydroperoxides in the hepatocytes. The metabolomic analysis of AL1—the bioactive LDAI extract—using both LC-MS/MS and 1D-NMR [1H, 13C, and Dept (135 and 90)] approaches revealed that AL1 contains mainly carbohydrates and glucoside metabolites, including iridoid glucosides, as well as minor amino acids, organosulfur compounds, and organic acids such as the antioxidant ascorbic acid (KA2 = S13), and their derivatives, suggesting that AL1 could be a potential resource for the development of functional foods and in drug discovery targeting MAFLD/MASH and other related diseases.

In-situ biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract: characterization and application in dye decolorization

The synthesis of catalysts has gained specific concern due to their versatile applications in particular azo dye decolorization. In the current work, metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver) were In-situ biosynthesised using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract. The obtained Allium-copper oxide and Allium-silver oxide materials were analyzed using SEM, TEM, FT-IR, TGA-DTG, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. Allium peels had a rough surface, with nanoparticles equally distributed over it. The crystal structure of Allium peels was altered after the addition of CuO and AgO nanoparticles. The highest residual mass values in the prepared materials indicated that the metallic nanoparticles were, in situ, formed. The prepared materials had worse thermal stability than Allium peel powders. The azo dyes, Calmagite and Naphthol Blue Black B were tested in the catalytic power of the resulting materials. The decolorization process was affected by the dye structure, amount of H2O2, dye concentration, time of reaction, and temperature of the bath. The activation energy values for Allium-CuO were 18.44 kJ mol−1 for calmagite, and 23.28 kJ mol−1 for naphthol blue black, respectively. Nevertheless, the energy values for Allium-AgO were 50.01 kJ mol−1 for calmagite and 12.44 kJ mol−1 for Naphthol blue black. The calculated low energy values for the prepared materials suggested the high efficiency of the use of these catalysts in azo dye decolorization under the change of some main experimental conditions.

Valorization and the potential use of garlic (Allium sativum L.) skin in food industries

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common culinary component because of its medicinal properties. However, the industry often discards garlic skin, which constitutes about 20–30 % of the total production. Garlic skin (GS) is a good source of phytochemicals and therapeutic compounds. Many cultures have recognized the health benefits of GS in preventing and treating illnesses. This review article highlights the main bioactive components of GS, including total flavonoids, total phenolics, and their derivatives, which may help regulate blood sugar, reduce cardiovascular disease risk, and offer anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. Based on current knowledge, GS is a valuable agricultural waste since it has a variety of biologically active ingredients. It can be used as a natural preservative in food products, particularly in the wheat flour (WF) industry, enhancing microbiological stability due to the antibacterial properties of garlic components like allicin. Incorporating GS into WF improves the nutritional value and flavor of the resulting flour-based food products, positively affecting the digestive system and antioxidant levels. This approach offers a unique blend of taste, nutrition, and health benefits.

Study on the Engineering Properties of Whole Garlic Bulbs and Garlic Cloves for Effective Design of Processing Machinery

The present experiment was conducted from February, 2024 to March, 2024 at the Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India to investigate the various engineering properties of garlic bulbs and garlic cloves. The engineering properties viz., physical, gravimetric and frictional properties, were studied for whole garlic bulbs and garlic cloves by considering their importance in developing different agricultural and post-harvest processing machinery. The weight 11.41 g, length (polar diameter) 33.69 mm, width (equatorial diameter) 29.51 mm, thickness 27.58 mm, arithmetic mean diameter 30.26 mm, geometric mean diameter 30.10 mm, shape index 0.88, sphericity 0.90, surface area 63.05 cm2, cross-sectional area 53.75 cm2, bulk density 449.50 kg m-3, true density 930.45 kg m-3, porosity 51.69%, moisture content 56.70% and angle of repose of garlic bulb 50.54° were obtained. Similar properties were determined for garlic cloves. The L, a and b values for garlic bulb and garlic cloves were 82.95, 0.23, 10.66 and 74.42, 0.28, 12.48, respectively. The water activity of garlic was found to be 0.98±0.02. The coefficient of friction of the garlic bulb and garlic cloves was measured for the selected testing surfaces such as mild steel (MS), stainless steel (SS), wood, glass and fiberglass which was considered in hopper design. The compression force required to loosen the cloves from the garlic bulb was calculated as 61 N. By integrating these engineering properties into the design process, manufacturers can develop equipments or machineries that are more efficient, durable and capable of producing high-quality garlic products.

Sprouting and Growth of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) At Green Stage Under Various Nutrients.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a vital crop, yet its growth and sprouting at the green stage can be significantly influenced by nutrient availability, which poses a challenge for optimizing yield and quality. The present research was carried out in 2022–2023 at the Nursery Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to assess the sprouting and growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.) at green stage under various nutrients. The experimental trial was carried out in complete randomization (CRD) with three replications. Two varieties, a Chinese and a local (Desi) (Desi) variety, were grown in the pots. Macronutrients used as treatments included N1 (control). N2 = NPK+TE (trace elements) 2 g, L-1. N3 = Calcium Nitrate 0.5g, L-1 and N4 = NPK+TE 2g, L-1 + Calcium Nitrate 0.5g, L-1. The results of the present studies showed a statistically significant difference for treatments and nutrient combinations. Best results for all observations were noted in plants supplied with NPK+TE 2g L-1 that had maximum plant height 55.83 cm, leaves plant-1 6.83, leaf length 47.66 cm, leaf weight 8.96g, plant weight 13.20g, neck thickness 6.55mm, root weight 2.68g, and root depth 19.83cm. Fallow control plant height 41.00cm leaves plant-1 5.00, leaf length 31.00cm, leaves weight 4.73g, plant weight 7.61g, neck thickness 3.51mm, root weight 1.46g and root depth 12.00cm. In between varieties the Chinese had maximum plant height 54.66cm, leaves plant-1 7.00, leaf length 45.00cm, leaves weight 10.04g, plant weight 10.99g, neck thickness 8.26mm, root weight 2.81g and root depth 22.00cm. Based on nutrients, the Chinese variety of garlic performed better growth at the green stage than the local (Desi) variety of garlic. The findings of this study show that nutrient N2 = NPK+TE (Trace Elements) 2g L-1had better results for all parameters, and all results were statistically significant.

Identification and Validation of Garlic (Allium sativum) Metabolites as Quorum Sensing Inhibitors of Bacillus cereus Targeting the PlcR Receptor: An In Silico and In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of garlic metabolites on the quorum sensing (QS) of Bacillus cereus, a foodborne pathogen that controls its main virulence factor through QS. The QS signal receptor PlcR of B. cereus was targeted by molecular docking with 82 garlic metabolites to identify the most potent QS inhibitors. Five metabolites, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, flavone, and rutin, were selected for further evaluation of their impacts on the growth, toxin production, and virulence of B. cereus in vitro. The expression levels of key QS genes were also measured to verify their anti-QS ability. The results revealed that quercetin reduced enterotoxin production by B. cereus but did not affect the QS process at the transcriptional level; flavone and rutin in garlic interfered with the QS of B. cereus by competing with the autoinducing peptide (AIP) PapR7 for the PlcR binding site, resulting in decreased enterotoxin secretion and hemolysis without altering the bacterial growth. Interestingly, luteolin and kaempferol in garlic acted as AIP analogs and bound to PlcR to stimulate the QS process and virulence. Furthermore, kaempferol, luteolin, flavone, and rutin had distinct or opposite interactions with PapR7 at the Gln237 or Tyr275 residues of PlcR, which determined the suppression or enhancement of the QS process. The findings suggested that flavone and rutin were effective compounds to inhibit the QS process in garlic and could be used as alternative methods to control B. cereus.

Peroxyl Radical Trapping Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Their Phenolic Components.

Essential oils (EOs) are gaining importance as sustainable food antioxidants, but kinetic data on peroxyl radical trapping are missing. Thirteen EOs from 11 botanical species were studied in the inhibited autoxidation of cumene by oxygen-uptake kinetics. EOs of Juniperus oxycedrus, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Thymbra capitata, Betula alba, Pimenta racemosa, and Satureja montana, containing 23-86% phenolic components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, afforded inhibition rate constants kinh in the order of 104 M-1 s-1 at 30 °C similar to reference butylhydroxytoluene (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (BHT). They matched or outperformed BHT in the protection of olive oil. The EOs Daucus carota and Cedrus atlantica with <1% phenols and those of Apium graveolens and Tagetes minuta with no phenolics had no chain-breaking activity. Key components carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, dihydroeugenol, umbelliferone, conyferyl alcohol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, 4-allylphenol, 2,3-xylenol, 2,4-xylenol, and phenol had kinh in the range of 103-104 M-1 s-1 and, along with EOs containing them, could potentially replace BHT in the protection of food products.

Evaluation of the insecticidal efficacy of four plants to protect stored Bambara groundnuts [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)

Bambara groundnuts [Vigna subterranean] is one of the main legumes consumed in Northern Cameroon. However, stored nuts by farmers are quickly destroyed by pests leading to low yields. To overcome this constraint, the efficient control of stored grains from insect pests is dependent on synthetic insecticides. To reduce post-harvest losses of stored voandzou seeds, four botanicals insecticides have been developed and evaluated on the main pest. Plant powders prepared from Piper nigrum Linn. (Pipericaceae), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry (Myrtaceae), Xylopia aethiopica Dunal (Annonaceae) and Phaseolus vulgaris L.( Fabaceae), at different doses were tested on Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius under laboratory conditions. The rest of the study involved combining black bean powder with the three condiment species in different proportions. The analysis shows a highly significant difference (p &lt; 0.0001) between the mortality induced by formulations on day two of exposure with the lowest dose (0.5 g). These mortalities are 100%, 94.44 ± 3.79%, 72.5 ± 96 and 8.33 ± 4.77, respectively for S. aromaticum, P. nigrum, X. aethiopica and P. vulgaris powders. In relation to the formulation, the results show S. aromaticum powder induced 100% mortality compared with 94.44%, 72.59% and 8.33% respectively for P. nigrum, X. aethiopica and P. vulgaris plant powder at a dose of 5%. The results show that the natural substances used had a good insecticidal action against bruchid. The persistent compounds present in the studied spice plant powders are not toxic for human consumption at the concentrations used, but rather a beneficial effect. Key words: botanical insecticide, aromatic plants, powder, seeds, storage, insect pest.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by endophytic fungus Fusarium porliferutum isolated from Allium Sativum and its antimicrobial effect against multidrug resistant bacteria

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by endophytic fungus Fusarium porliferutum isolated from Allium Sativum and its antimicrobial effect against multidrug resistant bacteria

Effect of Bio-Stimulants on Quality Parameters of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Soil Health under Cultivation of South Eastern Rajasthan, India

An experiment was conducted at Vegetable Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar (Rajasthan) during rabi season (2021-2022) on garlic (Allium sativum L.). The experiment was consisted ten treatments of bio-stimulants as soil drenching viz. (humic acid @ 4 g/L, humic acid @ 6 g/L., humic acid @ 8 g/L., seaweed extract @ 4 ml/L., seaweed extract @ 6 ml/L., seaweed extract @ 8 ml/L., vermiwash @ 10 ml/L, vermiwash @ 20 ml/L. and vermiwash @ 30 ml/L. and control) and laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The result of present study clearly indicates that quality parameters of garlic and soil health were improved with soil drenching of different bio-stimulants over control. The quality parameters of TSS (42.21 0Brix), dry matter content (42.54 %), crude protein content (7.05%), and pungency (10.39 μ mol/g), organic carbon (0.60) was significantly increased with application of humic acid @ 8 g/L over control. The maximum available nitrogen (342.74 kg ha-1), phosphorus (17.47 kg ha-1) and potassium (220.90 kg ha-1) was recorded in the soil after harvest of garlic with application of humic acid @ 8 g/L over control.

Metabolite from supernatant of soil and plant-associated bacteria control biofilm of fish pathogens

ObjectivesThis research aimed to identify and quantify the antibiofilm activity of bioactive compounds from bacteria isolated from rhizosphere and nodule butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), rhizosphere clove afo 3 (Syzygium aromaticum), nodule mimosa (Mimosa pudica L.), and soil from gold mining land which were recovered from Ternate, Tidore, Obi Island, and Marotai Island, Eastern part of Indonesia.ResultsEight supernatants from soil and plant-associated bacteria were found to have quorum quenching activity against Chromobacterium violaceum. All supernatants exhibited antibiofilm activity against biofilm formed by Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio harveyi. The supernatant of FT5 showed the highest activity in disrupting (66.59%) and inhibiting (85.63%) the biofilm of A. hydrophila. For V. harveyi, the supernatant of PTM3 showed the highest disruption activity (72.61%), whileRCA7 showed the highest inhibition activity(75.68%). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) identified fatty acids, ester, and diketopiperazine as the compounds related to the antibiofilm activity. Molecular identification revealed that the isolates belong to the genera Bacillus, Priestia, and Chryseobacterium.

Exploring the antifungal activity of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium equiseti in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

This study investigates the isolation and characterization of Fusarium equiseti, a fungal pathogen causing wilt in bitter gourd. It explores the antifungal activity of essential oils, particularly clove oil, as a natural management approach. The pathogen was isolated from wilt-infected bitter gourd stems and it was confirmed as F. equiseti morphologically by the presence of three-septate falcate macroconidia and globose microconidia and also confirmed molecularly by PCR amplification of the ITS region (PP501044.1). Among the tested essential oils, clove oil demonstrated the highest mycelial growth inhibition (100%) at a concentration of 0.5%, followed by peppermint, wintergreen and tea tree oils. In comparison, neem oil exhibited the least inhibition (15.54%). GC-MS analysis of clove oil revealed 38 compounds, where eugenol is the predominant compound that played a crucial role in antifungal activity. Additionally, metabolic analysis revealed several enriched pathways in F. equiseti during its interaction with clove oil, particularly those involved in lipid metabolism and energy production. Pot culture experiments confirmed the efficacy of clove oil in reducing disease severity and incidence in bitter gourd, achieving a 66.99 % reduction when combined with soil application.Furthermore, clove oil-treated plants showed increased activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), suggesting the induction of systemic resistance. This study highlights the potential of clove oil as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for managing F. exquisite-induced wilt in bitter gourd. Future research should focus on optimizing clove oil application methods and understanding its interactions with fungal pathogens at the molecular level to enhance its efficacy in sustainable disease management.

Ethnopharmacological Insights into the Use of Chenopodium ambrosioides for Cough Treatment among Togolese Traditional Healers

Togo has an ethnobotanical potential with a great diversity of medicinal plants widely used to treat human diseases. Cough associated with respiratory diseases is one of the pathologies traditionally treated with medicinal plants in Togo. Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) is a species used in the traditional treatment of cough in Togo. The aim of this study was to document the ethnopharmacological uses of Chenopodium ambrosioides in Togolese traditional medicine for treatment of cough. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted using the semi-structured interview method among Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs) from six health districts spread across four health regions. The ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical data collected were analyzed using the User Value (UV) and Frequency of Citation (FC) of medicinal plants associated with the species. A total of 127 TMPs participated in this study and 96 (76%) of them were male and 31 (34%) were female. 73% of the informants claimed usually use Chenopodium ambrosioides in the cough treatment compared to 27% who claimed to not use it to treat cough. Chenopodium ambrosioides was used in combination with fifty-two (52) other botanical species in the treatment of cough and in the study area, Abrus precatorius Linn. (13.59%) followed by Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (11.58%), Zingiber officinale Rosc. Trans. Linn. (9.73%), Mangifera indica Linn. (6.21%), Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker (4.87%), Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (4.36%) and Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. (4.19%) were the most popular plants used for cough treatment among the plants recorded. Sixteen (16) other pathologies including pulmonary infections are also treated by Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.). Abscesses, intestinal parasitic diseases, incurable wounds, stomach aches and headaches are the most pathologies commonly treated by this plant. The whole plant (72%) and leaves (22%) are the primary parts utilized for medicinal purposes. Decoction (77.50%) is the main preparation method, with oral (80.83%) and cutaneous (10.83%) routes being the most common modes of administration. The findings from this study provide a solid ethnopharmacological foundation for future pharmacological and toxicological investigations into Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.).

Nutritional Innovation Using Green Seaweed (Ulva sp.) and Garlic Powder Extracts for White-Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Challenged by Vibrio harveyi.

This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic (Allium sativum) powder ethanolic extracts against Vibrio harveyi in vitro. The stimulatory effects of Ulva sp. extract (UE) and garlic powder extract (GPE) on the growth performance and innate immune responses of white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and their challenge against V. harveyi infection were also investigated. A commercial shrimp diet (36.1% protein) was enriched with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0gUE/kg diet and 2, 4 and 6gGPE/kg diet, whereas the control group was free of any supplement. Health juveniles of L. vannamei (average weight 2-3g) were distributed in 21 fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (500-L capacity) at a stocking density of 300 animals/tank to represent each treatment in triplicate. The animals were fed ad libitum on the experimental diets up to satiety four times daily for 60 days. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder evoked their richness of several bioactive compounds showing significant antibacterial activity against V. harveyi. The GPE exhibited a higher inhibition zone than that of the UE. The supplemented diets did not significantly affect weight gain %, final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and survival rates of white shrimp compared to those fed on the control diet. Significant increases were observed in total haemocyte count, phagocytosis and phagocytic index of all treatments compared with the control group. There were significant increases in serum total protein, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase, lysosomal enzyme activity, phenoloxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity with offered diets with increasing the levels of ethanolic extracts of Ulva sp. and garlic powder up to 2.0gUE/kg diet and 6gGPE/kg diet, respectively. The ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. and garlic powder-supplemented diet groups, particularly at treatments of 2.0 and 6gGPE/kg diet, respectively, significantly reduced the shrimp mortality induced by V. harveyi infection when compared with the control group. The net results evoked that ethanolic extraction of Ulva sp. (2.0gUE/kg) and garlic powder (6gGPE/kg diet) enhanced the immune response and disease resistance of the white-leg shrimp, L. vannamei. It is also noted that the GPE is more efficient than the UE in vitro and in vivo investigations.

Chemical analysis of Alliin-Rich Allium sativum (Garlic) extract and its safety evaluation in Drosophila melanogaster

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been traditionally valued for its medicinal properties attributed to the presence of organosulfur compounds. Despite its benefits, concerns about herbal extract toxicity have arisen, necessitating safety assessment. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical analysis and safety profile of Alliin-Rich Garlic Extract (ARGE) using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. The ARGE was extracted from garlic cloves (Allium sativum Linn: UIH-23262) using a microwave-assisted method and characterized using UPLC-ESI-MS, 1H NMR, HPLC and IR. Its safety evaluation was determined using D. melanogaster (Harwich strain), and various assays were conducted on 1–3-day-old flies. Toxicological markers and oxidative stress were assessed to understand the impact of ARGE on the flies. Chemical profiling of ARGE using UPLC-ESI-MS, confirmed the presence of alliin (S-ally-L-cysteine-S-oxide), L-arginine, γ-glutamylmethionine, S-(2-carboxypropyl) glutathione, N-γ-glutamyl-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine, N-γ-glutamyl-S-(2-propenyl) cysteine, N-γ-glutamylphenylalanine, S-(allylthio) cysteine, γ-glutamyl-S-allylthiocysteine and eruboside B. HPLC confirmed an alliin content of 0.073 mg/g. Toxicological assessment in D. melanogaster revealed that ARGE enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing total thiol levels and GST activity, while reducing acetylcholinesterase activity. No significant alteration was observed in catalase activity and cellular metabolic rate. Histological examination revealed no alterations in the histoarchitecture of the brain, fat body or gut of D. melanogaster. The study demonstrated the safety of ARGE in D. melanogaster, supporting its potential as a safe herbal remedy.