Garden Pea Varieties Research Articles

Assessment and quantification of some short term ecosystem services in garden pea field

It is necessary to classify, quantify, and evaluate ecosystem services (ES) for understanding related ecosystem value. Garden pea (Pisums ativum L.), also called pea, herbaceous annual plant in the family leguminous, grown nearly worldwide for edible seeds. It contributes to the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. However, there is no information about the provision and consumption of ES in garden pea fields. The main objective of this study was to provide a first evidence base from ES provided by garden pea fields. Therefore, we developed a quantitative framework for assessing and quantifying ES of four different varieties of garden pea. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out in the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (northeast of Iran), during 2019–2020. In this study, we developed a framework for quantifying of ES based on the modified Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). The results showed that garden pea cultivation increased microbial respiration, soil organic matter, and carbon accumulation. Based on the results, varieties had significant effects on soil carbon accumulation. Peas Wolf and Pea Wolf cultivars with 1206.6 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the highest amount, and Reyna cultivar with −1876.9 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the lowest value. In this experiment, Peas Wolf and Utrillo cultivars provided more ES in terms of dry weight, the number of nodule, and root volume as nitrogen biofixation potential. In general, Peas Wolf compared to Utrillo cultivar was more successful in providing regulating services. However, Utrillo cultivar provided more provision services (14,520 kg/ha green yield, 23,680 kg/ha green biomass and 23,62% protein). In addition, different cultivars of garden pea had positive effects on the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the soil.

Induced Mutagenesis and Variability Study in the M2 Generation of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Background: Mutation induction in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) aimed to study the induced genetic variability and identify desirable mutants in the M2 generation with two varieties of garden pea, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday. Methods: The two varieties of garden peas, Kashi Nandini and Kashi Uday, were subjected to mutagenic treatments with the EMS at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40%. The M1 generation was raised in RBD with two replications during Rabi 2019-20. Plants from three concentrations, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, were evaluated in M1 plant progenies (M2) during Rabi 2020-21. The M2 was raised during Rabi 2020-21 in M1 plant progenies using M1 plants from three concentrations -0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% EMS of both varieties. Result: The two varieties that were exposed to EMS responded differently depending on the concentrations. The GCV and PCV were high for seedling height, fertile branches, pods/plant and seeds/pod in both parents at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS. The highest heritability and genetic advance were apparent for seedling height and seeds/pod at 0.10 and 0.20% EMS, while the estimates were moderate for seeds/pod with 0.20% EMS, followed by seeds/pod at 0.10% EMS and seedling height at 0.20% EMS. Desirable plants were visible for various quantitative traits in the M2 generation. These mutants showed significant differences from the controls of both varieties in the treated populations at higher concentrations of EMS. Desirable micro mutants in M2 resulted at 0.15 and 0.20% EMS, which need further evaluation in the M3 for confirmation.

Assessment of Yield and Quality Attributes of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum. L) Varieties under Shade House Condition

The present study investigated the yield potential of fifteen varieties of Garden pea from various sources across the country. As there is no specific high yielding genotype of Garden pea recommended for cultivation in Bangalore region, which is located on the Deccan plateau, it is a main challenge to identify a suitable high yielding genotype for southern region of Karnataka so as to recommend for similar situations. The varieties were evaluated for yield and quality attributes at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, India between October- January 2019-20 and 2020-21. Most of the major yield and quality contributing characters were significantly differed in the experiment. Experiment was carried out by using Randomized complete Block Design out of the fifteen varieties tested, highest pod length (10.98 cm), pod weight (9.38 g), pod width (2.87 cm), number of pod per plant (19.35), yield of pods per plant (92.62 g), per plot (3.15 kg), per hectare (157.50 q ha-1 tonnes) were recorded in T10 (Arka Apoorva), and number of green peas per pod (9.87), were recorded in T9 (Arka Karthik). Whereas T3 (Kashi Nandini) produced the days to first flower (41.56), and days to fifty percent flowering (52.08) were observed in T7 (PSM-4). Garden Pea being one of the most suitable vegetable crops for Rabi cultivation, the identified varieties could be raised by the farming community of the region for enhanced yield and economic benefits.

Garden pea yield and its quality indicators depending on the technological methods of growing in conditions of Vinnytsia region

This paper aims to study the growth and development of garden pea plants when liming the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, pre-sowing seed treatment with inoculants, micronutrients and foliar nutrition. Plants survival was higher in the trial variant when applying lime (1.0 norm of lime per ha), mineral fertilizers, pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizobophyte and microfertilizer Wuxal Extra CoMo, foliar nutrition with microfertilizers Wuxal Microplant at the microstage ВВСН 12-13 and Wuxal Calcium, Boron at the microstage ВВСН 51-59 – 92.0% and 92.1% in Skinado and Somerwood garden pea varieties. In the same variant, maximum values of the use of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) were observed in Skinado variety – 1.38 and Somerwood variety – 1.89%. This was 0.47 and 0.57% higher compared to the control. The longest period of symbiosis, both general and active, was 35.3 and 37.1, 25.4 and 26.7 days. This was 2.2, 4.6, and 1.6 days more compared to the control where liming was applied. The highest rates of symbiotic and active potentials were observed in Skinado and Somerwood varieties and amounted to 14.0 and 15.4, 7.8 and 8.6 thousand kg per day/ha, and the amount of symbiotically fixed nitrogen (SNF) was 148.2 kg/ha in Skinado and 172 kg/ha in Somerwood variety. Pea yield was 9.36 t/ha in Skinado and 11.09 t/ha in Somerwood varieties. This was 2.15 and 2.14 t/ha more compared to the control. Green pea output was 46.4% in Skinado and 50.3% in Somerwood varieties. This was higher compared to the control by 4.4 and 3.0%, respectively.

Paper mill-based integrated nutrition of garden pea in the Eastern Himalayas

Field experiment was conducted during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 to study the effect of paper mill waste integrated nutrition on yield, economics and soil health of garden pea varieties at ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Nagaland. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. Maximum seed yields (905 kg/ha), green pod yields (3454 kg/ha), gross return (₹ 108372/ha), net return (₹ 60260/ha) and B: C ratio (2.25) had recorded with Azad pea. Application of paper mill waste @ 1.0 t/ha gave higher yield attributes of garden pea than to its lowers levels. Highest gross return (₹109189/ha) and net return (₹ 57977/ha) was obtained with paper mill waste @ 1.0 t/ha, however the maximum B: C ratio (2.20) was noted in 0.5 t/ha. Significantly higher seed yield (926 kg/ha) and green pod yield (3449 kg/ha) were recorded with application of 100% RDF+25% RDF (ON), which was 53, 13, and 45% higher, respectively over control. Among integrated nutrition, maximum seed yield (977 kg/ha), green pod yield (3646), gross return (₹ 115328/ha), net return (₹ 64616/ha) and B:C ratio (2.28) was noted with 100% RDF + 25% RDF (ON). Soil health attributes, i.e. pH, EC, soil organic carbon; available NPK had improved significantly due to integrated nutrition. Thus, Azad pea could be grown with application of paper mill waste @ 1.0 t/ha along with 100% RDF+25% RDF(ON) for better productivity, profitability and soil health in Eastern Himalayas.

A study on the allelopathic tolerance of garden pea varieties to Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. extracts

The present research study identified garden pea varieties with pronounced tolerance to the allelopatic action of Sorghum halepense. Nine varieties were selected to study the effects of shoot and root weed biomass, applied in three extract concentrations (1, 5 and 10%), on seed germination and initial germ growth. A variance analysis of data revealed significant influence (p <0.05) of three studied factors (variety, type and concentration of extracts) on the investigated parameters. Statistically insignificant was only the influence of extract type (root/aboveground biomass) on seed germination. Based on absolute values of the allelopathic indicator RI, which determines the degree of allelopathic inhibition in terms of germination, germ length and weight in different varieties, the variation was as follows: from -0.30 to -0.04, from -1.31 to -2.96 and from -0.47 to 0.02. The total effect of allelopathic action of S. halepense on all studied parameters, presented as a GGE-biplot analysis, defined Pulpudeva and Puldin varieties as exhibiting higher tolerance, in contrast to Denitsa and Vyatovo, which were sensitive. Ran I, Mira, Musala and Vechernitsa occupied an intermediate position. Cultivation of allelopathic tolerant varieties is a promising addition to the current weed control strategy, especially in organic production.

Performance of organically grown garden pea varieties in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India

Garden pea is one of the most popular winter vegetables in India and the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India is well-known for its quality production. However, indiscriminate uses of different agrochemicals in the production cycle of the crop reduces its quality. Besides, the high cost concerning chemical farming is practically out of reach to the small and marginal farmers of the eastern Indian plateau. In this context, low-cost involving alternative approach of organic farming that has the potential to produce quality yield is gaining popularity. The experiment consisted of seven commonly cultivated garden pea varieties of the region, namely, V₁:GS-10, V₂: HAEP-1, V₃: HAEP-2, V₄: Swarna Mukti, V₅: Swarna Amar, V₆: Azad Pea-3 and V₇: Azad Pea-1 grown through the application of three organic liquid manures <i>viz. </i>T₁: <i>Shasyagavya</i> (10 %); T₂: <i>Sanjeevani</i> (10 %); T₃: <i>Enriched Sanjeevani </i>(10 %) and including control (T₄) where no liquid formulation was applied during <i>rabi </i>growing season of two consecutive years (2017-18 and 2018-19) by adopting Factorial RBD experimental design. Different growth, yield, and quality attributing characters of the crop were studied and found to be significant under different treatments. Results revealed that V₅ is the best-performing variety in terms of green pod yield (19.55t ha^-1). However, when treatment and varietal interactions were taken into consideration, T₃V₆ was the best combination with green pod yield of 23.10 t ha^-1. Quality attributes like TSS, starch, protein and ascorbic acid content of green peas performed significantly better independently under different treatments than control. From the findings, it may be concluded that Swarna Amar and Azad Pea-3 were highly responsive to organic liquid manure especially ‘<i>Enriched Sanjeevani’</i> in terms of their growth, yield and quality traits expressions in the south Chhotanagpur plateau of eastern India.

Breeding for Improvement of High Temperature Tolerance in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) for off Season Cultivation

The present investigation is aimed towards breeding varieties of garden pea for early summer cultivation (March-May) that can tolerate temperatures up to 35 0C. High temperature tolerant accessions KTP-4, Arka Sampoorna, Oregon Sugar, Magadi local were crossed with Arka Ajit, Arka Pramodh, Arka Priya having superior pod quality, yield and followed by pedigree method of breeding, superior transgressive segregants from these crosses were advanced up to F 7 generation. In F 7, six selected advanced breeding lines were assessed for their performance in the field with checks during early summer for four years in succession. Results revealed significant differences between selected lines and checks wherein all the lines surpassed checks with yield ranging from 5.9-7.6 t/ ha and in checks it was only 2.6-3.1 t/ha. Among these six breeding lines, three lines were selected based on high yield (6.7-7.6 t/ha), pod quality characters and identified to be highly suitable for early summer cultivation.

Breeding for Improvement of High Temperature Tolerance in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) for off Season Cultivation

The present investigation is aimed towards breeding varieties of garden pea for early summer cultivation (March-May) that can tolerate temperatures up to 35 0C. High temperature tolerant accessions KTP-4, Arka Sampoorna, Oregon Sugar, Magadi local were crossed with Arka Ajit, Arka Pramodh, Arka Priya having superior pod quality, yield and followed by pedigree method of breeding, superior transgressive segregants from these crosses were advanced up to F 7 generation. In F 7, six selected advanced breeding lines were assessed for their performance in the field with checks during early summer for four years in succession. Results revealed significant differences between selected lines and checks wherein all the lines surpassed checks with yield ranging from 5.9-7.6 t/ ha and in checks it was only 2.6-3.1 t/ha. Among these six breeding lines, three lines were selected based on high yield (6.7-7.6 t/ha), pod quality characters and identified to be highly suitable for early summer cultivation.

Effects of Potassium on the Growth, Yield and Physico-chemical Properties of Three Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Varieties

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during November 2015 to March 2016 to find out the effects of potassium on the growth, yield and physico-chemical properties of three garden pea (Pisum sativum) varieties. The experiment comprise three Garden pea varieties viz. V1 = IPSA Motorshuti-3, V2 = Broad Bean Master Piece and V3 = BARI Motorshuti-1 and four levels of potassium viz. K0 (Control), K1 (25 kg ha-1), K2 (50 kg ha-1) and K3 and (75 kg ha-1), respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the experiment reviled that K nutrition and genotypic variation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) determined the yield of the garden pea. Different levels of potassium had significant influences on almost all the parameters studied these three varieties. Maximum plant height (166.67 cm), branches plant-1 (7.00), pods plant-1 (39.00), sugar content (15.40%) was obtained from V1K2 (IPSA Motorshuti-3 with 50 kg K2O ha-1) treatment. Whereas highest pod length (8.533 cm), pod breadth (9.47 mm), number of seeds pod-1 (8.67), green seed weight (305.00 g), Magnesium content, (0.29%) was obtained under the treatment V2K2 (Broad Bean Masterpiece with 50 kg K2O ha-1). The maximum green pod yield (12.78 t ha-1), calcium content (0. 20%), vitamin- A (1.03 mg/kg), was obtained from V3K2 (BARI Motorshuti -1 with 50 kg K2O ha-1).

Evaluation of Varieties of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) With Time of Sowing in North Gujarat Conditions

Evaluation of Varieties of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) With Time of Sowing in North Gujarat Conditions

Performance of garden pea varieties for their growth and yield characteristics in Vidharbha region of Maharashtra, India

An experiment was conducted in 2013 to study the performance of different varieties of garden pea under Akola condition at Department of Horticulture Dr.Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra. Eight varieties were evaluated on black soil in replicated randomized block design and Results were found significant for all characters among these varieties. All varieties exhibited considerable variation in their performance for most of the parameters. Better growth and yield parameters in terms of plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, days to first flowering, number of green pod/plant, green pod weight, green pod length, pod yield/plant, green pod yield per plot and green pod yield per ha were noticed in all varieties. Maximum plant height was observed in Jawahar Matar-2 (72.26 cm) and minimum was in Palam Priya (28.46 cm). In case of number of pods plant-1 was maximum in PB-89 (16.43) followed by Palam Triloki (13.9) and minimum in Jawahar Matar-2 (9.83). Similarly for pod characters, average pod weight, maximum pod weight was recorded in PB-89 (6.12 g) and minimum was recorded in Arka Kartik (3.27g). Green pod yield/plant was highest in PB-89 (87.93 g), Palam Triloki (75.45 g) and Ankur (68.42 g). Whereas, maximum green pod/yield. was recorded in PB-89 (93.12q/ha) followed by Palam Triloki (76.97q/ha). Among all these varieties highest protein and Total Soluble Solid contents was recorded in Palam Triloki variety (23.06% and 17.67% respectively). PB-89, Palam Triloki and Ankur had the highest yields over the others, hence, they are recommended to farmers in semi-arid condition of Vidharba region for cultivation.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА СОРТОВ ОВОЩНОГО ГОРОХА ДВУХ МОРФОТИПОВ ПО КОМПЛЕКСУ ПРИЗНАКОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ

In 2014-15, evaluated in Krasnodar Region were the yield of green pea, net productivity of photosynthesis, productivity of a foliage surface unit as well as the economic coefficient in 16 garden pea varieties of the common leafy and leafless morphotypes. The study helped to identify leafless varieties comparable with those of the conventional morphotype accordin to the set of traits studied.

A comparative analysis of transcriptomic, biochemical, and physiological responses to elevated ozone identifies species-specific mechanisms of resilience in legume crops.

Current concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O3]) pollution negatively impact plant metabolism, which can result in decreased crop yields. Interspecific variation in the physiological response of plants to elevated [O3] exists; however, the underlying cellular responses explaining species-specific differences are largely unknown. Here, a physiological screen has been performed on multiple varieties of legume species. Three varieties of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) were resilient to elevated [O3]. Garden pea showed no change in photosynthetic capacity or leaf longevity when exposed to elevated [O3], in contrast to varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Global transcriptomic and targeted biochemical analyses were then done to examine the mechanistic differences in legume responses to elevated [O3]. In all three species, there was an O3-mediated reduction in specific leaf weight and total non-structural carbohydrate content, as well as increased abundance of respiration-related transcripts. Differences specific to garden pea included a pronounced increase in the abundance of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE transcript, as well as greater contents of foliar glutathione, apoplastic ascorbate, and sucrose in elevated [O3]. These results suggest that garden pea may have had greater capacity for detoxification, which prevented net losses in CO2 fixation in an elevated [O3] environment.

Yield potential of garden pea varieties at varied harvesting dates

A field experiment was carried out at the experimental field of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during November 2008 through April 2009 to find out the performance of different pea varieties at different harvesting time. The treatments consisted of two factors, which were four harvesting times (70, 80, 90 and 100 days after sowing) and six varieties of garden pea (IPSA Motor shuti-1, IPSA Motor shuti-2, IPSA Motor shuti-3, BARI Motor shuti-1, BARI Motor shuti-3 and Local white). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The maximum pod yield (11.42 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Motor shuti-1 harvesting at 80 days after sowing which was statistically similar to IPSA Motor shuti-2 harvesting at 80 days after sowing and Local white at same harvesting date and superior to the rest of the treatment combination. The lowest pod yield (5.25 t ha-1) was produced by BARI Motor shuti-1 harvesting at 70 days after sowing.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2014, 17(2): 21-28

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity changes in dependence on chosen garden pea varieties

The green pea is ranged between the crops with high antioxidant potential. This potential is connected with phytochemical components mainly with polyphenols. All these bioactive chemicals have disease - fighting properties. In real human diet there is no usually possibility of fresh garden pea consumption during the whole year. The total polyphenol content is significantly changed among other things by processing methods. Focus on variety, bio-fortification and other specific agricultural inputs, could be the right method of total polyphenol contents and total antioxidant capacity increasing. The main objective of the present work was to consider the changes of total polyphenols content in dependence on variety and to evaluate an antioxidant potential six garden pea varieties arranged by the ripening point of view. Variety “Exzeleus” belongs to very early type, ́Premium ́ is early maturing,”Flavora” is middle ripening variety and the last three varieties “Utrio”, “Jumbo” and “Ambassador” are middle late types of varieties. Every variety was grown in four replications, i.e. on 24 m2 total plot in Botanical garden of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra during 2013. Total polyphenols were determined by the Lachmans method and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per kg fresh mater. Total antioxidant capacity was measured by the Brand - Williams method using a compound DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-pikrylhydrazyl)). The highest value was reached in case of variety “Jumbo” 1179.995±28.081 mg/kg, the lowest value in case of “Premium” 674.505 ±26.541 mg/kg. When evaluating an antioxidant capacity in chosen varieties of garden pea, the interval estimated by our trail ranged from 0.523 ±0.206% (“Exzeleus”) to 6.844 ±0.591% (“Flavora”) Following the both observed parameters, TPC and TAC, variety “Flavora” (as a member of middle ripening varieties) seems to be the most optimal from the human nutrition point of view. The various varieties had significant influence on TPC and TAC according to used statistical analyzes. Within the all observed varieties, when they were arranged by ripening, there was estimated significant difference only in case of garden pea varieties early – middle late. Other couples didn’t show any statistical important differences in total polyphenol content.

Comparative performance of pea genotypes under organic and conventional farming conditions

Off-late, organic farming has become one of the fastest growing agricultural sectors worldwide. However, viability of organic farming system in terms of productivity and profitability is of major concern. Comparative performance of crops under organic and conventional farming system is more realistic only after the completion of transition period (3–5 years) for organic farming. Therefore, in the present study 18 varieties of garden pea (three recommended varieties for Himachal Pradesh, two edible podded varieties and remaining newly identified lines either resistant to Fusarium wilt disease or superior in horticultural traits) were evaluated for their performance under organic and conventional farming conditions. The seeds were sown at 45 × 10 cm spacing in plots of size 3.0 × 1.5 m for evaluation under organic and conventional farming conditions. Differential response of genotypes was recorded under organic and conventional farming conditions. The maximum pod yield (124.31 q/ha), net profit (Rs. 161277/ha) and B: C (2.59) ratio under organic farming conditions was observed in Punjab-89, whereas, under conventional farming system, DPPM-74 was recorded to be the most desirable genotype with the maximum pod yield (147.08q/ha), net profit (Rs.159951/ha) and B: C ratio (2.64).

Differentiation of garden pea varieties by adaptive capacity under conditions of the Tyumen oblast

The adaptive capacity of 16 regionally released shelling pea cultivars, bred at the All-Russian Research Institute for Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production, for productivity is studied under conditions of the Tyumen oblast. Improvement of adaptive properties for seed production per plant is needed in cultivars Rannii 301, Fragment, and Milani and in seed number per plant in cultivars Rannii 301, Rannii Gribovskii 11, Izmurud, and Darunok. When breeding for adaptive capacity to conditions of the oblast, cultivars Viola, Matrona, and Gribovskii Yubileinyi can be sources of high potential production of seed weight per plant and Milani, Miver, Valentino, and Maksdon can be sources for seed number per plant.

STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS OF ORGANIC SEEDS IN GARDEN PEA

The experiment was conducted in the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv during the period 2008-2009. Four garden pea varieties were grown in the conditions of organic and conventional production. The purpose of the experiment was to study the quantitative characters of seeds obtained in organic production. It was established that the organic garden pea seeds differ with lower absolute weight compared to the seeds obtained in conventional system but they kept high germination (89,5-96,5) close to the control variant. The late variety Vyatovo grown with organic fertilizers and biopesticides are with the lowest percentage of injuries by Bruchus pisi l.

Generation mean analysis to estimate genetic parameters for desirable horticultural traits in garden pea (Pisum sativum)

Generation means analysis was carried out to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action in order to formulate breeding strategy for identifying the segregants with desirable horticultural traits and resistance to powdery mildew disease. Two commercially grown powdery mildew susceptible varieties Azad P-I and Green Pearl and three resistant lines DPP 9411, DPP 9418-06 and Sugar Giant were used to develop three crosses, viz. Green Pearl × Sugar Giant, DPP 9411 × DPP 9418-06, and Azad P-I × Sugar Giant to achieve the objectives. The presence of epistatic interaction for majority of the traits in all three crosses was observed as reflected by the significance of simple additive-dominance model. The results revealed that the nature and magnitude of gene effects differed in different crosses and showed the importance of additive as well as non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of different characters with preponderance of the latter. In view of the parallel role of additive and non-additive gene effects, selection in the segregating generations should be delayed to later generations to diminish the dominance gene effects. Duplicate type of epistasis was also found for some of the traits in certain cross combinations whose effect can be eliminated by following sophisticated selection procedure such as reciprocal recurrent selection and/or biparental mating in early segregating generations for the development of high- yielding garden pea varieties with desirable horticultural traits.