Gangwha Island Research Articles

Larsenimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated GH3-8T, was isolated from rhizosphere mudflats of halophytes on the seashore of Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. Growth was observed at pH 4-10 (optimum, pH 7-8), at 4-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and in the presence of 0.5-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 4 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C12 : 0 3OH. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phosphoglycoaminolipid, an unidentified glycoaminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences exhibited that the isolate belonged to the family Halomonadaceae, with the most closely related species, Larsenimonas suaedae (98.1 % sequence similarity) and Larsenimonas salina (97.9 %). Sequence similarity values between the isolate and other representatives of the family Halomonadaceae were all below 95.3 %. The values of average nucleotide identity between strain GH3-8T and members of the genus Larsenimonas were 73.42 % with L. salina CCM 8464T and 72.38 % with L. suaedae DSM 22428T. Strain GH3-8T showed digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 18.5-18.6 % with members of the genus Larsenimonas. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic distinctiveness together with low overall genomic relatedness indices and phylogenetic data, the isolate is considered to represent a new species of the genus Larsenimonas, for which the name Larsenimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain GH3-8T (=KCTC 62127T=NBRC 113214T).

A Study on the Retro-sensible Cultural Contents in Gangwha Island

본 연구의 목적은 강화도 지역에 소재하고 있는 레트로(Retro) 감성 콘텐츠들이 지닌 매력과 가치에 대해서 논의하는 것이다. 레트로 감성은 과거를 이상적인 대상으로 인식하기보다 과거의 추억과 낭만을 통해서 현재의 삶을 재미, 즐거움, 그리고 긍정성의 측면으로 유도할 수 있다. 과거의 추억과 이미지를 매개로 다양한 연령층이 공통적인 감성을 지닌다는 것은 세대 간의 이해와 교감의 효과를 지닐 수 있다. 레트로 감성 콘텐츠는 통합, 교감, 그리고 교류의 효과를 거둘 수 있다는 점에서 긍정적인 영향력을 발휘할 수 있다. 레트로 감성 콘텐츠의 필요성은 과거의 인간미 회복에서 찾을 수 있다. 현대사회는 급격한 산업발전으로 인한 현대인들의 감성의 메마름과 과거의 낭만 상실을 초래했다. 긴장의 연속인 현대인들이 여유와 안정감을 찾을 수 있는 수단으로 레트로 감성 콘텐츠는 매우 효과적인 기능을 수행할 수 있다. 레트로 감성 콘텐츠는 과거 시대로 회귀하는 것을 목적으로 하는 것이 아니라, 잃어버린 과거의 낭만과 감성을 현재로 연결해주는 수단이다. 디지털 감성에 익숙한 젊은 세대들은 중장년층들이 과거에 경험했던 아날로그 감성을 통해서 세대 간의 공감뿐만 아니라, 인간 상호 간의 교감을 경험해볼 수 있을 것이다.

Aurantiacibacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte and proposal to reclassify Erythrobacter suaedae Lee et al. 2019. and Erythrobacter flavus Yoon et al. 2003 as Aurantiacibacter suaedae comb. nov. and Qipengyuania flava comb. nov., respectively.

A marine alphaproteobacterium, designated as strain GH3-10T, was isolated from the rhizosphere mud of a halophyte (Suaeda japonica) collected at the seashore of Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. The isolate was found to be Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, short rods and produced orange-coloured colonies. The 16S rRNA gene- and whole genome-based phylogenetic analyses exhibited that strain GH3-10T belonged to the genus Aurantiacibacter and was most closely related to Aurantiacibacter atlanticus s21-N3T (98.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Aurantiacibacter marinus KCTC 23554T (98.4 %). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C18 : 1 ω7c 10-methyl. The DNA G+C content was 61.3 mol% (by genome). Average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA relatedness values between the isolate and its phylogenetically closest relatives, together with phenotypic distinctness warranted the taxonomic description of a new species. On the basis of data obtained by a polyphasic approach, strain GH3-10T (=KCTC 62379T=JCM 32444T) represents a novel species of the genus Aurantiacibacter, for which the name Aurantiacibacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. According to phylogenetic coherence based on 16S rRNA genes and core genomes, it is also proposed that Erythrobacter suaedae Lee et al. 2019. and Erythrobacter flavus Yoon et al. 2003 be transferred to Aurantiacibacter suaedae comb. nov. and Qipengyuania flava comb. nov., respectively.

Kangsaoukella pontilimi gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from a tidal mudflat

A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, ovoid- and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain GH1-50T, was isolated from a tidal mudflat sample collected from Dongmak seashore on Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. The organism showed growth at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 7-8 (optimum, pH 7) and 2-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 5 %). The pufLM genes were present but bacteriochlorophyll a was not detected. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c, C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl and C18 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that the isolate belonged to the family Rhodobacteraceae and was loosely associated with members of the recognized genera. The closest relative was the type strain of Pseudoruegeria marinistellae (96.8 % similarity) followed by Boseongicola aestuarii (96.4 %). Other members of the family shared 16S rRNA gene similarity values below 96.0 % to the novel isolate. The DNA G+C content calculated from the draft genome sequence was 64.0 %. The average amino acid identity, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between genome sequences of strain GH1-50T and all the type strains of the recognized taxa compared were <70.0, <84.1 and <20.5 %, respectively. Based on data obtained by a polyphasic approach, strain GH1-50T (=KCTC 72224T=NBRC 113929T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Kangsaoukella pontilimi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

Impact of derelict fishing gear on the seafloor integrity and benthic communities in the macrotidal flats from northern Gyeonggi Bay, west coast of Korea

Derelict fishing gear (DFG) is increasingly common in the Korean tidal flats due to intensive fishing activity and the lack of monitoring system to remove the DFG from the tidal flats. Despite the widespread occurrence of DFG in the tidal flats, little is known about DFG in terms of quantity, types, distribution, and the impact on the benthic ecosystem. Unmanned aviation vehicle (UAV)-assisted photogrammetry and high-precision leveling were conducted to characterize DFG in the macrotidal flat, south of Gangwha Island, west coast of Korea. High concentration of DFG occurs preferentially in the channel where nets with stakes were installed for catching fishes. Topographic relief around DFG is more rugged and pronounced in the lower intertidal zone than in the middle intertidal zone, suggesting more dynamic sedimentary processes related to DFG in the lower intertidal zone. The density of benthic species is nearly identical in the middle intertidal zone regardless of the presence of DFG. In contrast, the density of macrofauna in the lower intertidal zone nearly doubles at the area free of DFG compared to the area affected by DFG. The biomass and primary production of the microphytobenthos (MPB) are smaller in the lower intertidal zone than the middle intertidal zone but show no discernible trend related to the presence of DFG. Strong tidal currents in the lower intertidal zone induce larger vortices over DFG and promote rapid deposition and erosion around DFG, resulting in a more hostile condition for the benthic ecosystem. The present study showcased that UAV-assisted mapping provides an effective tool to characterize the distribution and physical disturbance caused by DFG in the macrotidal flats, which will be a breakthrough for the sustainable management of rapidly deteriorating tidal flats with poor accessibility.

Marimonas lutisalis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat and emended description of the genus Marimonas.

A Gram-reaction-negative bacterial strain, designated GH1-19T, was isolated from a tidal mudflat sample collected in Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. Cells of the novel micro-organism were strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, motile and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6-9 (pH 8) and in the presence of 1-9 % NaCl (3 %). Comparative analysis of complete or nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences exhibited that strain GH1-19T formed a distinct cluster between Marimonas arenosa CAU 1311T (97.42 % sequence similarity) and Aquicoccus porphyridii L1 8-17T (97.35 %). Similarity levels of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the novel strain and other members of the family Rhodobacteraceae were below 96.6 %. The isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 0 ω7c and/or C16 : 0 ω6c) and C12 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The G+C content of the DNA was 63.2 mol% (draft genome). DNA-DNA relatedness value between the novel strain and the type strain of Marimonas arenosa was 12.7±9.0 %. On the basis of data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and DNA-DNA hybridization studies together with phylogenetic analyses, strain GH1-19T (=KCTC 62376T=DSM 106292T) represents a novel species of the genus Marimonas, for which the name Marimonas lutisalis sp. nov. is proposed, with the emended description of the genus Marimonas.

Martelella lutilitoris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat.

A novel, Gram-stain-negative marine bacterium, designated GH2-6T, was isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte (Carex scabrifolia) collected in Gangwha Island, the Republic of Korea. The cells of the organism were strictly aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-flagellated rods. Growth occurred at 20-45°C, pH 5-10, and 0.5-9 (w/v) NaCl. The requirement of Na+ for growth (0.5-3%) was observed. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid and a glycolipid. The predominant fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C18:0, C16:0, C19:0 cyclo ω8c, C18:1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 2 (C14:0 3-OH and/or C16:1 iso I). The genome size was 4.45 Mb and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain GH2-6T belonged to genus Martelella and formed a tight cluster with M. radicis BM5-7T and M. endophytica YC6887T. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel isolate and members of the genus were 99.3-95.5%, but strain GH2-6T possessed an extended loop (49 nucleotides in length) between positions 187 and 213 of the 16S rRNA gene sequence (E. coli numbering). DDH values in vitro between the novel isolate and the closest relatives were 23.2±12.8-46.3±5.2%. On the basis of polyphasic data presented in this study, the type strain GH2-6T (= KACC 19403T = KCTC 62125T = NBRC 113212T) represents a novel species of the genus Martelella for which the name Martelella lutilitoris sp. nov. is proposed.

Hahyoungchilella caricis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte (Carex scabrifolia), transfer of Thioclava arenosa Thongphrom et al. 2017 to Pseudothioclava as Pseudothioclava arenosa gen. nov., comb. nov. and proposal of Thioclava electrotropha Chang et al. 2018 as a later heterosynonym of Thioclava sediminum.

A Gram-stain-negative strictly aerobic, marine bacterium, designated GH2-2T, was isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte (Carex scabrifolia) in Gangwha Island, the Republic of Korea. The cells of the organism were oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, flagellated, short rods that grew at 10-40°C, pH 4-10, and 0-13% (w/v) NaCl. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acid is C18:1. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the novel isolate formed an independent lineage at the base of the radiation encompassing members of the genus Thioclava, except for Thioclava arenosa. The closest relatives were T. nitratireducens (96.03% sequence similarity) and T. dalianensis (95.97%). The genome size and DNA G+C content were 3.77 Mbp and 59.6 mol%, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis supported phylogenetic distinctness based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Average nucleotide identity values were 73.6-74.0% between the novel strain and members of the genus Thioclava. On the basis of data obtained from a polyphasic approach, the strain GH2-2T (= KCTC 62124T = DSM 105743) represents a novel species of a new genus for which the name Hahyoungchilella caricis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Moreover, the transfer of Thioclava arenosa Thongphrom et al. 2017 to Pseudothioclava gen. nov. as Pseudothioclava arenosa comb. nov. is also proposed. Finally, Thioclava electrotropha Chang et al. 2018 is proposed to be a later heterosynonym of Thioclava sediminum Liu et al. 2017.

Erythrobacter suaedae sp. nov., isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte (Suaeda japonica).

The taxonomic status of a Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain GH3-15T, was examined by a polyphasic approach. The strain, which was isolated from the rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte at the seashore of Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea, was found to belong to the family Erythrobacteraceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The closest phylogenetic neighbour was Erythrobacter xanthus SM1501T (98.3 % sequence similarity). Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain GH3-15T to other members of the family Erythrobacteracae were <97.1 %. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids were C17 : 1ω6c, C18 : 1ω7c, C15 : 0 2-OH, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and C17 : 0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The novel isolate exhibited growth at 20-40 °C, at pH 5-9, and in the presence of 1-7 % (w/v) NaCl. DNA relatedness between strain GH3-15T and its closet relative was 32.9±8.8 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and DNA-DNA hybridization data, in addition to a distinct phylogenetic position, strain GH3-15T (=KCTC 62380T=JCM 32445T) represents a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter, for which the name Erythrobactersuaedae sp. nov. is proposed.

Sneathiella limimaris sp. nov., a marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal mudflat and emended description of the genus Sneathiella.

A novel marine bacterium, designated strain GH1-24T, was isolated from a tidal mudflat sample collected at Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison exhibited that the novel isolate was most closely related to Sneathiella and formed a tight cluster with Sneathiella glossodoripedis JCM 23214T with 98.1 % sequence similarity. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to other Sneathiella species were low: Sneathiella chinensis LMG 23452T (96.1 %) and Sneathiellachungangensis CAU 1294T (95.8 %). Cells of the organism were Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rods and showed growth at 0.5-6 % NaCl, 20-42 °C and pH 6.0-8.0. The G+C content of the DNA was 54.9 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C19 : 0cyclo ω8c. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The results of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses and DNA-DNA relatedness studies suggest that the isolate can be a member of a novel species of the genus Sneathiella, for which the name Sneathiellalimimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GH1-24T (=KCTC 52846T=NBRC 113276T).

Altererythrobacter lutipelagi sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat, and emended description of the genus Altererythrobacter.

A marine proteobacterium, designated strain GH1-16T, was isolated from a sample of tidal mudflat collected at the seashore of Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea and the taxonomic status was examined by a polyphasic approach. The isolate was Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, short-rod-shaped and produced yellow-coloured colonies. An absolute requirement for Na+ was observed. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C17 : 1ω6c. The DNA G+C content was 60.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GH1-16T was closely related to members of the genus Altererythrobacter. The closest relative was Altererythrobacter marensis MSW-14T (97.3 % sequence similarity) followed by Altererythrobacter aquaemixtae JSSK-8T (96.8 %) and Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans JCS350T (96.7 %). The DNA relatedness of strain GH1-16T against its closest relative was 21.8-25.0 %. On the basis of data obtained by a polyphasic taxonomic approach, strain GH1-16T (=KCTC 52845T=NBRC 113275T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter lutipelagi sp. nov. is proposed.

Feeding Behavior of Black-faced Spoonbills &lt;i&gt;Platalea minor&lt;/i&gt; on Rice Paddy in Gangwha Island, Korea

Feeding Behavior of Black-faced Spoonbills &lt;i&gt;Platalea minor&lt;/i&gt; on Rice Paddy in Gangwha Island, Korea

Lutibaculum pontilimi sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat and emended description of the genus Lutibaculum.

A novel Gram-reaction-negative bacterium, designated strain GH1-34T, was isolated from a sample of tidal mudflat collected at the seashore of Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea. Cells of the bacterium were strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile by means of a polar flagellum and rod shaped. It was found to grow at 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl, 20-45 °C and pH 6-10. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c and C19 : 0cyclo ω8c. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.9 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GH1-34T formed a tight cluster with the type strain of Lutibaculum baratangense with 98.3 % sequence similarity; levels of the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel strain and other representatives of the order 'Rhizobiales' were <95.0 %. DNA-DNA relatedness between the organism and L. baratangense KCTC 22669T was 33 %, Based on the results of phenotypic analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, strain GH1-34T (=KCTC 52847T=NBRC 113277T) represents a novel species of the genus Lutibaculum, for which the name Lutibaculum pontilimi sp. nov. is proposed.

Martelella caricis sp. nov., isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat

A novel marine bacterium, designated GH2-8T, was isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte (Carexscabrifolia) in Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea and its taxonomic status was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain GH2-8T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and non-motile rods that showed growth at 10-30 °C, pH 5-10 and 0-11 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8, C16 : 0, C19 : 0cyclo ω8c, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 2. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.4 mol%. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the organism belonged to the order 'Rhizobiales' and formed a distinct subline at the root of radiation encompassing members of the genus Martelella. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the phylogenetic neighbours were Martelella mediterranea (97.1 %), Martelella suaedae (96.9 %), Martelella endophytica (96.6 %), Martelella limonii (96.3 %), Martelella mangrovi (96.1 %) and Martelella radicis (95.5 %). Strain GH2-8T showed low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (<93.8 %) to other representatives of the order 'Rhizobiales'. On the basis of the results of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain GH2-8T (=KACC 19402T=KCCM 90275T=KCTC 62126T=NBRC 113213T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Martelella for which the name Martelellacaricis sp. nov. is proposed.

CIT를 통한 국내 관광지의 불평 사례 분석

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the various types of complaints at Gangwha Island, a famous tourist site, through critical incident technique (CIT) to minimize tourists' inconvenience. The use of CIT characteristics in this study is made up of the opinions of complaints through interviews and participation observations. Therefore, this paper focused on collecting various complaints that had been expressed by tourists to Gangwha Island. Many tourists prefer this place because it has many historical relics and vibrant cultural heritage. However, contrary to their expectations, many tourists are disappointed by realizing insufficient administrative processes, a lack of information and safety management, an unreasonable rate system, sanitation problems, inadequate facilities, unkindness, and traffic congestion. Particularly, tourists disapprove of the idea that there is no chance for improvement in spite of their complaints and demands. In conclusion, Gangwha Island officials, the owners of restaurants, and facility managers should pay keen attention to the complaints made by tourists to secure positive image and brand value as a popular tourist destination.

Wave-induced Maintenance of Suspended Sediment Concentration during Slack in a Tidal Channel on a Sheltered Macro-tidal Flat, Gangwha Island, Korea

A field campaign was conducted to better understand the influence of wave action, in terms of turbulence and bed shear stress, on sediment resuspension and transport processes on a protected tidal flat. An H-frame was deployed in a tidal channel south of Gangwha Island for 6 tidal cycles during November 2006 with instrumentation including an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter, an Acoustic Backscatter System, and an Optical Backscatter Sensor. During calm conditions, the current-induced shear was dominant and responsible for suspending sediments during the accelerating phases of flood and ebb. During the high-tide slack, both bed shear stress and suspended sediment concentration were reduced. The sediment flux was directed landward due to the scour-lag effect over a tidal cycle. On the other hand, when waves were stronger, the wave-induced turbulence appeared to keep sediments in suspension even during the high-tide slack, while the current-induced shear remained dominant during the accelerating phases of flood and ebb. The sediment flux under strong waves was directed offshore due to the sustained high suspended sediment concentration during the high-tide slack. Although strong waves can induce offshore sediment flux, infrequent events with strong waves are unlikely to alter the long-term accretion of the protected southern Gangwha tidal flats.

Maribius pontilimi sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat.

A novel marine Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain GH1-23T, was isolated from a tidal mudflat sample collected at Dongmak seashore on Gangwha Island, Republic of Korea and its taxonomic position was determined through a polyphasic investigation. The bacterium was strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, consisted of non-motile rods and grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7 and 1 % NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c and cyclo-C19 : 0ω8c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, a phosphoglycolipid and an aminolipid. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate was closely related to members of the genus Maribius. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was found to be 97.5 % to Maribius salinus followed by 97.4 % to Maribius pelagius; levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel strain and other representatives of family Rhodobacteraceae were <95.5 %. The DNA G+C content was 66.7 mol % and DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of species of the genus Maribius were 33-39 %. Based on combined data from a polyphasic investigation, strain GH1-23T (=KCTC 52957T=DSM 104950T) represents a novel species of the genus Maribius, for which the name Maribius pontilimi sp. nov. is proposed.

강화지역의 기후특성 분석을 통한 '강화약쑥'의 생육 환경 연구

Eupatilin, one of representative medical components of mugwort, can be efficiently extracted from the `Gangwha Sajabalssuk`. The Eupatilin content may depend on environmental factors such as soil and regional climate in addition to a genetic factor and Gangwha region has a profitable environmental condition for the mugwort growth. In this study, the climatological characteristics of Gangwha was analyzed in order to find the environmental condition of mugwort containing high Eupatilin in term of atmospheric, oceanographic and land variables. The climate of Gangwha is characterized by the relatively low daily temperature and large diurnal variation with plenty of solar radiation, long sunshine duration and less cloudiness. According to our correlation analysis, the long sunshine duration and the large diurnal temperature variation are highly correlated with the Eupatilin contents. The result implies that Gangwha has the favorable conditions for the cultivation and the habitat of the high-Eupatilin concentrated mugwort. Because of the sea surrounding Gangwha Island with low salinity and moderate wind, the salt contained in sea breeze is relatively low compared to other regions. Furthermore, Gangwha has clean atmospheric environment compared to other regions because the concentrations of toxic gases harmful to crop growth such as nitrogen dioxide (), sulfite gas () and fine dust (PM-10) are lower in the air. The ozone () concentration is moderate and within the level of natural production. It is also found that moderately coarse texture or fine loamy soils known as good for water drainage and for the growth and cultivation of the `Gangwha-mugwort` are distributed throughout the areas around mountainous districts in Gangwha, coinciding with those of mugwort habitat.

A Study on the Enculturation State of Marriage Migrant Women in Islands - Focused on Gang-wha Island, Dae-bu Island, Young-jong Island and Yeoung-hueng Island -

A Study on the Enculturation State of Marriage Migrant Women in Islands - Focused on Gang-wha Island, Dae-bu Island, Young-jong Island and Yeoung-hueng Island -

Whitening Effects of MarinePseudomonasExtract

Bacteria associated with marine invertebrates are a rich source of bioactive metabolites. The effects of marine bacteria extracts on pigmentation were investigated to find novel whitening agents. The marine bacteria collected near Gangwha Island in Korea were isolated and extracted using organic solvent. The organic extracts were screened and selected using the cell free tyrosinase activity. The whitening effects of the selected extract were further investigated using cultured melanocytes, cultured skin and in vivo zebrafish. The whitening mechanism of the marine extract was also investigated. The marine bacterial methylene chloride extract reduced the pigmentation of Melan-a cells, human melanocytes, cultured skin and in vivo zebrafish. The decrease in pigmentation was due to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and the expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein. These bacteria were identified as a novel Pseudomonas species. The methylene chloride extract of marine pseudomonas species possesses a whitening effect. Further chemical isolation and characterization of the active compounds from this marine bacterial extract are needed.