Gangetic Alluvium Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical characterization for groundwater quality and risk assessment in part of central gangetic alluvium, India

An exponential growth in groundwater extraction will greatly concern the Varuna River basin of Central Ganga alluvium. This complex issue requires proper systematic evaluations to advocate various opportunities for management strategies for groundwater sustainability. The present study aims to convey scientific assessments of the groundwater using different soft-computing techniques to determine its hydrogeochemistry and quality for averting future risk and envisaging suitable management policies. SOM (Self-Organizing Map) model involves characterizing the spatial clusters of regional hydrogeochemistry and reported a gradual increase in salinity from the northwestern to the southeastern part of the area. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) provides evidence of rock-water interactions and anthropogenic activities as responsible factors in determining hydrogeochemistry. Quality assurance is judged by various systematic chemometric indices. CCMEWQI (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index) and IWQI (Irrigation Water Quality Index) reveal that the groundwater is suitable for drinking/domestic and irrigation use. Continuous fluxes of freshwater nourish Gangetic alluvium and generally provide excellent quality. In contrast, the analysis results notice the degradation of drinking quality from the excellent to good category (CCMEWQI) and moderate to low restriction (IWQI) for irrigation suitability. Further study of potential health risks represents the presence of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for the exposure of NO3−, F−, Pb, and Cr elements. However, the heavy metal pollution and ecological risks are low. Based on the study's findings, the estimates will support initiatives and activities at the local, regional, and national levels, as nations like India need basin-level studies. It is also recommended to consider depth-wise geochemical and temporal chemical variation for further improved studies towards risk assessment.

Response of autumn sown black gram as influenced by cobalt, potassium and boron nutrition under Indian subtropics

Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a widely grown pulse crop assuming considerable importance of food and nutritional security in India. A two-year experiment was conducted to find out the effect of cobalt (Co), potassium (K), and boron (B) on growth, yield, quality, and production economics of autumn sown black gram (variety: Pant Urd 31) under Gangetic alluvium soil (order: Inceptisol) in a split plot design with two different combinations of soil incorporation of Co as main plot and five foliar nutrition levels of K and B either single or in combination as subplot treatments during autumn seasons of 2020 and 2021. Pooled estimation revealed that crop growth rate, leaf area index, net assimilation rate, pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed yield, and benefit-cost ratio were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) with 4 kg ha−1 soil Co and foliar 1.25% K + 0.2% B applications as compared to no cobalt application and no spray respectively. This particular combination of soil application of Co along with foliar K + B spray also stimulated symbiotic efficiency, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and nitrate reductase activity along with improving the nutrients and protein contents in harvested seeds. Fluctuations in yield attributes explained about more than 85% variations in seed yield of both years through linear regressions. Thus, this unique combination of soil Co application along with foliar K + B spray has immense potential as an economically profitable strategy to facilitate substantial growth and physiological efficiency of an autumn-grown rainfed black gram to upgrade its production potential and quality.

Influence of Seaweed Sap and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Baby Corn (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif (August- October) 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of the field constituting a part of central gangetic alluvium is neutral and deep. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, slightly alkaline in soil reaction (pH 8), low level of organic carbon (0.28%), available N (219 Kg/ha), P (11.6 kg/ha) and K (217.2 kg/ha). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design consisting of 10 treatments with 3 different levels of Seaweed sap viz. 5%, 10%, 15% (15 & 30 DAS), three different levels of Zinc viz. 10, 15, 20 (basal application) with 3 replications and the treatments were allocated randomly in each replication. The results showed that treatment 9 [ZnSO4 (20kg/ha) + Seaweed sap (15%)] recorded significantly higher plant height (176.75 cm), higher plant dry weight(g) (88.42), higher crop growth rate (97.53), higher relative growth rate (0.0910), maximum number of cobs/plant (3), maximum length of cob/plant (16.90 cm), maximum grith of cob (13.02 cm), maximum cob weight with husk(g) (47.57 g), maximum cob weight without husk(g) (12.01 g), maximum cob yield with husk (9.95 t/ha), maximum green fodder yield (24.61 t/ha) compare to other treatments. The maximum gross returns (99,500.00 INR/ha), maximum net return (62,464.00 INR/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (1.68) was recorded in treatment 9 [ZnSO4 (20kg/ha) + Seaweed sap (15%)] as compared to other treatments. Minimum parameters were recorded in treatment 10 control plot with RDF 100:60:40 kg/ha NPK.

Standardization of planting time, spacing and nutrient management for traditional red-husked scented rice (Oryza sativa) in West Bengal

The effect of planting time (10 July, 25 July and 10 August), spacing (15 cm × 15 cm and 20 cm × 15 cm), and nutrient management [100% recommended dose (RD) of organic, 100% RD inorganic, and 50% RD organic + 50% RD inorganic] of small-grained red-husked scented “Lal Badshabhog” rice was studied during the wet season of 2014 and 2015 in a split split-plot design at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Early-planted crop (10 July) produced tallest plants at maturity (160.2 cm) and leaf-area index (LAI) at 84 days after transplanting (DAT) (4.88), but late planting (10 August) resulted in better tiller production at 56 DAT (285.4/ m2 ). Mean light extinction co-efficient (k) of the variety was 0.40 and 0.37 at 56 and 84 DAT, respectively. ‘Lal Badshabhog’ rice planted on 10 August recorded the highest grain yield (2.72 t/ha), which was 3.77 and 12.76% higher over 25 July and 10 July planting, respectively. Close planting (15 cm × 15 cm or 44 hills/m2 ) could improve the grain yield of ‘Lal Badshabhog’ rice by 3.95% (2.63 vs. 2.53 t/ha) over wider spacing (20 cm × 15 cm or 33 hills/m2 ), and application of 100% RD (N 50, P2O5 25, K2O 25 kg/ha) through chemical fertilizers resulted in higher grain yield (2.64 t/ha), net returns (` 32,900/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.02) compared to organic or integrated nutrient management. Mean N, P and K uptake by “Lal Badshabhog” rice at maturity was 41.2, 15.8 and 30.3 kg/ha, respectively, and the crop grown under integrated nutrient management (50% RD organic + 50% RD chemical fertilizer) left the field with better residual status (+5.9% N, +28.3% P2O5 and +1.7% K2O) over initial values after 2-year study in Gangetic alluvium soil.

Genetic diversity analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Gangetic Alluvium Zone of West Bengal

Forty-nine genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were screened at District farm, AB Block, B.C.K.V., Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal during Rabi season for two years, i.e. 2015-2016 and 2018-2019 following Randomized Block Design with two replications to study genetic diversity following the Mahalanobis D2 statistics and principal component analysis. The highest contribution towards total divergence was yield plant-1 followed by the number of grains spike-1, plant height, weight of grains spike-1 and the test weight. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster IX and I (86.392), followed by clusters VIII and IX (82.829) indicating that the genotypes being represented in these clusters were distantly related. Therefore, any two genotypes selected from these two clusters may be utilized in crossing programs to synthesis potential high yielding genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted 5 principal components explaining 80% to genetic variation. The PCA suggested that the genotypes are highly diverse.

Response of Various Mycorrhizal Inoculants on Rice Growth, Productivity and Nutrient Uptake

Mycorrhizal inoculant is one of the options to increase the nutrient availability in soil which ultimately increases the crop yield. The effect of various mycorrhizal inoculants on plant growth and nutrient status in Kharif rice was studied at ‘C’ block farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. The soil was was typical Gangetic Alluvium with sandy loam in texture with medium water holding capacity. The experiment comprises of nine treatments replicated thrice in RBD during 2016 and 2017. The crop having treated with RhizoMyco @ 250 g ha−1 at 15 DAT significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), yield attributes and yield than others. The range of increase was 0.72% to 27.17% in grain yield under mycorrhizal inoculants treatments over untreated control in this experiment. Grain yield was maximum (3.51 t ha−1) in the treatment applied with RhizoMyco @ 250 g ha−1 at 15 DAT which was statistically superior over other treatments except T5. Nutrient availability in soil and uptake of N, P and K was also found higher in RhizoMyco application. A positive correlation prevailed in between different growth and yield parameter of rice with available N, P, K in soil and uptake of different nutrients by plant. This study suggests growing transplanted rice with application of RhizoMyco @ 250 g ha−1 at 15 DAT for better growth, higher productivity and higher nutrient uptake.

A SOCIO-STYLISTIC STUDY OF TERRACOTTA ELEPHANTS AT AHICHCHHATRA: A MULTICULTURAL SITE OF UPPER GANGA PLAIN, CENTRAL INDIA

Ahichchhattra, (20˚ 22ʺ N;79ʹ 08 12ʺ E), the ancient capital of Northern Panchala kingdom as mentioned in Mahabharata, is located near the Ramnagar village of Bareily district, Uttar Pradesh. The site is located between Aril and Peria rivers, the tributaries of Ramganga. Geologically, this area forms a part of Indo – Gangetic alluvium formation prominently consisting of clay and sand. This site roughly spread across 5.50 sq.km area is prominently located above the surrounding agricultural fields was identified and excavated primarily by Cunningham in 1862 followed by A. Ghosh in 1940. This revealed the chronology dating from 600 B.C.E to 1100 C.E. Culturally the site dates back to period of Ochre Colored Pottery (OCP), Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) and early historic phases respectively. Among all the regions within the Indian sub-continent, the region of Ganga-Yamuna doab has yielded majority number of terracotta objects both in the exploration and excavation. This site has yielded various terracotta figurines consisting of animals, humans and miscellaneous terracotta objects. Within this, elephant appears to be the most prominent in the category of animal figurines at the site. The site seems to have been gradually transformed into a large city along with a rich artistic tradition. Artistic expressions are usually guided and shaped by society through its evolving concepts and developing beliefs. This ancient city has so far produced plenty of examples to prove it. This paper is an attempt to understand the cognition behind the artistic expressions considering the variety of creative elephants. This paper thus intends to prove the stylistic evolution of terracotta elephant figurines and its correlation to artistic development of the society at the ancient settlement of Ahichchhatra

Crustal structure and lateral variations in Moho beneath the Delhi fold belt, NW India: Insight from gravity data modeling and inversion

The Proterozoic Delhi fold belt (DFB) in NW India shows a prominent NNE-SSW trending gravity high, but its northward extension beneath Gangetic alluvium lack understanding. We model the gravity anomaly using radially averaged power spectrum, depth from extreme points (DEXP) method, wavelength filtering, 3D structural inversion to constrain crustal structure of the DFB. The radially averaged power spectrum analysis suggests three interfaces and the DEXP method indicates presence of a horizontal cylindrical source below the DFB. The 3D structural inversion shows depth variation from 39 to 46 km in the study region and presence of an upwarp below the DFB and Sandmata complex. Our modeling suggests that an underplated mafic material possibly a residual plume head produces gravity high. The transverse structure of DFB is absent beneath Gangetic alluvium and show notable westward deflection in line with the NW-SE trending Delhi-Sargodha ridge. The transverse DFB attains westward deflection possibly due to NW indentation and counterclockwise rotation of Indian plate after Himalayan collision in Eocene. With continued convergence, this DFB structural element at the leading edge of Indian peninsula got involved in flexural upwarp of underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya.

Provenance of bar-top Sediments at Tons River near Allahabad

ABSTRACT The bar-top sediments at the Tons river deposited mainly from the suspension current during waning stage condition of river are collected to study their provenance on the basis of clay mineralogy, heavy minerals and magnetic properties. The clay mineral assemblages in samples predominantly consist of illite, with minor amounts of kaolinite, smectite and chlorite. The clay minerals are contributed due to (i) weathering and decomposition of shales, argillaceous limestones and pyroclastic deposits of upper Vindhyan Groups and (ii) weathering and erosion of Banda plain of Gangetic alluvium. The low ZTR index for the studied samples indicates poor sediment maturity, rapid erosion in the source region and short transportation of detritus. The transparent heavy mineral assemblages in the sediment samples predominantly consist of garnet, with minor amounts of tourmaline, zircon, hornblende, enstatite, hypersthene, rutile, tremolite, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, chlorite, epidote, wollastonite, and staurolite. The heavy minerals are dominantly angular to sub-angular with some rounded to sub-rounded grains. The rounded grains indicate multicyclicity and derivation from Vindhyan sandstones. The angular grains are either contributed due to erosion of primary rocks of Bundelkhand gneissic complex and or various Gangetic alluviums. The magnetic properties from sediment samples indicate that the antiferro-magnetic minerals (illite, chlorite and smectite) are more concentrated in clay sized particles and it also indicated mixed source rocks for the bar-top sediment of Tons river.

Effects of stubble length of rice in mitigating soil moisture stress and on yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) in rice-lentil relay crop

Opportunity to utilize carry-over residual soil moisture to produce lentil crop in rice-fallows was one of the basic and strategic research objectives of the present experiment. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik, variety B-77) was broadcasted upon two rice habits viz. short-duration (SD, 110days) and long-duration (LD, 140days) in the end of October and first fortnight of November during 2011–2012, 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 seasons, in a clay loam Inceptisol of the Gangetic alluvium of eastern India. Two stubbles heights, viz. short (10cm) and long (20cm) were kept as standing residues at the time of harvesting of rice. Late sown lentil with short stubble residues faced surface soil drying earlier than early sown lentil or late sown lentil with tall stubble residues. Tall stubble height contributes only 1–4% higher soil water during vegetative to flowering stages than short stubble height. Stress was experienced when soil moisture content in the root-zone reached <22% in this soil and such stress decreased the leaf relative water content (RWC). Retaining tall rice stubbles on the soil surface decreased daytime soil temperature by 9.4–14.6°C and modified the crop coefficient (Kc) by increasing transpiration and reducing evaporation, thereby maintaining higher leaf area index (LAI). The Kc values for the initial, development, mid and late season stages of lentil under relay cropping were 0.48, 0.54, 0.82 and 0.48, respectively, with short and tall standing stubble heights. Root length density (RLD) values increased at a faster rate in 200–400mm layer, especially in tall stubble than short. Soil moisture stress was negatively related (R2=0.66, P<0.05) to RWC, however, RLD maintained an asymptotic relationship with RWC. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of lentil amounted to 154.8mm and the ETa in broadcasted upon SD rice was 14% higher than ETa in LD rice. Lentil in tall stubbles amounted to 150.6mm ETa, which was 7% more than that in short stubbles. Yield of lentil broadcasted upon SD was 20% higher than 20days delay with LD rice, and tall stubbles produced 18% more yield than short stubbles. The water productivity (WP) of lentil under SD rice was only 6% higher than lentil in LD rice; however, tall stubbles produced 11% higher WP than short standing stubbles. Keeping stubbles height of SD or LD rice may be an efficient way of using the existing land and water resources for mitigating soil moisture stress and maintaining grain yield and water productivity of lentil relayed with short- and long-duration rice habits.

Chapter 6 Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin: configuration and evolution

Abstract This chapter attempts an understanding of the Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin history in the broad framework of central India. Although the entire Vindhyan Supergroup is within the scope of this work, particular attention is paid to the little-known northwestern fringe exposures. Distinctive facies assemblages and diverse palaeocurrents in these exposures of the Lower Vindhyan play a pivotal role in the interpretation. Analysis of outcrop and subsurface data that extend under the Gangetic alluvium to the north of the Vindhyan outcrops further supports the hypothesis that an east–west-elongated basement ridge initially separated the master Vindhyan Basin from smaller contemporary basins to the north. Deposition took place in isolated lacustrine and fluvial basins north of the divide and largely in a marine realm south. Dextral shear accompanying rifting generated ridges that criss-crossed the Lower Vindhyan seafloor to the south. The uniform character of the Upper Vindhyan throughout, nevertheless, testifies to later drowning of the divide and unification of all of the basins as a consequence of regional tilt northward. However, the extended Vindhyan Sea was restricted by a second east–west-elongated ridge from merger with the contemporary Proterozoic sea further north, disparate sediments of which have been encountered in a few drill cores only.

Boron Fertilization in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in an Inceptisol of West Bengal, India

This study is a synthesis of information on growth, yield, and boron-use efficiency of hybrid sunflower (cultivar Aditya) in an inceptisol (Gangetic alluvium) of West Bengal, India, under varied proportions of soil and foliar-applied boron. Foliar spray of boron (B), under all circumstances, performed better than soil application of B fertilizers with regard to sunflower seed and total dry-matter yield, B uptake, and B-use efficiencies, while 0.2 percent foliar B spray was associated with greatest B recoveries, B-use efficiencies, and sunflower seed yields in the experimental years.

Seed yield and quality of okra as influenced by sowing dates

Field trials were conducted at the Gangetic Alluvium of eastern India to find out the most suitable sowing time to achieve higher yield, comparatively less incidence of yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) and quality seed of okra over four consecutive years having seven sowing times at fortnight interval (1st February, 16th February, 1st March, 16th March, 1st April, 16th April and 1st May). The seed yield attributing characters differed significantly with different sowing dates. The maximum matured pods per plant (14.57) and the longest matured pod (18.00 cm) was observed from 1st April sowing which was statistically similar with that of number and length recorded between16th February and 1st May sowing dates. However, seeds sown in 16th February significantly produced the highest mean seed yield (6.84 q/ha) followed by 1st March (6.18 q/ha) sowing over the years. Seeds sown in either 16th February or 1st March produced the best quality seed (85.30 and 80.0% germination; 45.0 and 44.0 g test weight 29.75; 11.79 and 11.64 vigour index, respectively). Correlation study clearly revealed that seeds per pod and test weight significantly contributed to the seed yield. Rainfall was found to be the major contributor with a significant negative effect on yield over the year. The seed yield of okra was highly influenced by the incidence of YVMV and higher yield was obtained during disease free period, particularly between February and March. The income per rupee investment of okra seed crop was found to be the maximum (2.40) when sown at 2nd fortnight of February. Key words: Okra, seed yield, seed quality, economics.

Biomass and bio-energy production of ten multipurpose tree species planted in sodic soils of indo-gangetic plains

Ten multipurpose tree species, Terminalia arjuna, Azadirechta indica, Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopis alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pithecellobium dulce and Cassia siamea, were raised in a monoculture tree cropping system on the sodic soil of Gangetic alluvium in north India (26° 47′ N: 80°46′ E) for 10 years to evaluate the biomass and bio-energy production. The soil was compact, sodic and impervious to water associated with nutrient deficiency or toxicity. Maximum plant height was recorded with E. tereticornis followed by C.equisetifolia and P. juliflora. A. nilotica performed better than the other species in terms of diameter at breast height (DBH) with a basal area of 13.04 m2·ha−1, followed by P. juliflora and C. equisetifolia. P. juliflora and A. nilotica produced nearly similar biomass of 56.50 and 50.75 Mg·ha−1, respectively, at 10 years; whereas, A. indica, P. pinnata, C. siamea and P. alba did not perform well. P. juliflora scored maximum in net biomass production and nutrient demand. Nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) concentrations were higher in leaf component of P. juliflora. However, in woody components, there was little variation between the species. N removal for production of one ton of wood was lowest in Acacia nilotica, P in T. arjuna, K in P. dulce and Ca and Mg in P. juliflora. P. juliflora gave the highest energy production of 1267.75 GJ·ha−1 followed by A. nilotica with 1206 GJ·ha−1 and the lowest of A. indica (520.66 GJ·ha−1).

Biomass production and nutrient dynamics in three clones of Populus deltoides planted on indogangetic plains

Three clones of Populus deltoides were raised on the degraded soils of Gangetic alluvium in north India (26°45′ N; 80°53′E). The soil was compact, sodic and impervious to water associated with nutrient deficiency or toxicity. Clones G3 and G48 produced nearly similar biomass of 49 t ha-1 at 10 yr, whereas, clone D121 did not perform well. All the clones depicted a polynomial growth pattern of net productions during 5–10 yr culminating on 8–9 yr. Clone G48 outscored in net production and its nutrient demand particularly for N was relatively less than other two clones. A high nitrogen requirement of clone G3 was accomplished by adopting a tight cycling through greater retranslocations from the senescising leaf and lesser return by litter fall. Whereas, the process for P and K contents did not vary between the clones G3 and G48. In contrast, a lose cycling of nutrient by clone G48, increased its nutrient use efficiency based on net production per unit of nutrient uptake or requirement except to K and Ca elements. Grass communities contributed significantly in efficient nutrient recycling and soil amelioration. Symptoms of nutrient depletion in the soil have not been yet distinguished during the five years and rather soil was ameliorated to some extent through the elevated levels of total N, exchangeable Ca and Mg contents. A marked reduction of exchangeable Na content in the soil, particularly by G48 clone, would be in favour of plant productivity to next rotation as the Na toxicity in sodic soils limits the plant growth. Clone G3 dominated in nutrient removal from the site during wood extraction. This study infers that clone G48 has a modest potential of cropping at a short rotation of 9 yr, preferably under an agroforestry land use system on such degraded soils.

Geoelectrical soundings for the study of suitable aquifers in the Gangetic alluvium of Allahabad region

Sixteen geoelectrical soundings were taken in the western part of the district Allahabad lying between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna during the month of April 1976. The area of investigation forms the eastern part of Doab of rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Schlumberger configuration of geoelectrical soundings was used and the data were interpreted mainly by curve matching technique and theoretically calculated multi-layer model curves. Based on the results of the investigation it has been possible to draw geoelectrical section along two profiles and prepare a contour map of resistant substratum representing the base of the alluvial cover. A fence diagram has been constructed to represent the result of all the sounding data. The results of the present geophysical study have provided valuable information regarding the subsurface geology of this virgin area and also the potential aquifer zones which could be exploited for regular supply of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes.

Mega- and giant ripples in the Ganga, Yamuna, and Son Rivers, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sand bars of the three important rivers of the Gangetic Alluvium, namely the Ganga, Yamuna and Son are investigated. Megaripples of undulatory type are the most abundant bed forms present, and are responsible for the development of large-scale cross-bedding, the most common bedding structure present in the area. Giant ripples, with superimposed megaripples are recorded in one sand bar in the Yamuna River. On a steeply sloping point bar in the Ganga River, delta-like lobes have produced foreset bedding oriented towards the main channel, at right angles to the direction of the main flow.

Adaptation to Excess Salts in an Alkaline Soil Population of Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.

Soils containing excess of salts occur extensively in the north-western parts of India; more and more are being added every year because of the use of brackish water for irrigation. An understanding of the basis of salt tolerance in plants is important for effectively counteracting salinity and alkalinity problems. Salt tolerance of species and varieties could be related either to an ability to limit intake of ions which are available in excessive amounts in the medium or to an ability to tolerate high internal levels of certain ions before suffering injury. As noted by Jennings (1968), comparative data are lacking on the concentrations of solutes in the plant tissues of salt-resistant species and populations grown in culture media of high osmotic potential. The present study deals with the differential response to excess salt in the medium of two populations (n = 18) of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.: one from a 'normal' soil (Gangetic alluvium) at Chandigarh (latitude 30? 44' N, longitude 76? 47' E) and one from an alkaline soil at Nilokheri (about 100 km south-east of Chandigarh).

Sediment sourcing in the Gangetic alluvium, Himalayan Foreland Basin – competition between Himalayan and cratonic hinterland

DOI = 10.3126/hjs.v5i7.1330 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.5(7) (Special Issue) 2008 p.149

Effects of Manurial Treatments and Times of Planting on Rice Production in Different Soil Types in West Bengal1

SynopsisThirty pounds of N per acre caused a significant increase in yield. Responses to bulky organic manure and ammonium sulphate, alone or in combination, were practically identical. Lateritic soils showed a higher grain‐producing capability than low‐land Gangetic alluvium soils of higher fertility status. Yields of grain decreased progressively with delay of planting from mid‐July to mid‐September. Time of application of ammonium sulphate had no influence on rice yield. Split applications were moderately superior to composite applications.