Galvanized Iron Sheet Research Articles

Performance enhancement of double slope solar still using cylindrical fins: Experimental and numerical analysis

This study explores the enhancement of a double slope solar still (DSSS) by integrating cylindrical fins on the absorber plate to improve heat transfer efficiency and water productivity. The experimental setup, made from galvanized iron sheets and insulated with a wooden box, features a glass cover angled at 34° for optimal solar radiation absorption. Testing was conducted in Gabes, Tunisia, evaluating solar radiation, wind speed, ambient temperature, and water productivity. Measurements were taken from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., focusing on distillate yield, temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients. Both experimental and numerical analyses examined the effect of fin diameter on temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficients, and energy efficiency. Results demonstrate that the addition of fins significantly enhances both absorber and water temperatures, with the largest fin diameter (80 mm) achieving a 14.07 % increase. A validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model showed a maximum temperature deviation of less than 3.5 °C from experimental data. The study recorded a peak energy efficiency of 71.03 % and a cumulative water productivity of 3252.55 mL/m2.

Fabrication and Characterization of Silicon Dioxide-Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Coating for Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Iron

<div>The present work highlights the significance of nanocomposite coatings for their ease of processing and applicability in combating corrosion. Ongoing research is dedicated to the development of an effective nanocomposite hydrophobic coating. A hydrophobic nanocomposite coating was deposited on galvanized iron (GI) using a sol-gel route with polymethylsiloxane (PDMS) reinforced with nano-SiO<sub>2</sub>. Surface morphology and chemical composition analysis, conducted with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), revealed the coating’s structural and compositional attributes. The resulting hydrophobic coating exhibits a water contact angle (WCA) of 104.1°, indicating a 30.45% increase compared to bare GI. Subsequent to these characterizations, the adhesion of the coated GI, rated as 4B per ASTM D3359, is followed by commendable resistance to corrosion, as evidenced by electrochemical tests. The corrosion rate for the coated GI sheet is notably low, at 62.78 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mpy, underscoring its anti-corrosive efficacy.</div>

Performance evaluation and economic analysis of inclined solar dryer for Capsicum annuum L. (Red chilli) drying

This study presents an assessment of the performance and economic viability of solar dryers for drying perishable agricultural products. The dryer was constructed using locally sourced materials such as galvanized iron sheet, M.S. angle, glass, and S.S. wire mesh. The ability to tilt the dryer allows for optimal solar radiation absorption throughout the year in Jodhpur, India. It is well-established that a tilted surface captures more solar radiation compared to a horizontal plane, hence the utilization of a solar dryer in this research. A drying experiment was carried out in January 2023 using the dryer to dehydrate red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). The maximum stagnation temperature inside the drying chamber was recorded at 65°C, which decreased to 55°C when loaded with 10 kg of chilli, while the outside ambient temperature was 26°C on a clear sky day (from 08:00 h to 18:00 h) in January 2023. Over the course of seven days, the moisture content of the chilli decreased from 80% (wet basis) to approximately 9%. The open sun drying method took 14 days for reducing the moisture content of red chillies to the same level. The dryer's thermal efficiency was calculated to be 16.25%. The economic analysis of the solar dryer indicated a high internal rate of return (IRR) of 82.5% and a short payback period of 1.50 years, highlighting its cost-effectiveness. The cost-benefit ratio was found to be 1.98, demonstrating the potential of solar dryers as a substitute for traditional drying methods. Economic parameters such as net present value (₹40220) and system annuity (₹5430) confirmed the economic feasibility of the system. Inclined solar dryers in remote or rural areas have the potential to significantly reduce postharvest losses and carbon emissions. The adoption of solar dryers would greatly benefit farmers in the arid region of Rajasthan.

Design of Automatic Seaming Machine for Fire Air Ducts with 3D Model and Its Experiment

The fire air duct is one of the important components of the ventilation system in large buildings, which is is a unit system for ventilation and smoke exhaust. The ventilation system is a customized system with a wide range of applications and a high demand, resulting in the use of multiple sizes and specifications of fire air ducts. At the same time, fire air ducts are generally made of thin galvanized iron sheets, which have poor rigidity and are prone to deformation. For the two above-mentioned reasons, the seaming process of the fire air duct is currently mainly completed by manual tapping, resulting in low processing efficiency, high labor intensity, and high cost. Therefore, it is necessary to design an automated equipment that can complete the fire air duct seaming process. Firstly, a 3D model for automatic seaming machine for fire air ducts to demonstrate the working principle and a double head positioning and clamping mechanism is proposed to improve the pipe rigidity; Secondly, to adapt to most specifications for rectangular fire air ducts, a system was designed that utilizes the two right angle ends of the stitching edge for positioning and clamping without many special toolings. Thirdly, a set of automatic seaming prototype has been manufactured based on the above design ideas. The experimental results on the prototype show that the fire air duct automatic stitching machine can seam a fire air duct within 1 minute. Compared with manual processing, the processing efficiency is improved by more than 80%.

Effect of Mechanical Fastening Versus Adhesively Bonded Joints of Polymer Composites on Lap Joint Strength

To examine the viability of combining pine needle fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composites, galvanized iron sheet and aluminum sheet via the use of mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding methods was investigated. The study included the preparation of three distinct kinds of joints, namely, adhesive, nut-bolt, and rivet joints, with the purpose of assessing their tensile and flexural strength. The findings indicated that the use of both mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding methods yielded successful outcomes in the bonding of these materials, with the strength of the joints changing based on the approach employed. The adhesive bonding approach exhibited superior tensile and flexural strength in comparison to the mechanical fastening technique. The microstructural examination demonstrated that the adhesive bonding approach yielded a consistent and uninterrupted contact between the materials, while the mechanical fastening technique exhibited some surface imperfections and deformations. The results indicated that both approaches were effective in producing robust and long-lasting joints.

Indoor Thermal Comfort Condition Analyzing In Naturally Ventilated Rural Houses of Dhaka Region, Bangladesh

Thermal comfort has become one of the most pressing problems for people all around the world as global warming worsens. Bangladesh is an economically prosperous country with a large rural population living in substandard housing. Because these dwellings are in a tropical climate, they are frequently built from locally accessible materials such as mud, wood, bamboo, straw, jute stalk, grass, and so on. These materials are being replaced by brick, corrugated galvanized iron sheets, cement, concrete, and other materials as a result of increasing industrialization, technical improvement, and the improving economic status of rural people. The purpose of this article is to show the current thermal state of three types of naturally ventilated rural dwellings made of two different materials in the Dhaka region. As part of the study approach, a field investigation and a questionnaire survey were carried out. For the comparative examination of three types of dwellings, the existing values of the thermal comfort variables (temperature, humidity, and air velocity) were used. The analysis demonstrates that the double-heightened mud home is more pleasant in terms of thermal comfort factors and psychological reactions of the residents than the single-heightened mud house and C. I sheet constructed houses in a specific climatic location. This study intends to indicate that thermal comfort varies with different building materials and construction techniques in the same climatic situation, and so further research and material-based studies should be conducted to ensure the thermal comfort of rural residents.

Evaluation of adhesion and corrosion wear resistance of biobased polymers derived from linseed oil deposited on Fe-Zn sheets

The objective of this paper is to study adherence and corrosion wear resistance of biobased polymers derived from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) deposited on galvanized iron sheets. The adhesion and anticorrosive properties of the pure epoxy resin (ELO) were compared with those that contained bisphenol A (BFA) and carbon black (CB), which were polymerized by oxirane ring opening catalyzed by aluminum triflate (ATf). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of the different biobased polymers as coatings. To evaluate the performance to the corrosion resistance each coating was tested to adhesion and accelerated weathering within a salt spray chamber. The use of BFA provided greater adhesion than pure ELO coatings. Additionally, the addition of small loads of CB improved the appearance, adhesion, and durability of the coating, thus decreasing the corrosion of the galvanized sheets. Finally, the interactions that occur at the interface between the different polymeric matrices and the substrate surface, which allow improving the corrosion resistance were analyzed.

Application of encapsulated and immobilized nano zero-valent iron for iron removal from roof-harvested rainwater

Abstract Rainwater harvesting is a viable option for dealing with the global challenge of increasing water scarcity, but heavy metal contamination often prevents it from being widely used for drinking water purposes. Harvested rainwater collected from galvanized iron (GI) and tile roofs containing iron concentration of 0.46 and 0.38 mg/L respectively, were treated by two nano sorbents, CaCO3-nZVI and PUF/CaCO3-nZVI with the intention of making the iron concentration conform to drinking quality standards. The nano sorbents were synthesized and characterized using BET (Brunauer-–Emmett–Teller surface area), SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). CaCO3-nZVI achieved iron removal efficacy of 88.69% and 89.21% for harvested rainwater from GI sheet roof and tiled roof respectively and the efficiency increased to 95.65% and 95.78% when treated with PUF/CaCO3-nZVI. In addition, the nano sorbents were found to have appreciable removal efficiency for other metals (Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr) present in the collected rainwater. The use of FTIR and EDX to characterise spent nano sorbents divulged that the iron was removed through sorption process. This study thus explored the potential of CaCO3-nZVI and PUF/CaCO3-nZVI for treating heavy metal contamination in roof-harvested rainwater.

Comparative Analysis on Roof Covering Materials Sustainability as Constructed by Bamboo and Corrugated Galvanized Iron Sheet in Rural Areas Around Wolkite, Ethiopia

One of the most important components of any building is the roof, which protects the interior of the building from environmental influences. It is sustainable to switch roofing materials from expensive roofing materials to inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials. Today's roofing materials have negative effects on the environment due to the manufacturing process. Therefore, this research has mainly focused on the development of sustainable roofing materials through life cycle cost analysis. Approximately ten bamboo samples from homeowners in the Wolkite area and one Adama corrugated galvanized sheet were taken to analyze the life cycle costs. Data on the ecological and socio-economic aspects of the selected roofing materials were collected with the help of interviews and questionnaires. The cost of galvanized corrugated iron sheet of 1.8m2 was $38.19 while the cost of bamboo was $3.91; the researchers concluded that treated bamboo roofs have lower life cycle costs per 1.8 square meters (approximately 89.76% less than corrugated galvanized iron), more environmentally friendly. And also using bamboo as roofing material, create a good job opportunity for the society by cultivating and preparing bamboo to the construction input.

Synthesis, antioxidant properties, and oil solubility of a novel ionic liquid [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] in biodiesel

To promote the practical applications of biodiesel, an antioxidant of biodiesel is designed and synthesized in this study. The antioxidant is a 1-(2-cyanoethyl)-2-undecyl imidazole gallate ionic liquid, referred to as [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO], which is synthesized from gallic acid (GA) and 1-(2-cyanoethyl)-2-undecyl imidazole. The synthesized samples are characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] on the oxidation stability, metal corrosion, gum formation of Jatropha biodiesel, and oil solubility in biodiesel are also explored. The results reveal that [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] has an excellent oil solubility of 0.0425 g·(100 mL)−1 at 25 °C because of its non-polar structure, which is 85 times that of GA. The oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel is significantly improved by [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO]. After adding 0.2‰ [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO], the induction period of Jatropha biodiesel is enhanced by 76% and reaches the European standard (6 h). In addition, [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] can also inhibit the corrosion of copper and galvanized iron sheets by Jatropha biodiesel as well as the formation of gum. The amount of gum formation decreases by 37% when the concentration of [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] is 0.5‰. These findings indicate that [UIM0Y2][C6H2(OH)3COO] is a promising material for enhancing the oxidation stability of biodiesel.

Housing Management Practices and Microclimate of Cattle Shed in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu

Background: In India, most of the farmers are shifting towards organized dairy cattle farming system from paddy cultivation and extensive system of rearing due to scarcity of water resources and intense variance in climatic conditions. Hence, the present study provided valuable information about the existing dairy cattle housing in Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu. Methods: The study on existing management practices of dairy cattle was conducted randomly among 90 farmers of Cauvery delta region, Tamil Nadu. A structured interview schedule was developed and pre-tested and the data on existing management practices were collected with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule. The data were collected by personal interview of the respondents individually at their animal house. The information on dairy production system and management practices were collected and the micro climate of different dairy cattle shed were recorded and analyzed. Result: In Cauvery delta region, the majority of farmers (48.89%) engaged in rearing crossbred dairy cattle were in the middle age group and educated. Further, animal husbandry is either the primary (25.56%) or secondary (74.44%) profession of the farmers. From the study, it is understood that more than 70 per cent of farmers housed their dairy cattle in loose type of housing, adjacent to their home with east-west orientation. The most common roofing pattern adopted for their cattle sheds is gable type (54.45%), with a roofing material of galvanized iron sheet (30.00%). The black globe humidity index (BGHI) and heat load index (HLI) calculated for dairy cattle shed with different roofing structures showed significant difference (P less than 0.05) between thatched and tiled shed.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Performance Without Automatic Tracking System

In this research, a practical and theoretical study was conducted to evaluate the performance of parabolic trough collectors (PTCS) of length (3 m) and width (2.67 m) for three solar collectors connected in parallel, and the absorber tube is made of stainless steel with an internal and external diameter (0.028 m), (0.031 m), respectively. The absorber tube of length 11 m, was painted with un shiny black paint to increase the absorption of sunlight and reduces the thermal radiation. The working fluid is transferred through the receiver tube and located at the focus area of the three collectors. The collector width aperture width was 0.8 meters, and 2.40 meters length with rim angle of Ø = 90°, and concentration ratio of 8.02. The collector surface was covered with aluminum foil which is available in the local market (3M SA-85), which covers galvanized iron sheets with a thickness of 2 mm. A computer program in Fortran language was built to calculate the performance of the solar collector. Experimental results of the test showed that the performance factor of the solar collector is less than the typical type, where notes that there is a large deviation between the theoretical and experimental results, especially in the winter, where the deviation in the morning at ten o'clock about 78%, while it was 5% at noon. The large deviation value mentioned resulting from the assumptions that have been developed to simplify the equations that were used in the theoretical side of research, also the reasons that the theoretical results are taken on the assumption that weather conditions are clear sky and that contrary to reality in the winter. ةThe best efficiency of the solar collector was between solar time (12:00) and time (1:00) at night for two seasons, and the obtained results showed that the increase of mass flow rate of fluid from the amount of (0.033) kg/sec to the amount of (0.066) kg/sec increases the efficiency of solar collector, but leads to reduce the temperature difference between the inlet and exit, as well as the results showed that an increase in solar flux increases the useful energy obtained from the solar collector.

Experimental investigation on renovation of locally manufactured electrical cooking stove

This paper deals with a locally manufactured electrical cookstove that has been modified to reduce energy losses and improve the efficiency of the cookstoves by adjusting the clay profile using switches to test small and large cookware. The system can reduce the cooking time as investigated by boiling water using different sizes. A framework made from mating parts of 4 mm thick galvanized iron sheet, steel sheet metal, a flat type clay plate weighing 2.0 kg, in which the open electric resistor was placed, the groove depth was 12 mm, and the round bar pot rest of 4 mm diameter was made in a concentric circle style for pot mounting and having a height of 10 mm above the heating element. This modification evaluates the efficiency of a modified locally manufactured electric cook stove with a 16 cm pot with a fully active switch investigated high energy loss of 0.45 kW compared with the semi-active switch of the same diameter at 0.25 kW. The efficiency of 16 cm fully active cookware is calculated based on the experiment results found 67%, and semi-active the same diameter cookware would raise to 77% efficiency, and for 22 cm cookware, the efficiency calculated is 68%.

Investigation on Spring-Back Effect of Galvanized Iron Sheet

Sheet metal bending is a useful process utilized in varying applications. Investigations in sheet bending find its importance as it is subjected to spring-back upon withdrawal of load and it differs based on material property and its size, etc. Therefore, maintaining specification of a bent object requires appropriate strategy to adopt. In this work, influence of thickness of galvanised iron sheet metal, punch radius and die corner radius on spring-back is considered. Three different values are taken for punch radius, die corner radius and thickness. Experiments are designed according to response surface methodology (RSM) and analysed by ANOVA technique. From various contour plots and surface plots, it is observed that sheet thickness has significant effect on springback. Influence of other two parameters is comparatively less if considered individually, but the combined effect is quite significant.

Improvement in forming process using Magnetorheological Fluid Assisted Cushion in Hydraulic Press

The role of cushion pressure in hydraulic press plays a vital role in forming the component. In the present work, an attempt was made to analyse the influence of Magnetorheological cushion in addition to the existing cushion system, in forming small cup shaped component. The innovative Magnetorheological assisted hydraulic press of 1 ton capacity is designed and fabricated. The formability of Aluminium and Galvanised Iron sheet of different thickness was analyzed. The Magnetorheological cushion improves the formability of components with the reduced number of wrinkles in it. The forming process with the Magnetorheological fluid assisted cushion hydraulic press was more efficient than ordinary hydraulic presses.

Determination of engineering properties of pearl millet (Bajra)

The engineering properties of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were determined at moisture content of 9.066 ± 0.078 % (wb). The mean values obtained for length, width and thickness were 3.522, 2.590 and 2.100 mm, respectively. The average value for geometric mean diameter, sphericity, weight of thousand grains, bulk density, true density and porosity were 2.511 mm, 0.676, 9.896 g, 852.644 kg.m-3, 1267.236 kg.m-3 and 32.716 % respectively. The angle of repose mean value was 38. The co-efficient of static friction on three types of structural material was found to be ranging from 0.378 (steel sheet), 0.422, (galvanised iron sheet) and 0.426 (card board).

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Poorly Built Timber Buildings in Yangon Slum Areas

In Yangon and the suburbs of Myanmar, timber-framed buildings are the popular choice of construction for residential purposes. Nearly 8% of the total population in Yangon live in the slums and slum-like areas where the dwellings are predominantly made of non-durable materials. Wood, jungle wood, and bamboo are used as the framework and corrugated galvanized iron sheets as walling and sheathing material. The seismic-resistance capacity of timber buildings in slum areas has never been approved based on experimental evidence. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a seismic fragility analysis for poorly built timber buildings by providing a suitable method through numerical and experimental approaches. Pull-over loading tests were conducted on selected buildings to assess their loading-displacement capacity. Further, numerical modeling was done using the Wallstat simulation tool, which is based on the discrete element method. The pushover curve was validated with the curve from the pull-over load test. Once the numerical model was confirmed, dynamic analysis was conducted for different peak ground acceleration (PGA) (g) values until the complete numerical collapse of the building. Three building configurations with three ranges of variable material properties were considered in this study. A primary damage state started at the low PGA value of 0.05 g, and it can be confirmed that the timber buildings that were studied, are vulnerable to earthquakes. The results based on qualitative analysis were accumulated to obtain the damage state matrix, which was then used to obtain the fragility curves.

Engineering properties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grains

The engineering properties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were determined at moisture content of 11.75% and 12.52% (db). The mean values obtained for length, width and thickness were 5.56 mm and 10.15 mm, 5.05 mm and 8.11 mm, 3.56 mm and 4.22 mm, respectively. The average value for geometric mean diameter, sphericity, bulk density, true density and porosity were 4.64 mm and 7.03 mm, 0.83 and 0.69, 814.62 kg/m3 and 726.34 kg/m3, 1455.44 kg/m3 and 1211.79 kg/m3, 0.44% and 0.40% respectively. The angle of repose mean value was 40.50° and 45.52°. The co-efficient of static friction on three types of structural material were found to be 0.21 and 0.51 (steel), 0.31 and 0.52 (galvanised iron sheet) and 0.26 and 0.4 (wooden).

Low-cost yellow sticky traps against greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (westwood) in tomato under polyhouse

Eleven types of yellow sticky traps (15x30 cm) made up of different base and sticky materials were evaluated to determine their persistence and attractancy for greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in tomato under polyhouse during summer, rainy and winter cropping seasons. Base materials like yellow coloured thick paper and yellow painted galvanized iron sheet, and sticky materials like castor oil, mustard oil, linseed oil and white lithium grease were evaluated.The cumulative adult catches on traps evaluated remained significantly maximum (594.3 to 1118.0) during rainy season. Use of paper sheet smeared with different pasting materials resulted in significantly more trap catches, compared to the use of iron sheet. Irrespective of the base material, traps smeared with castor oil proved significantly superior followed by that of mustard oil, linseed oil and white lithium grease. The cost of traps ranged from Rs 165 to Rs 2025/cropping season of 140 days/250 m2 polyhouse; with the minimum and maximum being for the white lithium grease pasted on plastic sheet and commercial trap, respectively. The trap with castor oil pasted on paper sheet was good in efficacy but not cost effective. Trap with mustard oil pasted on paper sheet was one of the efficacious traps, and also cost effective.

A study on housing management practices of dairy animals in the Varanasi district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh

The study was carried out on 250 dairy farmers from 25 villages of Varanasi District on random basis distributed evenly through pre-tested questionnaire and and on farm personal visit and observation to identify various existing housing management practices adopted by the dairy farmers for their livestock. Results revealed that majority of the respondents (73.2 %) had their separate animal house located nearby their own house. A total of 60.8% of the farmers did not have optimum size of animal house and 61.6% did not have optimum floor space for their animals. Head to head system was preferred by the majority (44.4 %) of the respondents, tail to tail in 21.0% and 34.6% respondents were adopting single line housing system for their dairy animals. As for the floor of the animal house 35.2, 30.0 and 34.0% respondents had pucca cemented floor, brick paved floor and earthen floor, respectively. Roof of the animal house was made up of asbestos sheets, galvanised iron sheet and thatched roof in case of 58.8%, 12.4% and 28.8 % of respondents respectively. Whereas, majority (66.4%) respondents were using pucca (cemented) manger for feeding their animals; only 38.8 % of the respondents had provision of pucca drainage system. Although 53.2% had fairly good ventilation, only only 31.6% maintained proper cleanliness in their animal house. It was concluded that, dairy farmers of Varanasi district were not having optimum houses and they were not adopting proper scientific housing management practices for their dairy animals. Accordingly, it was revealed that there is a lot of scope for increasing productivity of animals and thereby, income of farmers from dairy animals by improving the housing parameters and housing management practices of dairy animals.