Gallium Chloride Research Articles

Extraction equilibria in the system GaCl3-AlCl3-HCl-H2O-tributyl phosphate

Partition equilibria and solution chemistry of the system GaCl3-AlCl3-HCl-H2O-tributyl phosphate is characterized by a simultaneous extraction of gallium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and water by a solvating mechanism. The salting-out power of the aqueous phase was explained by taking into account the stability of aluminum chloride and gallium chloride complex species and the calculated concentration of free chloride ions actually available for the extraction of gallium. Three gallium extraction mechanisms in the range of compositions studied are the extraction of GaCl3 at low H+ and salt concentrations, the extraction of GaCl- 4 at moderate H+ and salt concentrations, and the competition between the extraction of GaCL-4 and an HC1-TBP complex at high H+ and salt concentrations. The extraction of gallium over a wide range of distribution ratios (D = 1 to 1 x 104) could be represented by a chemically based model taking into account the free chloride concentration and the activity coefficient of the total chloride ions.

GaAs Growth Using TMG and AsCl3

A new vapor‐phase epitaxial (VPE) technique using trimethylgallium (TMG) and arsenic trichloride has been developed. This VPE is free from the source instability in chloride VPE and fatally toxic arsine in hydride and metalorganic VPE. The growth reaction is based on the gallium chloride transport method. Growth rates of 300–4000 Å/min were obtained at growth temperatures between 650° and 780°C. At III/V ratios below 2.3, the growth rate increased as the TMG flow rate increased and the flow rate decreased. The growth rate was independent of the temperature in the gas mixing region of the reactor. High purity with a 77 K mobility of 36,000 cm2/Vs was obtained.

Oxidation of arenes by molten gallium(III) chloride

Molten, anhydrous Ga 2Cl 6 at 100–130°C readily oxidizes pyrene, anthracene and naphtracene with the concomitant reduction of Ga(III) to Ga(I). Dilute solutions of these arenes (ArH) are oxidized to their radical cations (ArH +·), which decay very slowly in Ga 2Cl 6, while more concentrated solutions are oxidized to stable arenium ions (ArH 2 +) with hydrogen derived from aryl-ary] coupling reactions.

High temperature infrared spectra of dimeric and monomeric AlBr 3, AlI 3 and GaCl 3 in the vapour phase

The i.r. spectra of aluminium bromide, aluminium iodide and gallium chloride vapours were measured in the region 50–700 cm −1 with an evacuable Fourier transform spectrometer by transmission and emission techniques. Evacuable cells of nickel were employed having windows of type IIa diamond and sealed with o-rings of gold. The dimer spectra were interpreted in terms of D 2 h symmetry and seven of the eight i.r. active fundamentals were assigned. The monomer spectra were interpreted in terms of D 3 h symmetry and the three i.r. active fundamentals were assigned. Valence force fields were derived for the three dimers and three monomers based upon the present i.r. frequencies and on Raman data reported previously.

Complexing and exchange of boron, aluminum, and gallium chlorides with some Lewis bases

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Gaseous complexes of nickel chloride with aluminum chloride and gallium chloride

Gaseous complexes of nickel chloride with aluminum chloride and gallium chloride

Thermal decomposition of gallium hydroxides

The thermal decomposition of gallium hydroxides [amorphous Ga(OH) 3 and crystalline α-GaOOH] prepared from aqueous gallium chloride solution by addition of alkali at various valuesof pH, has been studied by thermal analyses (thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis), X-ray diffraction and IR spectrophotometry. From the results obtained, it is concluded that gallium hydroxides decompose thermally according to ▪

Studies of the crystallisation of gallium hydroxide precipitated from hydrochloric acid solutions by various alkalis

AbstractGallium hydroxide precipitated from aqueous gallium chloride solution on addition of alkalis at varying pH have been aged in the mother liquors for different periods of time. The resulting precipitates have been examined by X‐ray diffraction and i.r. spectrophotometry. It is found that the precipitate, separated immediately from the mother liquor after preparation, exists in an amorphous type and transforms to α‐gallium oxyhydroxide during aging independent of pH.

Complexing and exchange of boron, aluminum, and gallium chlorides with some Lewis bases

Boron trichloride and dimethyl sulfide form a 1:1 complex. It exchanges with excess boron trichloride by a displacement mechanism with an activation energy of 5.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and with excess dimethyl sulfide by a dissociation mechanism which has an activation energy of 20 ± 1 kcal/mol. The 1:1 complex of AlCl3 and dimethyl sulfide exchanges very rapidly with excess dimethyl sulfide. Equilibria and exchange reactions of AlCl3[(CH3)2O], AlCl3[(CH3)2O]2, and (CH3)2O are described. Rapid exchange is always found in the analogous gallium systems. BCl3 reacts with chloride ion to give BCl4− and B2Cl7−, which exchange rapidly with excess BCl3. AlCl3 reacts with Cl− and BCl4− to give AlCl4− which does not exchange with AlCl3.

Vapor complexes of erbium(III) chloride with aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) chlorides

Vapor complexes of erbium(III) chloride with aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) chlorides

Drastic changes in the raman spectrum of aqueous gallium chloride solution from liquid state to glassy state

Raman spectra of aqueous gallium chloride solutions are obtained in both liquid state at room temperature and glassy state. Large spectral changes are observed on going from liquid to glassy state and are discussed in terms of ionic equilibrium reactions.

Gaseous Complexes of Copper(II) Chloride with Gallium Chloride

AbstractThe equilibria equation image have been studied by optical spectroscopy: equation image The thermodynamics of the step‐wise formation of CuGa2Cl8(g) are discussed.

Cathodoluminescence of undoped and Zn-doped GaN epitaxial layers

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ChemInform Abstract: INFRARED STUDY OF ANILINE ADSORBED ON ALUMINUM HALIDES AND ON GALLIUM CHLORIDE

Infrared study was made on aniline adsorbed on aluminum chloride, bromide and iodide. Aniline-d0 (C6H5NH2), aniline-N,N-d2, aniline-d5 (C6D5NH2) and aniline-d7 were used. Aniline-d0–gallium chloride system was studied for comparison. Only the bands associated with amino group showed large frequency shifts on complex formation. The structures of adsorbed molecules were discussed in terms of the frequency shift of bands, especially of those assigned to C–N stretching and ND2 bending modes. The interaction of adsorbed aniline with aluminum chloride is rather weak and predominantly ionic. A strong chemisorption with the formation of an essentially covalent N···Al bond can be deduced for aniline adsorbed on aluminum bromide, iodide and gallium chloride. Such an ionic adsorption on aluminum chloride can be understood by considering the ionic structure of solid aluminum chloride. Some of the observed bands for aniline-d5 are (cm−1); 3424, 3350, 3312 (NH str.), 1620 (NH2 bend.) and 1300 (CN str.).

Infrared Study of Aniline Adsorbed on Aluminum Halides and on Gallium Chloride

Abstract Infrared study was made on aniline adsorbed on aluminum chloride, bromide and iodide. Aniline-d0 (C6H5NH2), aniline-N,N-d2, aniline-d5 (C6D5NH2) and aniline-d7 were used. Aniline-d0–gallium chloride system was studied for comparison. Only the bands associated with amino group showed large frequency shifts on complex formation. The structures of adsorbed molecules were discussed in terms of the frequency shift of bands, especially of those assigned to C–N stretching and ND2 bending modes. The interaction of adsorbed aniline with aluminum chloride is rather weak and predominantly ionic. A strong chemisorption with the formation of an essentially covalent N···Al bond can be deduced for aniline adsorbed on aluminum bromide, iodide and gallium chloride. Such an ionic adsorption on aluminum chloride can be understood by considering the ionic structure of solid aluminum chloride. Some of the observed bands for aniline-d5 are (cm−1); 3424, 3350, 3312 (NH str.), 1620 (NH2 bend.) and 1300 (CN str.).

Complexes between Gaseous Gallium Chloride and Cobalt Chloride.

Complexes between Gaseous Gallium Chloride and Cobalt Chloride.

Preparation of organogallium compounds from organolithium reagents and gallium chloride. Infrared, magnetic resonance, and mass spectral studies of alkylgallium compounds

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of organogallium compounds from organolithium reagents and gallium chloride. Infrared, magnetic resonance, and mass spectral studies of alkylgallium compoundsRoger A. Kovar, Henry. Derr, Duane. Brandau, and John O. CallawayCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1975, 14, 11, 2809–2814Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50153a042RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views710Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (792 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Quantitative aspects of Lewis acidity. Part XIII. Basicity of substituted benzamides towards metal halides. The validity of nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts as measures of Lewis acid strength

ZnCl2, ZnBr2, BF3, GaCl3, GaBr3, PhSnCl3, SnCl4, AlCl3, and AsCl3 from 1:1-adducts with substituted benzamides in diethyl ether or in tetrahydrofuran. The values of K, the equilibrium constant for adduct formation in diethyl ether, follow the sequence AlCl3 > SnCl4 > GaCl3 [graphic omitted] GaBr3 > ZnCl2 [graphic omitted] ZnBr2 BF3 > PhSnCl3 > SbCl3 > AsCl3. The K values are larger in diethyl ether than in tetrahydrofuran. It is shown that the carbonyl oxygen atom of the benzamide is the donor atom. It is also demonstrated that neither standard heats of formation of the adducts nor the resulting 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts of the N–H protons are reliable guides to the relative acidities of the covalent halides. The relative basicity of benzamides and anilines towards metal halides is very different to their relative basicity towards the proton in water. The pKa value of 2-methylbenzamide is –1·88 and molecular weight determinations show that gallium chloride is monomeric in ether.

Direct Titrimetric Microdetermination of Fluorodifen, Linuron, Faneron, and Pebulate

Abstract The herbicides fluorodifen, linuron, faneron, and pebulate have been determined in individual standard solutions by direct titration against gallium chloride solution, using different indicators. The same technique is applied to estimation of these herbicides in treated soils. The complex between gallium chloride and fluordifen or linuron is formed in a 1:3 ratio, whereas the complex with faneron or pebulate is in a 1:1 ratio. Recoveries for fluorodifen, linuron, faneron, and pebulate were 99.9–101.5, 99.0–102.4, 97.1–101.3, and 98.3–101.2%, respectively. Treatment with herbicide lowered the pH of the soil.

Mass Spectrometric Studies of Vapor‐Phase Crystal Growth: II .

A mass spectrometer has been coupled to an open‐tube, vapor‐phase, crystal growth apparatus in order to study vapor‐phase processes leading to the deposition of crystals. Studies of the and Cl2 reactions with gallium showed that is the only gallium chloride formed. Studies of decomposition showed that very little decomposes under given experimental conditions, but this can be changed by the presence of W and Pt. Thermochemical data were collected or calculated for all species detected in the system. The reaction mechanisms leading to the deposition of are discussed. It is concluded that the reaction controlling the deposition of can be written as Comparison of the experimentally determined vapor composition with one predicted from the available thermochemical data showed that important deviations from the thermochemical equilibrium occur in our system.