Gait Parameters In Individuals Research Articles

Training motor control in the cervical spine improves reliability of gait parameters in individuals with traumatic brain injury

Training motor control in the cervical spine improves reliability of gait parameters in individuals with traumatic brain injury

이중과제 걷기 시 과제 난이도가 만성 발목 불안정성의 시공간 보행 변인에 미치는 영향

이중과제 걷기 시 과제 난이도가 만성 발목 불안정성의 시공간 보행 변인에 미치는 영향

Factors Mediating or Moderating the Effects of Obesity on Walking: Targeting Areas for Rehabilitation

Increased physical activity, such as walking, is often prescribed to address obesity. Several factors that may influence the connection between obesity and walking include the biomechanics of gait, pain, depressive symptoms, physical health, and activity. The objective of this study was to assess the moderation and mediation effects of knee pain and buckling, depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health on spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with obesity. Forty participants with obesity performed a task in which they walked on flat ground and crossed an obstacle. Measures of knee pain and buckling, depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health were collected. We conducted mediation analyses with knee buckling and pain as mediators of the effect of the BMI on spatiotemporal gait parameters. Moderation analyses were performed with depressive symptoms, physical activity, and physical health as moderators of the effect of BMI on spatiotemporal gait parameters. We found that depressive symptoms and physical health moderated the relationship between BMI and Step Width in people with obesity. These effects were pronounced when participants crossed an obstacle. In conclusion, depressed mood and physical health influence the relationship between obesity and walking. These factors present potential avenues for rehabilitation interventions to aid individuals with obesity.

Clinical measures and gait parameters in individuals with knee Osteoarthritis: a comparison between men and women

This study aimed to compare men and women on muscle strength, pain, physical function, and gait spatiotemporal parameters at three speeds, verifying the correlation between variables. Forty-two individuals with KOA (21 women) participated in this cross-sectional study. They were assessed using the visual analog pain scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC), lower limb isometric muscle strength, and gait kinematics on a treadmill at three speeds. The results revealed that women had worse clinical measures (WOMAC and muscle strength) (p < 0.006) and reduced step length (p < 0.05). The results also showed that women had more variables correlated with step length and stronger correlations (r = 0.33 to 0.83) than men. In conclusion, the moderate to strong correlation between step length and clinical measures observed for women suggests that step length could be a suitable parameter for assessing women with KOA. Also, the critical role of clinical measures indicates that it could be beneficial to associate the usual intervention with a psychosocial approach for women.

Effect of antiparkinsonian medication on spatiotemporal gait parameters of individuals with Parkinson’s disease: comparison between individuals with and without freezing of gait

BACKGROUND: The gait of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) tends to be slower, characterized by narrow and short steps. During the medication, the self-selected gait speed of individuals with PD increases. However, when looking individually at the spatiotemporal parameters of gait, the medication induces different and not always consistent effects. However, the effects of medication and freezing of gait during walking in individuals with PD are unknown. AIM: To analyze the effect of antiparkinsonian medication and freezing of gait (FoG) on spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with PD. METHOD: For this purpose, we compared gait parameters in individuals with FoG (freezers, n=11) and without FoG (non-freezers, n=11). Spatiotemporal gait parameters (speed, cadence, step length, step time, step width, stride length, stride time, swing phase, and double support) and clinical scales (parts II and III of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, Hoehn and Yahr, Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire and Mini-Test scale of Balance Assessment System) were analyzed in two experimental sessions, counterbalanced between individuals: one in the ON medication state (1h after ingestion), and another in the OFF medication state (~12h after the last ingestion). Linear mixed effects models 2-groups X 2-conditions were used. RESULTS: We found that gait speed, stride, and step length were significantly higher in the ON than in the OFF condition for both freezers and non-freezers, and significantly lower in the freezers than in the non-freezers, regardless of the medication state. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that medication improved gait performance equivalently in both freezers and non-freezers.

Cushioned Footwear Effect on Pain and Gait Characteristics of Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blinded 3 Month Intervention Study.

One of the recommendations for individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the use of specific footwear, such as sturdy or cushioned shoes. However, the long-term use effects of using cushioned shoes on the pain and spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with knee OA are yet to be reported. We therefore aimed to compare the efficacy of cushioned sport footwear versus sham shoes on motor functions, pain and gait characteristics of individuals with knee OA who used the shoes for 3 months. In a double-blinded study, we provided 26 individuals with knee OA with cushioned sport shoes and 12 individuals with knee OA with similar sport shoes without cushioning for 3 months. The gait analysis, the timed up and go (TUG) test and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) were conducted and the pain levels were measured at the baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after the baseline. We found that the cushioned shoes reduce the amount of pain (based on WOMAC) in the affected knee and increase functionality in the research group, but not in the control group. Gait velocity and cadence were increased in both groups. Gait spatiotemporal parameters and their symmetry were unaffected during the intervention. We conclude that the use of cushioned shoes should be recommended to individuals with knee OA for alleviating pain.

Gait training with robotic exoskeleton assisted rehabilitation system in patients with incomplete traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury: A pilot study and review of literature

This pilot study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of robotic gait training and its' effects on gait parameters in individuals with incomplete motor spinal cord injury-SCI (AIS C and AIS D). The study was conducted in a tertiary research center with indigenously developed Robotic Exoskeleton Assisted Rehabilitation Systems (REARS). Primary outcome measures used were the ten-meter walk test (10MWT), two-minute walk test (2MWT), six-minute walk test (6MWT), the timed up and go test (TUG), the walking index for spinal cord injury II (WISCI II), and the spinal cord independence measure version III (SCIM III) at baseline, 12 sessions, and after 24 sessions (endpoint) of training. At baseline, individuals who could not perform 10MWT, TUG, and 6MWT were grouped in G1 for analysis. Participants in G2 were able to perform all the tests at baseline. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age and duration of illness was 41 (24) years and 167 (147) days, respectively. Five out of seven participants had non-traumatic etiology and five were males. After completing training, participants in G1 were able to complete the 10MWT, 6MWT, and TUG, and the mean (SD) scores were 0.2 m/s (0.2), 66.3 m (61.2) and 113.3 s (117.4), respectively. Participants in G2 could perform the TUG test 13.5 s faster at the end of the study (11.9 s vs 25.4 s). The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for TUG was 10.8 s. In G2, the pre-post training change in mean score of 10MWT and 6MWT was 0.11 m/s and 42 m, respectively; these values approached the MCID for these measures. None of the participants had any injury during training. Robotic gait training with REARS is safe and feasible. Such training may lead to an improvement in balance and walking capacity.

The Use of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation on Gait Parameters in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that commonly affects the basal ganglia dopaminergic signaling system, which can contribute to moderate-severe gait impairments in individuals. Many therapies have been proposed to mitigate this effect, however, there are often issues to consider such as the relative invasiveness of the procedure and other side effects. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) is a non-invasive therapeutic avenue with the potential to mitigate associated impairments in gait parameters. This review aims to evaluate the recent literature regarding the efficacy of this intervention in improving gait parameters in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: PubMed and OVID Medline databases were consulted to find nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) written in the English language, published between 2012 and 2022 and subject to a strict inclusion criterion. Keywords included, but were not limited to, “Parkinson’s disease”, “rhythmic auditory stimulation”, and “gait”. Outcomes were critically analyzed, and their implications were evaluated in the context of existing research within this field. Results: Many of the studies showed a strong immediate improvement in several of the gait parameters, such as speed, stride length, cadence, balance, and falls, identified across a variety of RCT designs. However, many reviewed studies included a small sample size (n ≤ 30) and showed no significant outcomes in specific parameters, and several lacked an adequate follow-up period, limiting assessment of long-term efficacy. Discussion: The findings showed strong implications surrounding the use of rhythmic cues to prime the motor system to facilitate gait relearning and motor rehabilitation, at least in the short term. This method can be applied in future therapeutic avenues to address gait rehabilitation in a non-invasive manner. Conclusion: Existing literature demonstrates that RAS therapy is a promising method to incorporate into such therapeutic avenues; however, further research for the long-term efficacy of this approach is required.

How does kinesiophobia affect short- and long-term gait parameters in individuals with total knee arthroplasty surgery?

Delays in weight transfer due to various fears after Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery negatively affect recovery. Therefore, the presence of kinesiophobia is essential for the success of the treatment. This study was planned to investigate the effects of kinesiophobia on Spatio-temporal parameters in patients who underwent unilateral TKA surgery. This study was a prospective and cross-sectional study. Seventy patients with TKA were assessed preoperatively in the 1st week (Pre1W) and post- operatively in the 3rd month (Post3M) and 12th month (Post12M). Spatiotemporal parameters were assessed using the Win-Track platform (Medicapteurs Technology, France). The Tampa kinesiophobia scale and Lequesne index were evaluated in all individuals. A significant relationship was found between the Pre1W, Post3M, and Post12M periods and Lequesne Index scores (p<0.01), and this relationship was in favor of improvement. In the Post3M period, kinesiophobia increased compared to the Pre1W period, and kinesiophobia decreased effectively in the Post12M period (p<0.01). The effect of kine-siophobia was evident in the first postoperative period. In the correlation analyses between spatiotemporal para- meters and kinesiophobia, significant negative correlations were observed (p<0.01) in the early postoperative period (Post3M). Evaluating the effectiveness of kinesiophobia on Spatio-temporal parameters at different time intervals before and after TKA surgery may be necessary for the treatment process.

Experimental study on movement characteristics of pedestrians with different speeds

Crowd evacuation efficiency is related to the gait parameters of individuals. In this study, the gait parameters of individuals with different speeds, including step length, plantar pressure, and offset of barycenter, were recorded using a pressure distribution measurement treadmill. The gait characteristics of pedestrians with different motion states were analyzed. A physical model was built to describe the individual movement. The results showed that the critical speed for individual motion posture from walking to running was 1.4 m s−1, and the gait characteristics of a pedestrian differed significantly between the two motion postures. The step length increment began to decrease rapidly and the offset of the barycenter (front and rear position) began to increase when the speed was more than 1.4 m s−1, and the movement condition of an individual was changed from walking to running at this speed. The plantar pressure increased significantly when the speed of an individual was between 1.4 m s−1 and the speed at which the double support phase disappeared. These findings revealed the variation rules of the movement characteristics of individuals with different speeds, such as the step length, the plantar pressure, and the offset of the barycenter. The step length and the plantar pressure were quantified for the physical model, which could provide a reference for the further research of crowd simulation and the instability risk of individuals.

Repeated adaptation and de-adaptation to the pelvis resistance force facilitate retention of motor learning in stroke survivors.

Locomotor adaptation to novel walking patterns induced by external perturbation has been tested to enhance motor learning for improving gait parameters in individuals poststroke. However, little is known regarding whether repeated adaptation and de-adaptation to the externally perturbed walking pattern may facilitate or degrade the retention of locomotor learning. In this study, we examined whether the intermittent adaptation to novel walking patterns elicited by external perturbation induces greater retention of the adapted locomotion in stroke survivors, compared with effects of the continuous adaptation. Fifteen individuals poststroke participated in two experimental conditions consisting of 1) treadmill walking with intermittent (i.e., interspersed 2 intervals of no perturbation) or continuous (no interval) adaptation to externally perturbed walking patterns and 2) overground walking before, immediately, and 10 min after treadmill walking. During the treadmill walking, we applied a laterally pulling force to the pelvis toward the nonparetic side during the stance phase of the paretic leg to disturb weight shifts toward the paretic side. Participants showed improved weight shift toward the paretic side and enhanced muscle activation of hip abductor/adductors immediately after the removal of the pelvis perturbation for both intermittent and continuous conditions (P < 0.05) and showed longer retention of the improved weight shift and enhanced muscle activation for the intermittent condition, which transferred from treadmill to overground walking (P < 0.05). In conclusion, repeated motor adaptation and de-adaptation to the pelvis resistance force during walking may promote the retention of error-based motor learning for improving weight shift toward the paretic side in individuals poststroke.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined whether the intermittent versus the continuous adaptation to external perturbation induces greater retention of the adapted locomotion in stroke survivors. We found that participants showed longer retention of the improved weight shift and enhanced muscle activation for the intermittent versus the continuous conditions, suggesting that repeated motor adaptation and de-adaptation to the pelvis perturbation may promote the retention of error-based motor learning for improving weight shift toward the paretic side in individuals poststroke.

Preliminary analysis of linear and angular kinetic parameters of the gait of individuals with cerebral palsy

Normal gait patterns allow the identification of the normal movement pattern, such as the gait of people with cerebral palsy. Paralympic classification systems aim to include the participation in sports of people with cerebral palsy, minimizing the impact of the injury on the result of the competition. In this context, this study aims to investigate, functionally, the linear and angular kinetic parameters of gait in individuals with cerebral palsy. 15 participants with cerebral palsy were classified into three groups according to the classification of the International Paralympic Committee: 1) T35- diplegic; 2) T36- athetoid ataxic; 3) T37- hemiplegic. For data acquisition, we used a motion capture system in 3 dimensions. The results showed significant differences between the three groups in some linear and angular gait variables, corroborating the qualitative classification process already used by the International Paralympics Committee. In addition, we identified the existence of people with different levels of cerebral palsy within a single functional class of International Paralympics Committee. We found significant differences in some linear and angular gait variables among the classes T35, T36 e T37, which suggest "subgroups" inside each category, and this would prevent a athlete from competing on equal terms with the other competitors.

The Effect of Kinesiological Taping Applied to the Tibialis Anterior Muscle on Gait Parameter in Stroke Patients

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the immediate effect of kinesiological taping on the tibialis anterior muscle with muscle stimulation technique on gait parameters in individuals with stroke. Material and Methods: The study included 28 stroke patients with a mean age of 53.57±12.38 years. Gait analysis was performed on the participants at different times with kinesiological taping and sham (plaster-rigid) taping and without any intervention. Kinesiological taping was applied to the tibialis anterior muscle using a muscle technique. Sham taping was applied along the tibialis anterior muscle from the origin to the insertion, with the ankle in a neutral position, without applying any tension to the muscle, skin or tape. The gait parameters of the participants were evaluated with the BTS G-Walk Analysis System. Results: According to the data obtained as a result of evaluations, it was concluded that the immediate effect of the kinesiological taping applied on the tibialis anterior muscle to the gait parameters was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). In addition, it was concluded that the kinesiological and sham taping applied to the tibialis anterior muscle is not superior to each other (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesiological taping of the tibialis anterior muscle is not sufficient to improve gait functions in stroke patients.

Spatio-temporal gait differences in Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy during single and dual task overground walking - A pilot study

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a rare genetic muscle disorder leading to progressive muscle loss over time. Research indicates that this progressive muscular atrophy can negatively impact spatio-temporal gait characteristics, but this is not always the case during early-onset or mild cases of the disease. In addition, the performance of a secondary task during overground walking may elucidate greater deficits in spatio-temporal characteristics of gait. However, such dual task effects on FSHD gait have not been studied thus far. The current study aimed to (a) quantify changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters in individuals with FSHD using the Tekscan Strideway gait mat system, (b) measure the dual task (DT) effects on cadence and gait velocity during single task (ST) and DT overground walking in FSHD and healthy controls and (c) investigate the correlation between the gait parameters and the methylation status in FSHD. Nine FSHD (M±SD=52.78±14.69 years) and nine nearly matched healthy controls (M±SD=50.11±16.18 years) performed five ST and five DT walking in a pseudo-randomized order. The DT included a serial 7's subtraction task from a random number between 50 and 100. Dependent variables: Cadence (steps/min) and gait velocity (cm/sec) were obtained from Tekscan Strideway (30 Hz, Boston, MA). The pairwise comparison indicated that cadence was significantly different for both ST (P<0.004) and DT (P<0.02) where FSHD showed lower cadence compared to controls. Gait velocity was also significantly lower for FSHD during ST (P<0.004) and DT (P<0.008). Multilevel modeling (MLM) approach revealed a group by task interaction for cadence (P<0.05) and gait velocity (P<0.001). The interaction showed a significant difference between ST and DT in controls for cadence and gait velocity. However, there was no difference between ST and DT in FSHD. Finally, a comparison of methylation percentage versus gait parameters revealed a significant negative correlation coefficient for cadence but not for gait velocity. These results indicate specific pairwise differences in both ST and DT walking, observed in the gait parameters as decreased cadence and gait velocity during ST and DT. In addition, the MLM showed that controls exhibited the DT cost as expected but FSHD did not for cadence and gait velocity. ST appears to be sufficiently challenging in FSHD and results in overall declines in spatio-temporal characteristics of gait. Further research is needed to test this paradigm with early-onset or mild cases to track disease progression and its effects on ambulation.

The effects of levodopa in the spatiotemporal gait parameters are mediated by self-selected gait speed in Parkinson's disease.

In individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), the medication induces different and inconsistent results in the spatiotemporal parameters of gait, making it difficult to understand its effects on gait. As spatiotemporal gait parameters have been reported to be affected by gait speed, it is essential to consider the gait speed when studying walking biomechanics to interpret the results better when comparing the gait pattern of different conditions. Since the medication alters the self-selected gait speed of individuals with PD, this study analysed whether the change in gait speed can explain the selective effects of l-DOPA on the spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with PD. We analysed the spatiotemporal gait parameters at the self-selected speed of 22 individuals with PD under ON and OFF states of l-DOPA medication. Bayesian mediation analysis evaluated which gait variables were affected by the medication state and checked if those effects were mediated by speed changes induced by medication. The gait speed was significantly higher among ON compared with OFF medication. All the spatiotemporal parameters of the gait were mediated by speed, with proportions of mediation close to 1 (effect entirely explained by speed changes). Our results show that a change in gait speed better explains the changes in the spatiotemporal gait parameters than the ON-OFF phenomenon. As an implication for rehabilitation, our results suggest that it is possible to assess the effect of l-DOPA on improving motor symptoms related to gait disorders by measuring gait speed.

The effects of cognitive versus motor concurrent task on gait in individuals with transtibial amputation, transfemoral amputation and in a healthy control group

BackgroundLower limb amputation causes difficulties in mobility together with motor and sensory loss. Challenging situations such as concurrent tasks cause gait parameters to deteriorate. Understanding the effect of concurrent tasks on gait is important for the rehabilitation of amputees. Research questionAre the effects of concurrent cognitive and motor tasks on gait parameters at fixed speed different in individuals with transtibial amputation, or transfemoral amputation compared to healthy individuals? MethodsThe gait parameters were evaluated of 20 individuals with transtibial amputation, 13 individuals with transfemoral amputation and 20 healthy individuals while walking on a motorized treadmill under single task (ST), cognitive dual task (CDT) and motor dual task (MDT) conditions. The self-selected comfortable velocity, which was determined in the single-task gait, was used in all three walking tests. ResultsST, CDT and MDT gait parameters of individuals with transtibial amputation, transfemoral amputation and healthy individuals were significantly different (p < 0.01). Covariance of step length variability increased in amputees when walking under MDT (p < 0.05). The dual task cost (DTC) for all the gait parameters was similar in all three groups (p > 0.05). The motor DTC of covariance of step length was greater than cognitive DTC (p < 0.05). SignificanceIndividuals with lower limb amputation have the capacity to walk with cognitive and motor tasks without changing velocity on the treadmill, but concurrent motor tasks cause an increase in gait variability. The results of this study suggest that there is an increase in gait variability especially with motor tasks, which may cause a higher risk of falling.Trial number: NCT04392466 (clinicaltrials.gov)

Association of gait with global cognitive function and cognitive domains detected by MoCA-J among community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGait was proved to be strongly associated with global cognitive function and multiple cognitive domains; however, previous research usually concentrated on individual gait parameters. This study used wearable sensors to measure gait parameters in different aspects and comprehensively explored the association of gait with global cognitive function and cognitive domains.MethodsThe data of this cross-sectional study were obtained from 236 community-dwelling Japanese older adults (125 men and 111 women) aged 70–81 years. Gait was measured by asking participants to walk a 6-m course and back using the Physilog® sensors (GaiUp®, Switzerland). Global cognitive function and cognitive domains were evaluated by face-to-face interviews using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Twenty gait parameters were summarized as independent gait factors using factor analysis. A generalized linear model and linear regression model were used to explore the relationship of gait with global cognitive function and cognitive domains adjusted for several confounding factors.ResultsFactor analysis yielded four gait factors: general cycle, initial contact, propulsion, and mid-swing. Among them, general cycle factor was significantly associated with global cognitive function (β = − 0.487, [− 0.890, − 0.085]) and executive function (P = 0.049); initial contact was associated with executive function (P = 0.017).ConclusionGeneral cycle of gait might be the better marker of global cognitive function and gait is most strongly associated with executive function. The longitudinal relationships should be examined in future cohort studies.

Effects of dual-task exercise on gait parameters of individuals with dementia and MCI: a review

Introduction: With the significant increase in life expectancy, more and more people who develop dementia are recorded, which has led to a greater need to find possible protective factors. As age progresses, the ability of a person to perform two tasks at once decreases. This review explores the effect of dual-task activities on walking in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods:In order to search for the appropriate literature, the three-stage search technique was used: a) design, b) implementation and c) evaluation. The ion criteria of the studies were: a) published between 2009 and 2020, b) investigating the effect of dual-task activities on elderly people with MCIAD during walking, c) written in GreekEnglish. The search was conducted between November and December 2020. Results:During the bibliographic search, 2108 results were obtained. Following the removal of duplicates and the exclusion of surveys that did not meet the criteria, 18 articles were ed for this review. Conclusions: Several studies show a significant decrease in walking speed in people with AD and MCI when walking in a dual-task condition. In addition, changes are observed in other gait parameters, if walking is combined with some cognitive task, which can be a possible risk factor of falling. In conclusion, gait tests in combination with cognitive task could be another important diagnostic tool in the field of dementia. keywords : Alzheimer, dual-task, gait, mild cognitive impairment, divided attention, prediction of falls

Improvement of Gait after 4 Weeks of Wearable Focal Muscle Vibration Therapy for Individuals with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.

People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) experience lower quality of life caused by associated balance, posture, and gait impairments. While focal muscle vibration (FMV) has been associated with improvements in gait performance in individuals with neurological disorders, little is known about its effectiveness in patients with DPN. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of FMV on gait outcomes in patients with DPN. The authors randomized 23 participants into three FMV intervention groups depending upon the delivery of vibration. Participants applied wearable FMV to the bilateral quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior, 10 min per muscle, three times per week over a four-week period. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters at baseline and post-intervention were calculated and analyzed. Gait speed, cadence, stride time, left and right stance time, duration of double limb support, and left and right knee flexor moments significantly improved after four weeks of FMV. Trends toward significant improvements were noted in maximum left and right knee flexion. Results indicate that FMV therapy was associated with improvements in gait parameters in individuals with DPN, warranting expanded study of FMV therapy for long-term gait performance improvement in these individuals.

Comparison of the effects of real-time propulsive force versus limb angle gait biofeedback on gait biomechanics

BackgroundReduced forward propulsion during gait, measured as the anterior component of the ground reaction force (AGRF), may contribute to slower walking speeds in older adults and gait dysfunction in individuals with neurological impairments. Trailing limb angle (TLA) is a clinically important gait parameter that is associated with AGRF generation. Real-time gait biofeedback can induce modifications in targeted gait parameters, with potential to modulate AGRF and TLA. However, the effects of real-time TLA biofeedback on gait biomechanics have not been studied thus far. Research questionWhat are the effects of unilateral, real-time, audiovisual trailing limb angle biofeedback on gait biomechanics in able-bodied individuals? MethodsTen able-bodied adults participated in one session of treadmill-based gait analyses comprising 60-second walking trials under three conditions: no biofeedback, AGRF biofeedback, and TLA biofeedback. Biofeedback was provided unilaterally to the right leg. Dependent variables included AGRF, TLA, ankle moment, and ankle power. One-way repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc tests were conducted to determine the effect of the biofeedback conditions on gait parameters. ResultsCompared to no biofeedback, both AGRF and TLA biofeedback induced significant increases in targeted leg AGRF without concomitant changes to the non-targeted leg AGRF. Targeted leg TLA was significantly larger during TLA biofeedback compared to AGRF biofeedback. Only AGRF biofeedback induced significant increases in ankle power; and only the TLA biofeedback condition induced increases in the non-targeted leg TLA. SignificanceOur novel findings provide support for the feasibility and promise of TLA as a gait biofeedback target. Our study demonstrates that comparable magnitudes of feedback-induced increases in AGRF in response to AGRF and TLA biofeedback may be achieved through divergent biomechanical strategies. Further investigation is needed to uncover the effects of TLA biofeedback on gait parameters in individuals with neuro-pathologies such as spinal cord injury or stroke.