Material Gain Research Articles

Structure–luminescence property relationships of Yb3+-Doped Y2Mg3-xCax(SiO4)3 single crystals for 0.95-1.2 μm broadband emissions

This study successfully grew Yb3+-doped Y2Mg3-xCax(SiO4)3 (x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75) (Yb: YCMS) novel single crystals with multiple disordered structures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic report on the relationship between the luminescence properties (including emission intensity, emission peak position, full width half maximum, and fluorescence lifetime) and the local structure of the luminescent ions based on first-principles calculations. The wide half-height width of emission (103.10 nm@1047 nm) have been realized on the first-grown Yb: YCMS crystals. This study provides a novel solution for designing laser crystals with tunable optical properties. The comprehensive properties of Yb3+-doped YCMS crystals, such as ultra-wide emission bandwidth and high fluorescence lifetime, are promising gain materials for ultrafast laser applications.

Minimizing Efficiency Roll-Off in Organic Emitters via Enhancing Radiative Process and Reducing Binding Energy: A Theory Insight.

Organic solid-state lasers have received increasing attention due to their great potential for realizing organic continuous-wave or electrically driven lasers. Moreover, they exhibit significant promise for optoelectronic devices due to their chemically tunable optoelectronic properties and cost-effective self-assembly traits. Recently, a great progress has been made in organic solid-state lasers via spatially separated charge injection and lasing. However, making directly electrically driven organic semiconductor lasers is very challenging. It is difficult because of a number of excitonic losses caused by the spin-forbidden nature as well as serious efficiency roll-off at a high current density. Here, a multifunction gain material, functioning both as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter with exceptional optical gain and as a source of phosphorescence, was theoretically investigated. The new molecule we designed exhibits a reduction of triplet accumulation through an effective exciton radiative process (5-fold boost in figure of merit) and significantly decreased exciton binding energy (dipole moment from 5.77 to 14.03 D), which benefit amplified spontaneous emission and lasing emission. Our work provides theoretical insights into organic solid-state lasers and may contribute to the development of new and efficient laser-gaining molecules.

Deconstruction of basic accounting principles through the values of sufism in the Syarah Ḥikam by Sheikh Aḥmad Zarrūq

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to deconstruct the basic principles of accounting, which are often viewed as overly materialistic, by integrating seven Sufi values from the Syarah Ḥikam by Sheikh Aḥmad Zarrūq. This research seeks to create a more balanced accounting paradigm integrating financial gains with moral, social, and spiritual responsibilities.Method - This research utilizes a literature review method with a Derridean deconstruction approach, combining the text of Syarah Ḥikam with accounting literature. The deconstruction process involves identifying the material-spiritual binary to explore the integration of Sufi values into accounting principles.Result - The study's results show that integrating Sufi values strengthens the moral and justice aspects of accounting. This creates a more holistic approach that balances financial profit with spiritual and social responsibilities.Implication - This research has implications for the development of a more ethical and sustainable accounting system that balances material gain with moral and spiritual responsibilities relevant to both business and social practices.Originality - This study is unique in its use of classical Sufi texts to deconstruct the basic accounting principles. This novel approach in modern accounting studies has yet to be widely explored. By integrating spiritual values into accounting, this approach is expected to complement and enrich the current accounting perspectives, aiming not merely for fairness but for truth, fostering a better balance between material aspects and moral, social, and spiritual responsibilities.

Enhanced 3 μm emission in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-fluoride glasses by Gd2O3

In this work, (100-b)(45Bi2O3-40GeO2-15BaF2)-bGd2O3-2Yb2O3-0.5Ho2O3 glass was prepared to use a high-temperature melting method(where b= 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10). The absorption and fluorescence spectra indicate that the optimal Gd2O3 content is 7.5 mol% (BGBG7.5HY), with an Ω2 value of 6.20×10−20 cm2 for the main glass, which is superior to that of BGBG0HY glass. This suggests that the incorporation of Gd2O3 enhances the mid-infrared emission capacity. Raman spectroscopy studies demonstrate that the introduction of Gd₂O₃ results in a substantial influx of oxygen atoms into the glass network, accompanied by a transition of [BiO₆] to [BiO₃] within the glass mesh. This is evidenced by a notable redshift of the characteristic peaks at 509 cm−1 and 677 cm−1 in comparison to BGB glass. The introduction of Gd2O3 also expands the distance between Ho3+/Yb3+ ions, inhibits rare earth ion clusters, improves the Ho3+ luminescence center environment, and thus enhances the 3 μm emission performance of bismuth fluoride glass. The maximum emission cross section is 1.82 × 10−20 cm2 and the maximum gain coefficient is 3.71 cm−1. The results show that the bismuth fluoride glass prepared in this paper is an excellent gain material for mid-infrared fiber lasers.

Low-gain generalized PT symmetry for electromagnetic impurity-immunity via non-Hermitian doped zero-index materials

Parity-time-symmetric (PT-symmetric) metasurfaces exhibit a plethora of fascinating exceptional-point-induced phenomena, including unidirectional negative refraction and electromagnetic impurity-immunity. However, practical realization of these effects is often impeded by the high demand for gain metasurfaces (gain tangent ∼102). Here, we propose a solution to this challenge by constructing a low-gain generalized PT-symmetric system. This is achieved by transforming the high-gain metasurface into a bulky slab and then realizing it utilizing zero-index materials doped with low-gain dopants. Within this generalized PT-symmetric system, the required gain tangent of the dopants is only ∼10−1 for the emergence of a coalesced exceptional point, where the remarkable property of electromagnetic impurity-immunity effect—perfect wave transmission regardless of impurities—appears. Furthermore, we observe a further decrease in demand for gain materials in an asymmetric environment. To validate this approach, a microwave implementation is demonstrated in full-wave simulations. This work provides a feasible strategy for substantially reducing requirements on gain materials in PT-symmetric systems, thereby enabling advanced electromagnetic wave control.

Stimulated emission from hexagonal silicon-germanium nanowires

Hexagonal crystal phase silicon-germanium (hex-SiGe) features efficient direct bandgap emission between 1.5 and 3.4 µm. For expanding its application potential, the key challenge is to demonstrate material gain for enabling a hex-SiGe semiconductor laser. Here we report the transition from the spontaneous emission regime to the stimulated emission-dominated amplified spontaneous emission regime in the optically excited part of a hexagonal Si0.2Ge0.8 nanowire. We observe narrow resonance peaks arising above a spontaneous emission background, which show lasing signatures such as a threshold and a superlinear increase of the emission. A Hakki-Paoli analysis of the height of the cavity resonances provides the gain spectrum of hex-SiGe, showing evidence for a positive material gain. Measurements of the cavity line widths provide an independent assessment of the total cavity loss. While lasing has not been reached, the observation of optical amplification and amplified spontaneous emission provides a clear roadmap toward lasing in hexagonal SiGe. This opens a new pathway for the monolithic integration of a Si-compatible laser within electronic chips.

Ultrabroadband mid-infrared emission and gas sensing of cobalt-doped chalcogenide glass ceramics.

Mid-infrared (MIR) gain materials are of great significance for the development of MIR tunable fiber lasers. Herein, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, it is found that Ga2Se3 nanocrystals distributed in chalcogenide glass ceramics can provide new tetrahedral-coordinated sites that can be used to activate ultrabroadband MIR emissions of divalent transition metal ions, such as Co2+. Under the excitation of a 1550 nm diode laser, the transparent Ge-Ga-Se glass ceramic embedded with Co2+: Ga2Se3 nanocrystals shows an intense 2.5-5.5 µm ultrabroadband emission. The peak wavelength is located at ∼4.2 µm and the full width at half maximum exceeds 2 µm. Such emission properties, originating from the dual lattice sites of Ga3+ ions, are superior to those of transparent chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with Co2+: ZnSe nanocrystals. Moreover, the gas detection system built based on the glass ceramic shows a sensitivity of 45.9 ppm for butane gas. Therefore, the chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with active Co2+: Ga2Se3 nanocrystals have great potential in MIR tunable fiber lasers and gas sensing.

Ultracompact and Uniform Nanoemitter Array Based on Periodic Scattering.

As emerging gain materials, lead halide perovskites have drawn considerable attention in coherent light sources. With the development of patterning and integration techniques, a perovskite laser array has been realized by distributing perovskite microcrystals periodically. Nevertheless, the packing density is limited by the crystal size and the channel gap distance. More importantly, the lasing performance for individual laser units is quite random due to variation of size and crystal quality. Herein an ultracompact perovskite nanoemitter array with uniform emission has been demonstrated. Individual emitters are formed via scattering evanescent components from a shared Fabry-Perot laser, ensuring uniform lasing emission in a unit cell with a side length of 160 nm and lattice constant of 400 nm. And the periodic silicon scatterers do not deteriorate the lasing threshold dramatically. In addition, the surface emitting efficiency increased significantly. The direct integration of a densely packed nanoemitter array with a silicon platform promises high-throughput sensing and high-capacity optical interconnects.

Extended Surface Bands Enabled Lasing Emission and Wavelength Switch from Sulfur Quantum Dots.

The development of a lasing wavelength switch, particularly from a single inorganic gain material, is challenging but highly demanded for advanced photonics. Nonetheless, all current lasing emission of inorganic gain materials arises from band-edge states, and the inherent fixed bandgap limitation of the band-edge system leads to the inaccessibility of lasing wavelength switching from a single inorganic gain material. Here the realization of a single inorganic gain material-based lasing wavelength switch is reported by proposing an alternative lasing emission strategy, that is, lasing emission from surface gain. Previous efforts to achieve surface-gain-enabled lasing emission have been hindered by the limited gain volume provided by surface states due to the broad emission bandwidth and/or low emission efficiency. This challenge is overcome by introducing extended surface bands onto the surface of sulfur quantum dots. The extended surface bands contribute to a high photoluminescence quantum yield and narrow emission bandwidth, thereby providing sufficient gain volume and facilitating stimulated emission. When combined with whispering gallery mode microcavity, surface gain enabled lasing emission manifests an ultralow threshold of 8.3 µJcm-2. Remarkably, the reconfigurable perturbation to surface gain, facilitated by molecular affinity, allows for the realization of the lasing wavelength switch from a single inorganic gain material.

Stimulated Emission and Lasing from Bulk CdSe Nanocrystals.

Nanocrystals with a size in the regime of vanishing quantum confinement, or bulk nanocrystals (BNCs), have emerged recently as viable solution processable optical gain materials in the green part of the spectrum. Here, we show that these properties can be extended to the crucial red region using CdSe BNCs. Through quantitative time-resolved spectroscopy, we can model these nanocrystals as bulk semiconductors, thereby revealing that the gain originates from an unbound electron-hole plasma state. The gain is broadband in nature and is not capped by Auger processes, but by a slower second-order recombination resulting in nanosecond gain lifetimes. Finally, optically pumped lasers under femtosecond pulsed and quasi-continuous wave operation are demonstrated using a photonic crystal surface emitting laser cavity, thereby stretching from 635 to 720 nm. Our results indicate that compositional variation can indeed provide spectral versatility to the BNC concept, while preserving the excellent gain metrics associated with it.

Non-Foster approach to broadband optical metamaterials based on Lorentzian gain materials

All passive metamaterials are inherently narrowband due to fundamental dispersion-energy constraints, and their dispersive properties are usually approximated by a Lorentz model. However, there are broadband active metamaterials in the radio frequency (RF) regime based on negative capacitors with non-Foster dispersion properties. Non-Foster dispersion is usually considered as an “electronic-engineering trick” that cannot be applied at optical frequencies. Here, we demonstrate that the dispersion relation of a RF non-Foster capacitor is similar to that of an optical gain material described by a Lorentz model. This insight paves the way to realize non-Foster optical metamaterial structures. As the simplest example, we develop a broadband non-Foster optical epsilon-near-zero slab with a 1:10 bandwidth.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SPIRITUAL COMMUNICATION IN BUILDING THE MASJID PRENEUR MOVEMENT IN INDONESIA

This research aims to understand the role of spiritual communication in building the Masjid Preneur movement in Indonesia, a movement that integrates Islamic spiritual values into mosque-based entrepreneurship development. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used in this study, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation from several mosques actively involved in entrepreneurial activities. The study highlights how spiritual communication delivered by religious leaders, such as imams and ustaz, has shaped a work ethic based on Islamic values such as honesty, hard work, and responsibility. The results indicate that spiritual communication plays a significant role in motivating the mosque community to engage in economic activities that not only pursue material gain but also social and spiritual well-being. However, several challenges were identified in implementing this movement, including religious leaders' limited knowledge of modern business practices and the generational gap among community members. This research concludes that the sustainability of the Masjid Preneur movement depends on the mosque's ability to adapt to the evolving needs of the community, particularly through collaboration with various stakeholders and the application of business practices relevant to current developments without compromising Islamic values. These findings provide insights into the importance of spiritual communication in supporting faith-based entrepreneurship within mosque environments.

What can be integrated on the silicon photonics platform and how?

We review the integration techniques for incorporating various materials into silicon-based devices. We discuss on-chip light sources with gain materials, linear electro-optic modulators using electro-optic materials, low-power piezoelectric tuning devices with piezoelectric materials, highly absorbing materials for on-chip photodetectors, and ultra-low-loss optical waveguides. Methodologies for integrating these materials with silicon are reviewed, alongside the technical challenges and evolving trends in silicon hybrid and heterogeneously integrated devices. In addition, potential research directions are proposed. With the advancement of integration processes for thin-film materials, significant breakthroughs are anticipated, leading to the realization of optoelectronic monolithic integration featuring on-chip lasers.

The subjective side of real estate fraud

The article deals with the subjective side of the criminal offense under Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, real estate fraud. The author establishes that the subjective side of a criminal offense is of great importance for characterizing fraud. As is known, the subjective side of a criminal offense is its internal side, namely, the mental activity of a person which reflects his/her attitude to the socially dangerous act which he/she commits and its consequences. It is noted that the content of the subjective side of the criminal offense of real estate fraud includes such features as guilt, motive and mercenary purpose. The author concludes that when committing real estate fraud, a person realizes the socially dangerous nature of the offense which he/she commits. Guilt in committing real estate fraud is characterized by direct intent, the content of which is formed by two aspects – intellectual and volitional. The mercenary purpose in committing real estate fraud is expressed in obtaining personal property benefits and is a necessary subjective feature of this type of fraud; it arises in the mind of the guilty person in the form of the final result of the criminal offense – the achievement of material benefit. The motives for committing real estate fraud are of a mercenary nature. They are manifested as internal motivations that guide the perpetrator in committing real estate fraud and form the structure of criminal mercenary motivation. Real estate fraud is committed by persons who are psychologically prepared to commit a criminal offense, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of residential property, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of someone else’s real estate (to obtain money in a particularly large amount), and the consequences in the form of harm to the victim. Persons who develop such fraudulent schemes mislead victims about their true criminal intentions or abuse the victim’s trust for material gain. The criminals are certainly guided by a selfish purpose and mercenary motives that are fundamental to their behavior.

Pauline concept of ministry in 2 Corinthians 4:1–15 and the religious celebrity syndrome in Nigeria

This study aims to investigate the Pauline concept of ministry as delineated in 2 Corinthians 4:1–15 and its correlation with the prevalence of the religious celebrity syndrome within the Nigerian Church, with the objective of offering insights into addressing this phenomenon. In contemporary Nigerian Christianity, there has been a noticeable emergence of religious celebrities in Christian ministry who prioritise personal fame, material gain and sensationalism over the sincere and honest proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ. This trend raises concerns about the deviation from the biblical model of ministry, as exemplified by the apostle Paul, and its implications for the spiritual health of the church and its impact on society. Through a critical exegesis of 2 Corinthians 4:1–15, this study delves into Paul’s understanding of ministry, focussing on themes such as integrity, humility, suffering, selfless sacrifice and the exaltation of Christ. Additionally, qualitative research methods, including interviews, surveys and case studies, were employed to examine the extent and effects of religious celebrity syndrome in the Nigerian Church. The analysis of 2 Corinthians 4:1–15 underscores Paul’s emphasis on the sacrificial nature of Christian ministry, wherein servants of God are called to embody humility and prioritise the proclamation of the gospel above personal gain or acclaim. Concurrently, the qualitative research reveals the pervasive influence of the religious celebrity syndrome in the Nigerian Church, leading to spiritual shallowness, moral compromise and a distorted view of Christianity and Christian ministry in particular within the church and the larger society. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the Nigerian Church reaffirm its commitment to the Pauline model of ministry by promoting humility, integrity and a Christ-centred focus among its leaders and congregants.Contribution: This study highlights the importance of aligning contemporary ministry practices in the Nigerian Church with the principles elucidated by Paul in 2 Corinthians 4:1–15. By embracing humility, integrity and a fervent devotion to Christ, the Church can effectively combat the religious celebrity syndrome within its fold and reclaim its role as a catalyst for societal change.

4]Rhombene: Solution‐Phase Synthesis and Application in Distributed Feedback Lasers With Emission Beyond 830 nm

AbstractGraphene‐like molecules with multiple zigzag edges are emerging as promising gain materials for organic lasers. Their emission wavelengths can vary widely, ranging from visible to near‐infrared (NIR), as the molecular size increases. Specifically, rhombus‐shaped molecular graphenes with two pairs of parallel zigzag edges, known as [n]rhombenes, are excellent candidates for NIR lasers due to their small energy gaps. However, synthesizing large‐size rhombenes with emission beyond 800 nm in solution remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present a straightforward synthesis of an aryl‐substituted [4]rhombene derivative, [4]RB‐Ar, using a method that combines intramolecular radical‐radical coupling with Bi(OTf)3‐mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structure of [4]RB‐Ar was confirmed through X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Bond length analysis and theoretical calculations indicate that aromatic sextets are predominantly localized along the molecule's long axis. Significantly, [4]RB‐Ar demonstrates narrow amplified spontaneous emission at around 834 nm when dispersed in polystyrene thin films. Moreover, solution‐processed distributed feedback lasers employing [4]RB‐Ar as the active gain material display tunable narrow emissions in the range of 830 to 844 nm.

4]Rhombene: Solution-Phase Synthesis and Application in Distributed Feedback Lasers With Emission Beyond 830 nm.

Graphene-like molecules with multiple zigzag edges are emerging as promising gain materials for organic lasers. Their emission wavelengths can vary widely, ranging from visible to near-infrared (NIR), as the molecular size increases. Specifically, rhombus-shaped molecular graphenes with two pairs of parallel zigzag edges, known as [n]rhombenes, are excellent candidates for NIR lasers due to their small energy gaps. However, synthesizing large-size rhombenes with emission beyond 800 nm in solution remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present a straightforward synthesis of an aryl-substituted [4]rhombene derivative, [4]RB-Ar, using a method that combines intramolecular radical-radical coupling with Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structure of [4]RB-Ar was confirmed through X-ray crystallographic analysis. Bond length analysis and theoretical calculations indicate that aromatic sextets are predominantly localized along the molecule's long axis. Significantly, [4]RB-Ar demonstrates narrow amplified spontaneous emission at around 834 nm when dispersed in polystyrene thin films. Moreover, solution-processed distributed feedback lasers employing [4]RB-Ar as the active gain material display tunable narrow emissions in the range of 830 to 844 nm.

Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Desa Bilebante Berbasis Desa Wisata Perspektif Ekonomi Syari’ah

This study explores the implementation of Islamic economic concepts in community empowerment at DWH Bilebante. Through a qualitative approach, the research identifies that DWH Bilebante integrates values such as divinity, prophethood, governance, justice, and accountability in their efforts to enhance economic and social well-being of the community. These concepts not only emphasize fairness in the distribution of resources and opportunities but also promote honesty, transparency, and responsibility in economic activities. The study demonstrates that this approach successfully creates a balanced environment between material gain and spiritual well-being, fostering economically and socially resilient communities.

Explaining institutional change in Nepal and El Salvador: A cultural political economy approach to political settlements analysis

AbstractUnderstanding progressive institutional change remains a central concern in development studies. This paper examines two such cases: constitutional change in Nepal, which broadened political rights, and the outlawing of metal mining in El Salvador, which redistributed resources. To understand institutional change, this paper proposes a cultural political economy approach to Khan's ‘political settlements analysis’. Applying the proposed approach to these cases demonstrates how political movements organise around beliefs and identities as well as interests to achieve rights and status, not just material gain. Identifying cultural as well as material sources of power allows a fuller explanation of institutional change processes.

Exploring Carbon Dots: Green Nanomaterials for Unconventional Lasing.

In recent years, the progress toward lighting miniaturization is focused on luminescent nanomaterials. Among them, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are receiving increasing attention thanks to their astonishing optical properties complemented by their intrinsic biocompatibility and low toxicity. The CDs can be easily dispersed in water, organic solvents or incorporated in polymeric matrices, preserving their emission properties. However, the relationship between their structural and optical properties is still not fully elucidated, motivating a consistent research effort for the comprehension of their features. Nevertheless, CDs demonstrate to be efficient gain materials for lasing, thanks to their high quantum yield (QY), emission tunability in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range, short lifetimes, and high absorption cross section, even if the synthetic reproducibility, the low reaction yield and the spectral width of the emission may limit their effective exploitation. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the investigation of the characteristic properties of CDs that make laser action possible, illustrating optical geometries for lasing and random lasing, both in solution and solid state, and the few currently demonstrated breakthroughs. While the journey toward their effective application is still long, the potential of CD-based laser sources is promising in various technological fields and futuristic perspectives will be discussed.