Body Mass Gain Research Articles

Body mass index change and risk of poor oral health in Norwegian adults: the HUNT longitudinal study

Abstract Background Oral diseases and obesity share common risk factors and are highly prevalent. However, the relationships between body mass index (BMI), BMI change and oral health conditions in adults are less studied. In this study, we investigate the associations of long-term obesity and BMI change with risk of poor self-rated oral health among adults. Methods This study include individuals aged 29-90 years (57.8 % women, mean age at baseline, HUNT3, was 54.9 years) who participated in the first (HUNT1, 1984-86), second (HUNT2, 1995-97), third (HUNT3, 2006-08) and fourth (HUNT4, 2017-19) survey of the Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Weight and height were measured at each survey. We estimated average BMI values and BMI change over a 10-year (HUNT2- HUNT3, N = 19,729) and 20-year (HUNT1- HUNT3, N = 14,276) period and linked to their information on oral health status at HUNT4. We employed logistic regression models with adjustment for confounders and computed odds ratio (OR) with 95 % Confidence Interval (CI). Results At HUNT4, 1812 (9.2 %) participants rated their oral health as poor or very poor. The multivariable-adjusted ORs for average BMI over 30 kg/m2 were 1.3 (95 % CI: 1.1-1.5) and 1.2 (95 % CI: 1.0-1.5) over a 10-year and 20-year period, respectively, when compared to normal weight. After adjustment for most recent BMI (HUNT4), the associations of long-term obesity with poor self-rated oral health weakened. Compared with stable BMI, both loss and gain in BMI over a 10-year period were associated with increased risk of poor oral health. In the adjusted analysis, we found that a BMI loss of more than 2.5 kg/m2 and a BMI gain of more than 5 kg/m2 was associated with 1.5 times (OR = 1.5, 95 % CI: 1.1-1.9) and 1.3 times (OR = 1.3, 95 % CI: 1.1-1.6) greater risk of poor oral health. Conclusions Our findings suggest that individuals with long-term obesity and BMI change have a markedly higher risk of poor self-rated oral health. Key messages • Long-term obesity was associated with increased risk of poor self-rated oral health. • Compared with stable body mass index (BMI), loss- and gain in BMI were associated with increased risk of poor self-rated oral health.

Left atrial volume in obesity and hypertension: an innovative "ideal human" index allows for weighing their impact - a non-contrast cardiac CT study

Abstract Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a common and early feature of cardiac involvement in the natural history of obesity and arterial hypertension (AH). Mechanisms involved in this process are cumulative, and partly shared, thus separating and balancing their contributions is challenging. In a proportion of patients referred for coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring, these clinical entities are present. The LA volume (LAV) is relatively easy to quantify from a CT scan. Measured LAV values can be misleading unless constitutional parameters (height (h) or body size area (BSA), are considered. We introduced a new indexing parameter, consisting of height and the difference between numerical values of height and BSA. In the "ideal human", the difference is zero. Any deviation from this value determines the share of body mass regardless of height. Aim We hypothesize that a novel indexation approach allows for earlier detection of the increased LAV in normotensive and AH patients considering the body mass index. Method We retrospectively analyzed CT data from 2535 patients, 1658 w (64±10 ys), and 876 m (aged 6±11ys), with CAC scoring over the last 15 years The LAV was determined by using commercially available software. The raw and indexed (for h, BSA, and the novel parameter [h+ (h-BSA)]) LAV volumes were compared in patients with normal BMI (<25kg/msg), overweight (25-29.9), and obesity (≥30) who with normal blood pressure or with AH. Results The LAV was larger in high BMI categories than in normal BMI. In non-AH subjects, the LAV increased from an average of 71 ml (normal) to 80 ml (overweight) and 90 ml (obese). In AH, the LAV increase showed a similar trend of averages (77, 88, 94 ml, F=2.59,p<0.01). Indexing LAVs were non-concordant, as shown in Figure. Thus, one can recognize that LAV normalization for the new index has brought the differences most evident and persuasive. In normal BMI, indexation ways did not significantly affect the LAV estimation. Whilst the body weight increased, no difference could be recognized for values indexing for BSA (red). The LAV indexation for height (blue) cannot help diagnose its increase in obesity. The distinguishing strength can be seen while using the [h-(h-BSA)] denominator (green). It indicates that in any scenario, body mass gain plays a greater role in the LAV increase than AH does. Conclusions Body mass is a more important factor that is associated with LAV than AH.. Common methods of LAV indexing, especially referred to as BSA, introduce errors leading to values mimicking normality in non-healthy people and should be forbidden. The proposed indexation way can help overcome the observed discrepancies and support early recognition of the consequences of obesity and hypertension.

Gingival inflammation and leukocyte-endothelium cell interactions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Given the link between chronic inflammation and periodontal pathologies and increased cardiovascular risk, this study aims to investigate if gingivitis exacerbates the inflammatory response and subclinical atherosclerotic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). For this case-control study, women were assigned to three groups: two PCOS groups (with and without gingivitis) and a control group. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were determined, along with periodontal parameters (probing pocket depth [PPD], clinical attachment level [CAL], bleeding on probing [BOP], plaque index, calculus index, and tooth loss), systemic and neutrophil inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], C-reactive protein [CRP], and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK]), systemic oxidative stress mediators (myeloperoxidase [MPO] and glutathione), soluble cellular adhesion molecules, and neutrophil-endothelium cell interactions (rolling flux, velocity, and adhesion). Of 104 women recruited, 68 had PCOS, 24 of whom presented gingivitis, and 36 were controls. PCOS patients presented altered sexual hormone, lipid, and carbohydrate profiles. Levels of systemic inflammatory markers, MPO, and soluble platelet selectin (sP-selectin) were higher, and glutathione levels were lower in PCOS patients. BOP, plaque, and calculus index values were higher in PCOS patients with gingivitis. Neutrophils from PCOS patients showed increased JNK and decreased adhesion under flow conditions, with reduced rolling velocity and increased rolling flux and cellular adhesion, all of which were more pronounced in those with gingivitis. BOP was independently associated with rolling velocity, rolling flux, and cellular adhesion. Neutrophils of PCOS patients with gingivitis exhibit hyperactivity, promoting interaction with the endothelium and potentially contributing to atherosclerotic disease. Currently, there is a high prevalence of diseases that affect tooth-supporting tissues (periodontal diseases) and negatively influence the oral health and quality of life of the adult population. These pathologies lead to movement of the teeth and impairment of chewing function, eventually resulting in the loss of teeth. In recent years, the concept of periodontal medicine has arisen and consists of studying how periodontal diseases can influence our general inflammatory system and how systemic inflammatory pathologies can affect our oral health. In the present study, we evaluate a group of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by alterations of sex hormones and lipid profile and weight gain (body mass index). Our results show a high prevalence of gum inflammation among women with PCOS, which affects the interaction of their leukocytes and endothelial cells. The leukocytes of these women are hyper-responsive, presenting greater endothelial adhesion, lower flow velocity and enhanced rolling compared to those in a PCOS group without gum inflammation or controls. This study has generated a new line of research to analyze how neutrophils from patients with gingivitis exhibit hyperactivity, which promotes their interaction with the endothelium, thus contributing to the development of atherosclerotic disease.

Rising global temperatures and its impact on sleep behavior of male redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps).

Anthropogenic global warming is one of the most pervasive threats to nature and biodiversity. The magnitude with which earths' temperature is rising is affecting every lifeform uniquely; however, the studies highlighting the impacts of global warming on avian sleep are scarce. To this end, the present study was aimed at analyzing the impact of global warming on sleep behavior of a nocturnal migrant, Emberiza bruniceps. For this purpose, the birds were divided into two groups (N = 15 each), subjected to high (35 ± 1°C) and low (19 ± 1°C) temperature schedule with concurrent exposure to 8L:16D (short day; SD) photoperiod followed by 13L:11D (long day; LD). The experiment continued till 7 cycles of zugunruhe (LD) in birds. The results reveal significant impact of temperature treatment on initiation and quality of zugunruhe. Temporal distribution of activity and rest varied according to the temperature provided. Focusing on rest and specifically on sleep of birds, high ambient temperatures resulted in greater sleep fragmentation (evident by increased awakenings during night), whereas low temperature created a sleep conducive environment (evident by abundance of back sleep). Besides postural differences, high temperature resulted in reduced sleep duration, sleep onset latency and circulating plasma melatonin levels in comparison with low temperature suggesting the negative impact of high temperature on different sleep attributes. Not only sleep, seasonal physiology of birds such as hyperphagia, gain in body mass, and fat stores showed significant reduction in high temperature condition. Besides behavioral and physiological alterations, high ambient temperature led to elevated expression of temperature sensitive (trpv4, trpm8, hspa8, and hsp70) genes. Enhanced expression of chrm3 (responsible for wakefulness) also affirms sleep fragmentation in response to high temperature. Thus, the study highlights the negative impact of high temperature on birds' sleep behavior and seasonal physiology.

A concentric 3D-printed centrifuge rotor to study the effects of hypergravity on small organisms at three different but concurrent radial accelerations

For life to reach space, it must first escape Earth's gravity—hence exposure to hypergravity during launch, and interplanetary acceleration and deceleration. Long-term colonisation of space requires the establishment of sustainable, in situ, food production systems. Earthworms may be involved as a regolith/soil ameliorant, a source of protein, and for organic waste conversion. Earthworms, however, have hydrostatic skeletons that may be susceptible to hypergravity exposure. We investigated whether earthworms (Eisenia andrei) would survive prolonged centrifugal hypergravity using a table-top centrifuge. Our intention was to concurrently test three different hypergravity treatments (plus a 1 G control). Our concentric rotor concept, with appropriate design adaptations, allows concurrent testing of three different gravity treatments on small- and microorganisms, cell cultures, plants, microcosm, and chemical/biochemical reactions for extended periods of hours to months. Our concentric concept therefore is easily adaptable and may facilitate other terrestrial-based research on chemical, molecular, and organismal levels.•We designed a 3D-printed centrifuge rotor with three concentric rings, each ring with four separate 125 mL compartments.•This design was tested with an 8-day pilot run with four young worms per container at 1.7 G, 2.5 G, and 3.1 G, with a 1 G control.•All worms at all treatments gained body mass, the mean increases of which were almost indistinguishable between treatments, illustrating the utility of the design.

Maternal low-dose caffeine intake during the perinatal period promotes short- and long-term sex-dependent hormonal and behavior changes in the offspring.

Maternal caffeine crosses the placenta and mammary barriers, reaching the baby and, because his/her caffeine metabolism is immature, our hypothesis is that even a low caffeine intake (250 mg/day), lower than the dose limit recommended by the World Health Organization, can promote caffeine overexposure in the offspring, leading to short- and long-term changes. Pregnant Wistar rats received intragastric caffeine (CAF) (25 mg/Kg/day) or vehicle during the gestation and lactation periods. We evaluated morphometrical, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral parameters of male and female offspring at different ages. Even a low caffeine intake promoted lower maternal body mass and adiposity, higher plasma cholesterol and lower plasma T3, without changes in plasma corticosterone. Female CAF offspring exhibited lower birth weight, body mass gain and food intake throughout life, and hyperinsulinemia at weaning, while male CAF offspring showed reduced food intake and lower plasma T3 at weaning. At puberty and adulthood, male CAF showed higher preference for palatable food, aversion to caffeine intake and higher locomotor activity, while female CAF only showed lower preference for high fat diet (HFD) and lower anxiety-like behavior. At adulthood, both male and female offspring showed higher plasma T3. Male CAF showed hypertestosteronemia, while female CAF showed hypoinsulinemia without effect on glucose tolerance. A low caffeine intake during the perinatal period affects rat's offspring development, promoting sex-dependent hormonal and behavior changes. Current data suggest the need to review caffeine recommendations during the perinatal period.

Critical Threshold of Average Weekly Weight Gain in Overweight Pregnant Women During the Second and Third Trimesters: A Strategy to Prevent Macrosomia.

The study aimed to obtain more evidence on the association of gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) with macrosomia. The data on 5409 live births delivered at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2020 to June 2022 were collected. Group analyses were performed according to the presence or absence of macrosomia. Multivariable binary logistic regression and incidence heatmaps was used to analyze the related factors of macrosomia. The following variables were significantly associated with macrosomia: overweight (odds ratio [OR]: 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62-3.10), obesity (OR: 4.56, 95% CI: 2.93-6.98), excessive gestational weight gain (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.67-3.43), gestational age at delivery at 39-41weeks (OR: 3.83, 95% CI: 2.56-5.95), gestational age at delivery over 41weeks (OR: 7.88, 95% CI: 4.37-14.19), education level of junior college or below (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.19-3.09), and multipara (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.09-2.42). "v" represents the mean weekly weight gain during the second and third trimesters. A higher v value increased the risk of macrosomia by 2.6-fold (95% CI: 1.37-4.89, P = 0.003). Compared to normal weight women, after adjustment for different pre-pregnancy BMI subgroups, overweight pregnant women had higher weekly weight gain in the second and third trimesters (OR: 4.57, 95% CI: 2.27-9.10, P < 0.001). Obese pregnant women had higher average weekly weight gain during the second and third trimesters, and the OR value for macrosomia was 11.33 (95% CI: 4.95-25.18, P < 0.001). To reduce the incidence of macrosomia in overweight pregnant women, v = 0.32 could be considered the critical threshold of average weekly weight gain in these women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy are closely related to macrosomia. The introduction of average weekly weight gain values in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy probably help pregnant women minimizing adverse pregnancy-related outcomes.

Body Mass Gain in Wild Brown Capuchins (Sapajus apella) in Relation to Fruit Production and Social Dominance.

In ecological contexts natural selection might favor individuals with a larger body mass to monopolize resources; however, there is wide variation in body mass within populations and potential factors. In this study, we evaluated whether fruit production limits body mass in one group of Sapajus apella, its effects on behavior, and whether there is a relationship between social status and body mass. We recorded activity patterns using focal follows (20 min), body mass (using a modified Ohaus scale), and community wide fruit production estimates (from 60 fruit traps). Body mass remained relatively stable during periods of food scarcity, but in periods of abundance most individuals gained weight, as indicated by their relative growth rates (RGR). Subordinate subadults showed the highest RGR, as expected by their age. In periods of high fruit production activities as traveling, grooming, and playing were more frequent than during fruit scarcity, suggesting energy maximization and potential energetic constraints. We found differences in behavior within the group, as the alpha male was observed feeding more frequently (and for longer periods of time), was more aggressive (e.g., feeding trees), and received more grooming than other individuals. In addition, the alpha male was 60% heavier than the group's average body mass. Our study supports the hypothesis that body weight gain is related to fruit abundance and that body size is associated with social dominance; however, large individuals (both males and females) seem to incur in high metabolic or reproductive costs, as they do not gain much weight as smaller individuals.

Neonatal high-dose riboflavin treatment channels energy expenditure towards sensorimotor and somatic development and reduces rodent growth and weight gain by modulating NRF-1 in the hypothalamus

Metabolic adaptations early in life can drive energy expenditure towards brain and physical development, with less emphasis on body mass gain and somatic growth. Dietary or pharmacological manipulations can influence these processes, but to date, the effects provided by riboflavin have not been studied. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of neonatal treatment with different doses of riboflavin on sensorimotor and somatic development in rodents. Based on this, the following experimental groups were formed: Control (C, 0 mg/kg), Riboflavin 1 (R1, 1 mg/kg), Riboflavin 2 (R2, 10 mg/kg) and Riboflavin 3 (R3, 100 mg/kg). Treatment with 100 mg/kg riboflavin anticipated the reflex ontogeny of righting, cliff aversion, negative geotaxis, and free-fall righting. Intervention with 10 and 100 mg/kg of riboflavin anticipated the reflex maturation of vibrissae placement. Eye-opening, upper incisor eruption, and lower incisor eruption reached maturational age more quickly for animals treated with 100 mg/kg, while caudal growth and body weight gain were reduced from the second week of treatment, for groups R2 and R3. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a positive association between the administration of high doses of riboflavin and murine growth in the first week of treatment. There was, however, a negative association between treatment with a high dose of riboflavin and growth in the second week of administration, coinciding with a reduction in body weight gain in the R3 group. Treatment with 100 mg/kg of riboflavin also reduced energy expenditure parameters in the open field and catwalk. Although high-dose treatment stimulates the physiological plasticity of the CNS and reduces weight gain, hepatic parameters were preserved, highlighting the participation of the liver in the supply of fatty acids for neural maturation. Furthermore, hypothalamic NRF-1 expression was increased in the R3 group inversely to the reduction in weight gain. Our results suggest that high-dose riboflavin stimulates sensorimotor and somatic development and reduces the energy invested in growth, body weight gain, and locomotor activity, possibly involving NRF-1 gene modulation in the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis suppression is common among women during US Army Basic Combat Training

ObjectiveLess than half of servicewomen report loss of menses during initial military training. However, self-reported menstrual status may not accurately reflect hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis suppression and may underestimate reproductive health...

Effects of an essential oil blend rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol on rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid profile in the longissimus lumborum of growing lambs.

Essential oils extracted from cinnamon bark and oregano are rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol and show potential for promoting animal performance. However, their impact on rumen biohydrogenation and the fatty acid composition of meat has not been reported. The hypothesis of this study was that a blend of essential oils rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol would inhibit rumen biohydrogenation and promote the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in lamb meat. The present study evaluated the effect of a blend essential oil (EO) rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol on the nutrient digestibility, rumen biohydrogenation, growth performance, and fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum of lambs. Sixty male lambs with an average age of 84 ± 0.98 days and initial body mass of 25.4 ± 0.29 kg (mean ± standard deviation) were assigned randomly to four diets, and supplemented with 0 (EO0), 30 (EO30), 60 (EO60), and 120 (EO120) mg kg-1 dry matter of EO for 60 days. Although dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility all showed a linear decrease (P ≤ 0.02) with increasing quantities of EO, final body mass and average daily gain increased linearly (P = 0.04), and average daily weight gain (ADG)/dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase linearly (P = 0.07). Increasing EO supplementation resulted in a linear decrease in total volatile fatty acid concentration, acetate molar percentage, and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P ≤ 0.03), with the EO120 treatment being lower than the other EO treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Seven lambs from the EO120 treatment and seven lambs from the EO0 treatment were randomly slaughtered. It was observed that the proportions of C18:2n6c and PUFA in longissimus lumborum were higher in the EO120 treatment than the EO0 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the rumen was decreased by the EO120 treatment in comparison with the EO0 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the predicted relative abundances of genes encoding for conjugated linoleic acid reductase tended to decrease with the EO120 treatment (P = 0.06). We demonstrated that supplementation of the EO blend rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol can enhance lamb growth performance and promote the deposition of desirable PUFAs in meat. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Hepatic histopathological and morphometric changes in male mice exposed to rosuvastatin from pre-puberty to adulthood: a possible adaptive hepatic response

Lifestyle changes, such as poor eating habits and a reduction in physical exercise, have impaired human lipid profiles. Statins are widely used to treat dyslipidemias, of which rosuvastatin shows greater improvement in the lipid profile and may be used since childhood. This study aimed to assess the hepatic effects when male mice were given 0.9% saline solution or doses of rosuvastatin of 1.5 or 5.5 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 23 until PND 80. Body mass gain and water and food consumption were monitored during the treatment. Mice were euthanized on PND 80 when blood was collected for serum obtainment, and several organs were collected and weighed. Serum was used for evaluating lipid profiles and markers of hepatic injuries. The liver was assessed for histopathological, morphometric, and stereological changes. There was a temporary reduction in body mass gain and water and food consumption in the rosuvastatin-exposed groups. Both rosuvastatin-treated groups exhibited reduced total cholesterol levels and showed signs of hepatic tissue adaptation in response to prolonged exposure, such as sinusoidal dilation, inflammatory infiltrates, and cell death of hepatocytes. These results are considered side effects of the treatment and may indicate a hepatic adaptation to the chronic exposure.

Effect of Photoperiod and Illuminance on Daily Activity Patterns, Physiology, and NPY Peptide Expression in Migratory Redheaded Buntings (Emberiza bruniceps).

Light is the primary source of energy and regulates seasonal changes in physiology and behavior. The role of photoperiod has been much investigated in several bird species, but the role of illumination in seasonal adaptations of passerine finches is less understood. We, therefore, investigated the effects of photoperiod and illuminance on migratory physiology in a Palearctic-Indian migratory finch, redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruncieps). Photosensitive buntings maintained under short days (8L:16D) were divided into three groups receiving 5, 25, and 100 lux of white daytime illuminance, respectively. Thereafter, using photoperiodic manipulation three life history states, i.e., nonmigratory (NM), premigratory (PM), and migratory (MIG) states were induced in the buntings. The birds in the MIG state were consecutively perfused after seven nights of Zugunruhe (nighttime migratory restlessness) for neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunohistochemistry, which is involved in a wide range of functions including energy homeostasis, vision, and fat deposition in birds. We found differential effects of illuminance on locomotor activity and physiology. Photostimulated birds showed intense nighttime activity in the MIG state. We observed premigratory hyperphagia in the birds, with increased food intake in the 100 lux group, which was reflected in the body mass gain in the MIG state. NPY expression on the periphery of the nucleus rotundus suggests its potential role in visual acuity, where the NPY-cell count significantly decreased under 25 lux illumination. We demonstrate that migrating birds may also experience physiological effects from changes in daytime illumination. We observed illuminance-dependent variations in the quantity of food consumed by the birds. It indicates that the illuminance may also impact the encephalic centers that control food intake.

Effects of simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of cystathionine gamma-lyase and nitric oxide synthase on food and water intake, body mass gain, and body temperature in rats

Effects of simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of cystathionine gamma-lyase and nitric oxide synthase on food and water intake, body mass gain, and body temperature in rats

The First In Vivo Study Shows That Gyrophoric Acid Changes Behavior of Healthy Laboratory Rats.

Gyrophoric acid (GA), a lichen secondary metabolite, has attracted more attention during the last years because of its potential biological effects. Until now, its effect in vivo has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the basic physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of GA, which are directly associated with its biological activities. The stability of the GA in various pH was assessed by conducting repeated UV-VIS spectral measurements. Microsomal stability in rat liver microsomes was performed using Ultra-Performance LC/MS. Binding to human serum albumin (HSA) was assessed using synchronous fluorescence spectra, and molecular docking analysis was used to reveal the binding site of GA to HSA. In the in vivo experiment, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats (Velaz, Únetice, Czech Republic) were used. The animals were divided as follows. The first group (n = 6) included healthy males as control intact rats (♂INT), and the second group (n = 6) included healthy females as controls (♀INT). Groups three and four (♂GA/n = 6 and ♀GA/n = 6) consisted of animals with daily administered GA (10 mg/kg body weight) in an ethanol-water solution per os for a one-month period. We found that GA remained stable under various pH and temperature conditions. It bonded to human serum albumin with the binding constant 1.788 × 106 dm3mol-1 to reach the target tissue via this mechanism. In vivo, GA did not influence body mass gain, food, or fluid intake during the experiment. No liver toxicity was observed. However, GA increased the rearing frequency in behavioral tests (p < 0.01) and center crossings in the elevated plus-maze (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the time spent in the open arm was prolonged (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Notably, GA was able to pass through the blood-brain barrier, indicating its ability to permeate into the brain and to stimulate neurogenesis in the hilus and subgranular zone of the hippocampus. These observations highlight the potential role of GA in influencing brain function and neurogenesis.

Corchorus Olitorius Leaves Affect Nutrient Utilization and Improve Biochemical Indices of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

The effective management of type 2 diabetes depends on the ability to improve insulin utilization, regulate blood glucose, and control hyperlipidaemia. Performance of Corchorus olitorius leaves in these three areas was evaluated using alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. Nutrient composition of C. olitorius leaves was determined using standard AOAC methods; alpha-amylase inhibitor content of the leaves was determined after extraction with four solvent systems. Some bioactive compounds in C. olitorius were identified with GC-MS. Diets were formulated to contain 0-20% C. olitorius and fed to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 70 days. Indices of nutritional quality, biochemical indices and histopathology of the pancreas were compared in the experimental animals. Water and 99% ethanol were the best solvents for extracting alpha amylase inhibitor from C. olitorius leaves. 9-octadecanoic acid (Z), benzoic acid,2 phenyl ester, 9-octadeceneZmethylester and hexadecenoic acids were major bioactive compounds identified in C. olitorius leaves by GC-MS. Formulated diets containing C. olitorius decreased feed intake, body mass gain, glycosylated haemoglobin (HBA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs) in a concentration dependent manner. HDL-C (good cholesterol) increased. C. olitorius caused the regeneration of the pancreas of the alloxan -induced diabetic rats. Corchorus olitorius leaves is effective for the control of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia.

Acetate Alleviates Gut Microbiota Depletion-Induced Retardation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Development in Young Mice.

The normal growth and development of skeletal muscle is essential for the health of the body. The regulation of skeletal muscle by intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites has been continuously demonstrated. Acetate is the predominant short-chain fatty acids synthesized by gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between acetate and skeletal muscle during the rapid growth stage remains to be further elucidated. Herein, specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, germ-free (GF) mice, and germ-free mice supplemented with sodium acetate (GS) were used to evaluate the effects of acetate on the skeletal muscle growth and development of young mice with gut microbiota deficiency. We found that the concentration of serum acetate, body mass gain, succinate dehydrogenase activity, and expression of the myogenesis maker gene of skeletal muscle in the GS group were higher than those in the GF group, following sodium acetate supplementation. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed that acetate activated the biological processes that regulate skeletal muscle growth and development in the GF group, which are otherwise inhibited due to a gut microbiota deficiency. The in vitro experiment showed that acetate up-regulated Gm16062 to promote skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Overall, our findings proved that acetate promotes skeletal muscle growth and development in young mice via increasing Gm16062 expression.

The function of brown adipose tissue at different sites of the body in Brandt's voles during cold acclimation

Ambient temperatures have great impacts on thermoregulation of small mammals. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), an obligative thermogenic tissue for small mammals, is localized not only in the interscapular depot (iBAT), but also in supraclavicular, infra/subscapular, cervical, paravertebral, and periaortic depots. The iBAT is known for its cold-induced thermogenesis, however, less has been paid attention to the function of BAT at other sites. Here, we investigated the function of BAT at different sites of the body during cold acclimation in a small rodent species. As expected, Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) consumed more food and reduced the body mass gain when they were exposed to cold. The voles increased resting metabolic rate and maintained a relatively lower body temperature in the cold (36.5 ± 0.27 °C) compared to those in the warm condition (37.1 ± 0.36 °C). During cold acclimation, the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) increased in aBAT (axillary), cBAT (anterior cervical), iBAT (interscapular), nBAT (supraclavicular), and sBAT (suprascapular). The levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for cell proliferation, were higher in cBAT and iBAT in the cold than in the warm group. The pAMPK/AMPK and pCREB/CREB were increased in cBAT and iBAT during cold acclimation, respectively. These data indicate that these different sites of BAT play the cold-induced thermogenic function for small mammals.

Normobaric Hyperoxia Treatment after Mid-cervical Contusion Injury in Rats

Severe hypoxia at or near the site of spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to necrosis and secondary tissue damage. Prior studies of O2 therapy after SCI have primarily used pressurized hyperoxic exposure ( i.e., hyperbaric oxygen). We tested the hypothesis that daily exposure to 100% O2, delivered at atmospheric pressure ( i.e., normobaric hyperoxia) could accelerate the recovery of inspiratory tidal volume after cervical SCI. Three groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats received a 150 kdyn impact right lateral C4 cervical SCI. In group 1, normobaric hyperoxia (100% O2 at 1 atmosphere pressure, 2 hours) was initiated within 20 min of SCI and continued daily for 7 days. In group 2, the same normobaric hyperoxia paradigm was initiated on day 8 post-injury and continued until day 14. A third group received a sham treatment, consisting of exposure to normobaric normoxia (21% O2, 1 ATA) daily for 14 days. Whole-body plethysmography was used to examine breathing patterns before-, 1-, and 2-weeks post-SCI. All three groups lost and then gained body mass at similar rates over days 1-14 post-SCI. Mortality rates during the first week after SCI were 23% (5/22) in rats not exposed to hyperoxia, and 10% (1/10) in the daily hyperoxia group. Tidal volume (VT) and breathing rate were compared using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. The breathing rate (br/min) was similar between groups at 1-week post-injury. We observed a trend (p=0.182) for reduced breathing rate at the 2-week time point in the week-1 hyperoxia group (69±18) compared to the week-2 hyperoxia group (89±21) and the normoxia group (83±17). Inspiratory VT (mL/breath) was elevated in the week-1 hyperoxia group (0.59±0.08) as compared to the week-2 hyperoxia (0.44±0.05) and normoxia groups (0.44±0.06) at 1-week post-SCI (p=0.002). When VT was normalized to body weight (mL/breath/kg) the same effect of O2 exposure was observed (p=0.001). The effect was transient, however, and at day 14 post-SCI VT was similar across the three experimental groups (p&gt;0.50). We conclude that normobaric hyperoxia treatment during the first week after cervical SCI alters the pattern of breathing, and may have benefit to recovery. R01HL153140-04. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Aquaculture Performance and Genetic Diversity of a New [(Crassostrea hongkongensis ♀ × C. gigas ♂) ♂ × C. hongkongensis ♀] Variety of the Oyster "South China No. 1" in Beibu Gulf, China.

Crassostrea hongkongensis is an economically important bivalve found in various parts of the South China Sea. A new interspecific backcross ([(Crassostrea hongkongensis ♀ × C. gigas ♂) ♂ × C. hongkongensis ♀]) variety was bred by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology which named "South China No. 1". This study aims to explore the effects of stocking density on the growth performance of "South China No. 1", compared their growth performance and genetic diversity to C. hongkongensis, and found the best place breeding site for "South China No. 1" in Beibu Gulf. The results showed that stocking a density of 20 oysters/substrate can significantly increase the shell height, shell width, total weight, survival rate, daily shell height gain and daily body mass gain. It was found that the shell height and total weight of "South China No. 1" cultured in Fangchenggang were significantly higher than that of those in Beihai and Qinzhou from September 2018 to November 2018. Similarly, the shell width of oysters in Fangchenggang and Qinzhou was also significantly higher in September 2018, and the interaction between site and stocking density had significant effects on the shell width in March 2018 and November 2018. In addition, the shell height and shell width of "South China No. 1" were significantly higher than that of C. hongkongensis in all three sites. At all three sites, the phytoplankton community structure was mostly dominated by Bacillariophyta. In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, for the seven populations and ten microsatellites, in 10 of the 70 groups, the segregation distortion was significant. These results suggest that a stocking density of 20 oysters/substrate can promote the shell height, shell width and total weight of "South China No. 1" in Beibu Gulf, China. "South China No. 1" has better growth performance compared with C. hongkongensis. Fangchenggang is a suitable place to cultivate the "South China No. 1" breed according to the total weight and sum of all algal genus abundances. The results of this study can be used as a reference to further understand the stocking density and genetic diversity of the "South China No. 1" breed in Beibu Gulf, China.