GA3 Hormone Research Articles

Effects of Mepiquat Chloride on Physiology of Soybean under Drought Stress

Background: Drought is an important factor restricting the development of agriculture. In recent years, plant growth regulators have achieved more results in improving crop stress resistance. The physiological mechanism of exogenous application of mepiquat chloride on soybean seedlings has undergone significant changes under drought stress. Methods: In order to study the effect of exogenous chlorine on the physiology of soybean under drought stress., ‘Heinong 65’ was used as the experimental material, 15% PEG-6000 was used to simulate drought stress and different concentrations of mepiquat chloride solution (100, 300, 500, 700 mg/L) were sprayed at the three-leaf stage of soybean growth by pot method. The dry matter accumulation, auxin (IAA), zeatin (ZA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of soybean were determined. Result: The results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT and APX in soybean leaves under drought stress were significantly increased by the treatment of appropriate concentration of mepiquat chloride solution. IAA, GA3 and ZA endogenous hormone levels increased, dry matter accumulation increased, root-shoot ratio and ABA endogenous hormone levels decreased significantly. It can be seen that mepiquat chloride treatment can improve the antioxidant capacity, promote the growth of soybean seedlings under drought stress and effectively alleviate the inhibition of drought stress on soybean growth and development.

Slow Release of GA3 Hormone from Polymer Coating Overcomes Seed Dormancy and Improves Germination.

Seed dormancy often hinders direct seeding efforts that are attempting to restore degraded landscapes. Gibberellic acid (GA3) can be applied to physiologically dormant seeds to induce germination, but this hormone is rarely effective, as it can degrade or be leached from the seed. We tested different polymer matrixes (polylactic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and ethylcellulose) to apply and slowly release GA3 to the seed. These polymers were tested as seed coatings in either a powder, liquid, or a combination of powder and liquid forms. We found that a liquid ethylcellulose/GA3 coating generally outperformed the other polymers and applications methods using our test species Penstemon palmeri. With this top-performing treatment, seed germination was 3.0- and 3.9-fold higher at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively. We also evaluated the liquid ethylcellulose/GA3 coating on P. comharrenus, P. strictus, P. pachyphyllus, and P. eatonii. Again, the coating had a strong treatment response, with the degree of difference related to the relative level of dormancy of the species. Growth studies were also performed in pots to ensure that the side effects of GA3 overdosing were not present. Here, we found minimal differences in root length, shoot length, or biomass between plants grown from untreated and GA3-coated seeds.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair dan Hormon Giberelin Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Benih Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L.)

One of the efforts to increase the growth and production of mung bean seeds can be done by applying NASA POC and GA3 hormones. This research was conducted to determine the effect of giving NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) and giving the hormone Gibberellin (GA3) to increasing growth and seed production of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). This trial was carried out in August-November 2022, at the Jember State Polytechnic agricultural land. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial Randomized Completed Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor was the NASA POC concentration (P), consisting of 5 ml/l (P1), 10 ml/l (P2), and 15 ml/l (P3). The second factor was the concentration of Gibberellins (G), consisting of 125 ppm (G1), 150 ppm (G2), and 175 ppm (G3). The results obtained were then analyzed using the F test or ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and then the DMRT test was carried out. The treatment of the NASA POC application had a very significant effect (**) on the parameter number of productive branches. The best result was the P3 treatment (2.93 branches). The treatment with the hormone GA3 (Giberelin) had a very significant effect (**) on the parameters of plant height at 28 hst the best result was the G2 treatment (26.37 cm) and had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of plant height at 14 hst with the best treatment results G2 (12.72cm). The interaction between the application of NASA POC and the GA3 hormone had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of the amount of production per hectare with the best treatment interaction, namely P3G2 (738.35 kg)

Assessment of the Responses of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to the Exogenous Application of Gibberellic Acid and Indole Butyric Acid at Different Crop Development Stages

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops in the world. In Tunisia, the chickpea is vulnerable to fluctuation in production in the last few decades. However, phytohormones are known to play crucial roles in regulating different development processes in plants. Methods: This research was conducted in Petri dish and pot experiments in order to determine the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole butyric acid (IBA) phytohormones on some growth parameters of chickpea. In this study, GA3 at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 g/l and IBA at concentrations of 0, 10-5, 10-4, 10-3 and 10-2 g/l were applied at different stages of chickpea development. Result: Results of Petri dishes trial revealed that IBA (10-4g/l) and GA3 (0.2 g/l) hormones improved significantly the shoot and root length of chickpea plant. Results of pots pointed out that the chickpea achieves the highest plant height when IBA (10-4 or 10-3 g/l) and GA3 (0.2 g/l) were used at pre-flowering stage. The IBA and GA3 application with concentrations of 10-3 g/l and 0.1 g/l, respectively allowed the highest nodule number at post-flowering stage. The parameters number of branches, fresh and dry weight of the aerial part and leaves number were improved in chickpea plants treated with IBA and GA3 at pre-flowering and post-flowering, respectively. Similarly, the number of flowers was promoted by the two hormones. The weight and the number of seeds were significantly enhanced by all IBA treatments in plants. An increase in weight and the number of seeds was observed at post-flowering phase of GA3 treatment. Thus, these results identified the beneficial effect of tested phytohormones in chickpea growth.

Characterization of rhizosphere fungi of the ebony plant (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) which has the potential to produce Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Gibberelic Acid Phytohormones

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is a slow-growing species that is an impacting factor in the extinction of this species. Efforts to reduce the ebony population can be performed by employing microbes to stimulate ebony growth. This study aimed to obtain bacterial isolates with the potential of producing IAA and GA3 that can be further utilized as biofertilizer agents. Research stages encompassed soil sample isolation, isolation of bacteria, and analysis of IAA and GA3. The research was in complete randomized design (CRD). Thirteen isolates were successfully purified and analyzed with their IAA and GA3 hormones. The highest IAA concentrations were observed in EP1b at 48 incubation hours (44.39 ppm), EP3d at 72 incubation hours (34.93 ppm), and EP3c at 72 incubation hours (34.48 ppm). EP2c, EP2e, and EP2a produced the highest GA3 concentration at 24 incubation hours which were 3.88 ppm, 3.88 ppm, and 3.81 ppm, respectively.

Phytohormones (iaa and ga3) produced by rhizosphere mushrooms in shallot (allium ascolonicum l). As a biostimulant

Plants that are symbiotic with microbes will produce phytohormones optimally so that it will trigger the level of tolerance of plants to abiotic and biotic stress including plant pathogens, so it is necessary to explore the rhizosphere mushroom of onion plants in Enrekang regency and test the production of phytohormones (IAA and GA3) to see its potential as biostimulan in Shallot. This study used soil samples of rhizosphere soil of shallot taken at the shallot farming center in Enrekang regency, isolation and testing production of hormone was conducted in the laboratory of plant diseases of Hasanuddin University. The results achieved there are 20 isolates with the production of IAA hormones ranging from 0.125-3,609 mg / L, the largest IAA production is found in isolates number 3 and 7, while the production of GA3 hormones ranges from 0.991-3,440 mg / L, GA3 production is released in isolate Number 8, 17 and 19. This shows the great potential for rhizosphere mushrooms to become biostimulan.

The ability of potassium-solubilizing fungi isolated from leucite potassium rock deposits

Abstract. Anwar AR, Ala A, Kuswinanti T, Syam’un E. 2022. The ability of potassium-solubilizing fungi isolated from leucite potassium rock deposits. Biodiversitas 23: 6579-6586. Present investigation was aimed to explore the potassium-dissolving ability of some indigenous fungi living in Indonesian leucite tuffs from volcanic rock members of Camba Formation in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. There are no such findings on potassium-solubilizing fungi from South Sulawesi Province. The recent study isolated some fungi strains from the rhizosphere of vegetation found in the potassium rock deposits using Alexandrov media. A total of 22 fungal strains were isolated and tested for their ability to dissolve potassium bound to the potassium carrier minerals, qualitatively and quantitatively. Production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) were also measured to test the ability of the fungus to produce growth regulator compounds. Fungal isolates with the highest dissolution index (IP) values were MgT1Pb, RgGc, PT3Pe, PT3Pa, JbT2Pa, JbT2Pd, and JbT2Pp. The highest amount of exchangeable potassium (K-exch.) was JbT2Pa with the amount of 919.8 ppm and MgT1Pb of 69.33 ppm. The isolate capable of producing the highest IAA was PsT2Pe at 6.820 ppm while the RgGd isolates resulted in the highest production of GA3 hormone at 4.116 ppm.

Identification and expression analysis of the lipid phosphate phosphatases gene family reveal their involvement in abiotic stress response in kiwifruit.

Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a key enzyme in the production and degradation of phosphatidic acid (PA), which plays an important role in plant growth, development, stress resistance and plant hormone response. Thus far, little is known about the LPP family genes in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). According to this study, 7 members in the AcLPP family were identified from the whole genome of kiwifruit, the subcellular localization predictions were mainly on the plasma membrane. Chromosomal localization analysis showed that the AcLPP genes were unevenly distributed on 5 chromosomes, it was determined to have undergone strong purifying selection pressure. There were 5 duplicate gene pairs and all underwent segmental duplication events. The LPP genes of kiwifruit were conserved when compared with other plants, especially in terms of evolutionary relationships, conserved motifs, protein sequences, and gene structures. Cis-regulatory elements mainly included hormone response elements and abiotic response elements. Functional annotation of GO revealed that AcLPP genes were closely related to phosphatase/hydrolase activity, phosphorus metabolism and dephosphorylation. AcLPP genes family were predicted to be targets of miRNA. Transcript level analysis revealed that the AcLPP family played diverse functions in different tissues and during growth, development, and postharvest storage stages. qPCR analysis showed that the members of AcLPP gene family might be regulated by ETH, ABA, GA3, and IAA hormone signals. The family members were regulated by the stress of salt stress, osmotic stress, cold stress, and heat stress. These results would provide a basis and reference for studying the agricultural characteristics of kiwifruit and improving its stress resistance.

The Effect of Difference Soaking Duration and GA3 Concentration on Germination of oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq)

One of the main oil palm seed dormancy factors is the shell thickness. This could influence the germination homogeneity and required more time for oil palm seeds to germinate evenly. There will be such alternatives to improve oil palm seed germination as shell-less oil palm seeds or kernels which were soaked at different duration time and GA3 concentration. The objectives of this research was to evaluate germination rate of kernels under different soaking time and GA3 concentration. This study was conducted on Laboratory Plants Seed and Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung from June 2019 to September 2019. Treatment was arranged by factorial (6x3) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The first factors were the six different concentrations of GA3 hormones as 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The second factors were the three different soaking duration as 3, 7, and 10 days. The variables observed were the percentage of germination, the maximum growth potential, early time of germination, germination rate, dormancy intensity, radicle and plumule lengths. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then different mean values of treatments were analyzed by 5% of LSD using the SAS software application (version 9.4). The results showed that the concentration of 200 ppm GA3 resulting in low dormancy intensity (12.22%), increasing potency maximum growth (87.78%), and kernels germination rate (8.44%/etmal) compared with a concentration of 0 ppm GA3. Soaking duration of GA3 10 days resulted in low dormancy intensity (17.22%), the percentage of germination increased (23.33%), the maximum growth potential increased (78.89%), the kernel germination rate (8.94%/etmal), radicle length (2.00cm), plumule length (1.92cm), and early time of germination (4.61days) compared to the length of soaking duration of 3 days.

RESPON PEMBERIAN GIBERELIN TERHADAP KANDUNGAN FENOLIK DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA BUAH TANAMAN CIPLUKAN (Physalis angulata L.)

Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) is one of the plants from the class of herbal plants that is good to be developed because people are starting to choose herbal treatment. The content of ciplukan fruit is phenolic and flavonoid. Thus, technology for enlargement and increasing fruit content with the giberellin (GA3) hormone is needed. GA3 functions to stimulate the formation, development of fruit and increase the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the influence of the GA3 hormone on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity in ciplukan fruit. The experimental design used RAL 5 treatments: GA3 concentrations of 0 ppm (P0), 15 ppm (P1), 20 ppm (P2), 25 ppm (P3), and 30 ppm (P4). The parameters studied were the number of fruit, fruit size, fresh weight of fruit, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (DPPH method) in ciplukan fruit. The results showed that the concentration of 30 ppm (P4) of GA3 was showed the highest values on the number of fruits (33±3.53 g), fruit length (14.23±0.35 mm), width (12.87±0.39 mm), and fresh fruit weight (38.6±3.97 g) without calyx. The concentration of 30 ppm (P4) also affected the phenolic content (2.52±0.23 mgGAE/g), flavonoids (2.43±0.18 mgQE/g), and IC50 value of antioxidant activity (60.59 g/mL).
 Keywords: antioxidant activity, ciplukan, flavonoid, giberellin, phenolic

Effects of gibberellic acid on the stem and root growth patterns of Abelmoschus esculentus

The seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus were grown in sandy loam soil of three field plots for the treatment of GA3 hormone concentration such as control plot (A), no treatment was given to this plot. Plot (B) was treated by GA3 (10-2 M) concentration and plot (C) was treated by GA3 (10-3 M) concentration daily and compared to the control field plot. The plants of Abelmoschus esculentus, for the growth analysis were taken regularly and randomly at the 15 days interval from the seedling emergence stage till to maturity. The length of Abelmoschus esculentus stem and root growth pattern (Okra) was observed with two concentrations of these plant hormones such as GA3 (10-2 M) and GA3 (10-3 M)) concentration and to evaluate the best concentration of these growth regulators as (GA3 (10-3 M)) only, which showed the maximum stem and root length of the Abelmoschus esculentus as compared to the control.

Effects of Pollination Interventions, Plant Age and Source on Hormonal Patterns and Fruit Set of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Date palm is widely propagated through conventional offshoots. It is also produced through a tissue culture technique due to the limited number of offshoots produced throughout the course of a palm’s life. Being dioecious, it is a cross-pollinated tree that can be naturally or artificially pollinated. Tissue-cultured plants often have abnormal epigenetic or genetic changes that affect specific phenotypic characteristics. The growth of parthenocarpic fruits in date palms is mostly induced by hormonal imbalances in certain tissues. The major hormones in parthenocarpic fruits are auxins (IAA), gibberellins (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA). Parthenocarpic, or abnormal fruit development, is an undesirable trait for date palm growers since it drastically reduces farm income. The current study was therefore conducted over two seasons to confirm previous observations and included conventional offshoot-derived trees (CO) and tissue culture-derived ones (TC) of the cultivar Barhee. According to the observed ratio of the fruiting abnormalities, two date palm tree ages were selected, i.e., 6 and 13 years. Two pollination interventions were used: pollination of naturally open female spathes (NOP) and pollination of forced open female spathes (FOP). Plant hormones, IAA, GA3, and ABA were identified just before pollination and at specific intervals after pollination for up to 85 days. The ratio of the abnormal fruit set was identified 5 days after pollination. Significant differences were observed in hormonal levels between tree ages as well as between tree propagation sources. Young TC trees (6-year-old) had high abnormal fruit sets compared to CO date palm trees that were the same age. During the early fruit growth and development phases, CO date palms had much higher amounts of IAA and GA3 than TC date palms. However, ABA concentrations were surprisingly higher in the TC trees during the early fruit growth stages, while it immediately decreased after pollination in the CO date palms. The ratio of abnormal fruits was significantly reduced in the 13-year-old TC date palms, and no differences were observed compared to the CO ones. The levels of IAA, GA3, and ABA hormones in both young and old date palms derived through CO or TC followed similar patterns. The critical observations regarding the ABA pattern in the old TC date palms (13-year-old) gradually dropped after pollination, which was identical to the CO ones, whereas it was the opposite in the young 6-year-old TC date palm plants.

The Effect of Hormone Treatments on Germination and Seedling Characters of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Seeds

Medicinal Sage is consumed as tea in sore throat and kidney diseases caused by cold and flu. It also has sedative, diuretic, antiperspirant and disinfectant effects. Thujone, which is found in the essential oil of Salvia officinalis species, is an essential oil component with very strong antiseptic and antibiotic effects. Sage (Salvia officinalis), which is a medicinal and an aromatic plant and has a wide area of usage, is cultivated due to these properties. However, the most critical cost item in the production of sage is the weeding done in the first years. The understory weeding done without using herbicides continues until the sage seedlings shield the soil and prevent the development of other herbs. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of hormone treatment on germination success and seedling morphological characters in sage seeds. Within the scope of this research, sage seeds were planted by being exposed to IAA, IBA, GA3 and NAA hormones at 1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm concentrations for 3 to 5 seconds and at 50, 100 and 200 ppm doses for 24 hours, and thus 26 applications were performed together with the control groups. The seeds were planted in sterile peat medium after the hormone treatments, and the effect of hormone treatments on the germination percentage and some seedling characters was tried to be found after 30 days of germination. As a result of the research, it was found that the hormone treatments positively affected most of seedling characters.

Pathogenicity and Detection of Phytohormone (Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid) Produced by Fusarium spp. that Causes Twisted Disease in Shallot

The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to study pathogenicity and identify Fusarium species isolated from shallot plants with twisted symptoms in Nganjuk and Bantul areas. The Fusarium isolates were identified and then tested for pathogenicity levels and the effect of the hormones GA3 and IAA on shallot symptoms. Molecular identification using NF2 and NF4 successfully identified one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, three isolates of F. acutatum, and three isolates of F. solani. Each of these species produces different symptoms. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates had disease incidence reaching 100%, except isolates of F. solani1 causing wilt and F. solani3 causing twisted have the lower disease incidence were 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively. The investigation caused twisted shallot related to different symptoms was tested using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The result indicates that all isolates did not find IAA hormone. In contrast, the hormone GA3 was found in F. solani2 and F. solani3 isolates, caused bulb rot and twisted disease, respectively. Detection of IAA, GA3, and other hormones in shallot plants showed different symptoms should be studied further.

Interactive effects of salt stress and gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination and ion content of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Salinity is becoming one of the most important environmental factors lim-iting crop productivity around the world. Different strategies are employed to achieve optimal growth in saline conditions by employing some biochemi-cal agents such as plant hormones. This article provides an experimental investigation that was conducted to explore the effect of salt stress and hor-mones on barley. Three levels of salt stress tests, (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) on four barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.): Jaidor, Fouara, Saida, and Tichedrett, were studied. Each test was treated with and without 20 μg/l of Gibberellic acid (GA3). Plants were assessed at germination and seedling growth stages to determine the percentage and the speed of germination, the coleoptile length, and the root length. In addition, the experimental in-vestigation was conducted to explore amount and the ash content of potas-sium and sodium due to salinity and the effect of gibberellic acid application to mitigate the impact of salt stress. The results revealed that the use of gib-berellic acid was beneficial in reducing the depressive effect of salt. In gen-eral, Jaidor registered the best results and Fouara registered the lowest ones. However, Saida and Tichedrett were marked with a high root K/Na ratio. In conclusion, the application of salt stress negatively affected the growth of the four studied genotypes. This effect is even more important as the intensity of the stress is high. However, the application of the GA3 hor-mone reduced the negative impact of the salt stress on all measured param-eters.

Overexpression of the ThTPS gene enhanced salt and osmotic stress tolerance in Tamarix hispida

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with high stability and strong water absorption properties that can improve the resistance of organisms to various abiotic stresses. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays important roles in trehalose metabolism and signaling. In this study, the full-length cDNA of ThTPS was cloned from Tamarix hispida Willd. A phylogenetic tree including ThTPS and 11 AtTPS genes from Arabidopsis indicated that the ThTPS protein had a close evolutionary relationship with AtTPS7. However, the function of AtTPS7 has not been determined. To analyze the abiotic stress tolerance function of ThTPS, the expression of ThTPS in T. hispida under salt and drought stress and JA, ABA and GA3 hormone stimulation was monitored by qRT-PCR. The results show that ThTPS expression was clearly induced by all five of these treatments at one or more times, and salt stress caused particularly strong induction of ThTPS in the roots of T. hispida. The ThTPS gene was transiently overexpressed in T. hispida. Both physiological indexes and staining results showed that ThTPS gene overexpression increased salt and osmotic stress tolerance in T. hispida. Overall, the ThTPS gene can respond to abiotic stresses such as salt and drought, and its overexpression can significantly improve salt and osmotic tolerance. These findings establish a foundation to better understand the responses of TPS genes to abiotic stress in plants.

In vitro propagation of three Iranian apricot cultivars

In vitro propagation is a useful method for clonal propagation of apricot; however, it is a highly genotype-dependent procedure. Eight different experiments were conducted to optimize and establish an efficient in vitro propagation protocol for three Iranian apricot cultivars, including Ordubad, Shams, and Qaysi. Sterilization, in vitro establishment, proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization steps were assessed. The fungal and bacterial infections were significantly decreased when nanosilver (2.5%) was applied in sterilization of initial explants. The highest number of active buds was obtained from summer-season collected lateral bud explants. The establishment responses of apricot cultivars to investigated basal culture media were different and the best results for Ordubad, Shams, and Qaysi cultivars were obtained from Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW), Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and modified Quoirin and Lepoivre (QL) basal media, respectively. The highest number of induced lateral shoots in Ordubad cultivar (2.33) was obtained from basal QL medium supplemented with BAP (4.44 μmol L−1), GA3 (1.44 μmol L−1), and IBA (0.098 μmol L−1). In Shams and Qaysi cultivars, the highest numbers of induced lateral shoots were obtained from WPM basal medium. The best combinations of BAP and GA3 hormones to increase the number of induced lateral shoots in three Iranian apricot cultivars were 11.56 μmol L−1 GA3 and 4.44 μmol L−1 BAP. In comparison with routine solid culture system, a 10 min h−1 temporary immersion bioreactor system led to the significant increase of the number of induced lateral shoots, with higher shoot quality, in all investigated cultivars. The half strength QL medium supplemented with 19.68 μmol L−1 of IBA resulted in the highest rooting percentage in all investigated apricot cultivars. The results of the present study would be applicable for cost-effective large-scale clonal propagation of other valuable cultivars of apricot.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MACAM HORMON DAN KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN KOPI LIBERIKA

Benih kopi pada umumnya sulit untuk berkecambah dengan waktu dormansi yang cukup lama, hal ini yang menjadi aspek penting dalam penelitian ini terhadap respon dan guna hormon selaku zat perangsang tumbuh untuk proses semai biji kopi Liberika agar cepat berkecambah. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 faktor yaitu hormon dan konsentrasi sebagai konsep dasar untuk memberi perlakuan benih kopi dengan mekanisme direndam menggunakan hormon dengan taraf konsentrasi larutan yang berbeda. Hormon sebagai zat perangsang tumbuh (ZPT) dan dasar dari proses stimulasi perkecambahan. Hormon yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah hormon GA3/ Giberelin, IAA/ Auksin dan BAP/ Sitokinin. Larutan hormon tentunya tidak lepas dari konsentrasi atau normalitas di dalam larutan tersebut, oleh karena itu penelitian ini menerapkan 3 level konsentrasi diantaranya 250ppm, 500ppm dan 750ppm sebagai kombinasi dari hormon dan normalitas untuk menguji viabilitas daya berkecambah, tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, berat basah tanaman, dan panjang akar sebagai parameter pengamatan. Selanjutnya nilai dari hasil pengamatan akan dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam dengan tingkat kepercayaan 5% dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT 5%. Dari hasil analisis, didapatkan pengaruh yang paling baik dari perlakuan kombinasi hormon GA3 dengan konsentrasi 250ppm yaitu 1,5273 (cm) dan untuk perlakuan individu paling baik pada hormon GA3 untuk tinggi tanaman dengan hasil 2,627 (cm).

Effect of Hormone Treatment, Coating Material and Ethylene Absorber on the Shelf Life of Mangosteen

Several factors affect the shelf life of mangosteen fruit, such as the low quality of fruit at harvest time or poor storage and transportation precise conditions before the fruit is consumed. Cause of poor quality of mangosteen fruit for export due to hardening of fruit skin after harvest and harvesting through matures caused by the lack of proper handling of harvest and postharvest. The objective of the research was to study the effect of hormone treatment, coating material and ethylene absorber to the shelf life of mangosteen. Treatments were implemented by coating process using a combination of GA3 hormone treatment and coating materials (chitosan and wax). The other treatments used were combination of plastic and teabag packaging containing KMNO4. The study was designed using a completely randomized design. Observations included external visuals, internal visuals, weight loss, color, texture, and skin structure. The data analysis was performed using SPSS 2.1 software. At first week, the condition of treated mangosteen fruit were still resembles with fruit on day-0. This was due to the cooling factor, assisting in the process of maintaining the freshness of the mangosteen fruit.

Effect of Arenga Palm [Arenga pinnata (WRMB)MERR.] Liquid on the Growth and Yield of Rice

Arenga palm is a liquid obtained from palm plant stem [Arenga pinnata (Wurmb). Merr)] this liquid is used as an ingredient for brown sugar or alcoholic beverages, this liquid is then mixed with some organic ingredients through fermentation method. The result of laboratory analysis shows that the fermentation contained N, P, K, and IAA and GA3 hormones that were used as experimental fertilizer (Liquid Organic fertilizer arenga palm). This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer to the growth and yield of rice field plants. This research used a randomized block design consisting of 3 (three) replications and 10 doses so that there were 30 experimental treatments. The study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute of Sidondo Palu in Central Sulawesi in March to June 2017. The analysis used was the analysis of single factor variance with the Honest Significant Difference test (BNJ). The results of the analysis shows that the dose of arenga palm 25.75 L.ha-1 for plant growth aged 15 days after planting (HST), 28 HST and 43 HST affects significantly (P <0.001) to an average plant height of 49.3 cm, 6.51 cm and 86 cm, and the number of productive tillers is 15.23 stems. Cluster-1. Likewise, the results of crop production shows that the use of a dose of 25.75 L. ha-1 is significantly different (P <0.001 harvested dry rice yield (GKP) 7.99 tons. ha-1.