Mafic granulites provide key insights for understanding the composition and evolution of the lower crust but are rarely reported in northern Tarim. In the present study, a systematic petrographic, phase equilibrium modeling and zircon U-Pb geochronological study of a Paleoproterozoic mafic granulite (garnet two-pyroxene granulite) from the Kuluketage area, northern Tarim were conducted. Phase equilibrium modeling demonstrates a decompression–heating clockwise P-T path involving the prograde metamorphic stage (M1) at ∼ 950 °C / 12 kbar, the peak metamorphic stage (M2) at ∼ 1020 °C / 10 kbar, and the retrograde stage (M3) at ∼ 880 °C / 7 kbar. The decompression heating P-T path generally occurs in the post-collisional lithospheric extension setting which may contribute the UHT metamorphism of the M2 stage. Zircon U-Pb geochronological study reveals four age peaks at ∼ 2.45, ∼ 2.3, ∼ 1.91, and ∼ 1.85–1.78 Ga. We interpret the ∼ 2.45 Ga magmatic event as an older captured zircon age corresponding to a widely reported magmatic event of ∼ 2.4–2.5 Ga in Kuluketage. The slightly younger ∼ 2.3 Ga magmatic event may correspond to the crystallization age of the mafic granulite’s protolith, however, rarely reported in northern Tarim. The metamorphic age of ∼ 1.91 Ga represents a collisional-related high-pressure metamorphic age corresponding to the M1 stage and the age peaks of ∼ 1.85–1.78 Ga may represent post-peak cooling events corresponding to the M2-M3 stage.