Fuzzy Fisherface Research Articles

Deep Learning for Forgery Face Detection Using Fuzzy Fisher Capsule Dual Graph

In digital manipulation, creating fake images/videos or swapping face images/videos with another person is done by using a deep learning algorithm is termed deep fake. Fake pornography is a harmful one because of the inclusion of fake content in the hoaxes, fake news, and fraud things in the financial. The Deep Learning technique is an effective tool in the detection of deep fake images or videos. With the advancement of Generative adversarial networks (GAN) in the deep learning techniques, deep fake has become an essential one in the social media platform. This may threaten the public, therefore detection of deep fake images/videos is needed. For detecting the forged images/videos, many research works have been done and those methods are inefficient in the detection of new threats or newly created forgery images or videos, and also consumption time is high. Therefore, this paper focused on the detection of different types of fake images or videos using Fuzzy Fisher face with Capsule dual graph (FFF-CDG). The data set used in this work is FFHQ, 100K-Faces DFFD, VGG-Face2, and Wild Deep fake. The accuracy for FFHQ datasets, the existing and proposed systems obtained the accuracy of 81.5%, 89.32%, 91.35%, and 95.82% respectively.

Performance Analysis of PCA-based and LDA-based Algorithms for Face Recognition

Analysing the face recognition rate of various current face recognition algorithms is absolutely critical in developing new robust algorithms. In his paper we report performance analysis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for face recognition. This analysis was carried out on various current PCA and LDA based face recognition algorithms using standard public databases. Among various PCA algorithms analyzed, Manual face localization used on ORL and SHEFFIELD database consisting of 100 components gives the best face recognition rate of 100%, the next best was 99.70% face recognition rate using PCA based Immune Networks (PCA-IN) on ORL database. Among various LDA algorithms analyzed, Illumination Adaptive Linear Discriminant Analysis (IALDA) gives the best face recognition rate of 98.9% on CMU PIE database, the next best was 98.125% using Fuzzy Fisherface through genetic algorithm on ORL database. In this paper we report performance analysis of various current PCA and LDA based algorithms for face recognition. The evaluation parameter for the study is face recognition rate on various standard public databases. The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: Section II provides a brief overview of PCA, Section III presents PCA algorithms analysed, Section IV provides brief overview of LDA, Section V presents LDA algorithms analysed. Section VI presents performance analysis of various PCA and LDA based algorithms finally Section VII draws the conclusion. II. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)

An Efficient Implementation of Weighted Fuzzy Fisherface Algorithm for Face Recognition Using Wavelet Transform

Problem statement: The paper addresses the face recognition problem by proposing Weighted Fuzzy Fisherface (WFF) technique using biorthogonal transformation. The weighted fuzzy fisherface technique was an extension of Fisher Face technique by introducing fuzzy class membership to each training sample in calculating the scatter matrices. Approach: In weighted fuzzy fisherface method, weight emphasizes classes that were close together and deemphasizes the classes that are far away from each other. Results: The proposed method was more advantageous for the classification task and its accuracy was improved. Also with the performance measures False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR) and Equal Error Rate (EER) were calculated. Conclusion: Weighted fuzzy fisherface algorithm using wavelet transform can effectively and efficiently used for face recognition and its accuracy is improved.

A genetically modified fuzzy linear discriminant analysis for face recognition

This paper addresses the face recognition problem through a modification of the Fuzzy Fisherface classification method. In conventional methods, the relationship of each face to a class is assumed to be crisp. The Fuzzy Fisherface method introduces a gradual level of assignment of each face pattern to a class, using a membership grading based upon the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm. This method was further modified by incorporating the membership grade of each face pattern into the calculation of the between-class and within-class scatter matrices, termed as Complete Fuzzy LDA (CFLDA). The present work aims at improving the assignment of class membership by improving the parameters of the membership functions. A genetic algorithm is employed to optimize these parameters by searching the parameter space. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal number of nearest neighbors to be considered during the training phase. The experiments were performed on the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) face image database and the results show consistent improvement in the recognition rate when compared to the results from other techniques applied on the same database and reported in literature.

Feature extraction based on fuzzy 2DLDA

In the paper, fuzzy fisherface is extended to image matrix, namely, the fuzzy 2DLDA (F2DLDA). In the proposed method, we calculate the membership degree matrix by fuzzy K-nearest neighbor (FKNN), and then incorporate the membership degree into the definition of the between-class scatter matrix and the within-class scatter matrix. Finally, we get the fuzzy between-class scatter matrix and fuzzy within-class scatter matrix. In our definition of the between-class scatter matrix and within-class matrix, the fuzzy information is better used than fuzzy fisherface. Experiments on the Yale, ORL and FERET face databases show that the new method works well.

Feature extraction using fuzzy inverse FDA

This paper proposes a new method of feature extraction and recognition, namely, the fuzzy inverse Fisher discriminant analysis (FIFDA) based on the inverse Fisher discriminant criterion and fuzzy set theory. In the proposed method, a membership degree matrix is calculated using FKNN, then the membership degree is incorporated into the definition of the between-class scatter matrix and within-class scatter matrix to get the fuzzy between-class scatter matrix and fuzzy within-class scatter matrix. Experimental results on the ORL, FERET face databases and pulse signal database show that the new method outperforms Fisherface, fuzzy Fisherface and inverse Fisher discriminant analysis.

감정이 있는 얼굴영상과 퍼지 Fisherface를 이용한 얼굴인식

In this paper, we deal with a face recognition method for the emotional face images. Since the face recognition is one of the most natural and straightforward biometric methods, there have been various research works. However, most of them are focused on the expressionless face images and have had a very difficult problem if we consider the facial expression. In real situations, however, it is required to consider the emotional face images. Here, three basic human emotions such as happiness, sadness, and anger are investigated for the face recognition. And, this situation requires a robust face recognition algorithm then we use a fuzzy Fisher’s Linear Discriminant (FLD) algorithm with the wavelet transform. The fuzzy Fisherface is a statistical method that maximizes the ratio of between-scatter matrix and within-scatter matrix and also handles the fuzzy class information. The experimental results obtained for the CBNU face databases reveal that the approach presented in this paper yields better recognition performance in comparison with the results obtained by other recognition methods.

Face recognition using a fuzzy fisherface classifier

In this study, we are concerned with face recognition using fuzzy fisherface approach and its fuzzy set based augmentation. The well-known fisherface method is relatively insensitive to substantial variations in light direction, face pose, and facial expression. This is accomplished by using both principal component analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. What makes most of the methods of face recognition (including the fisherface approach) similar is an assumption about the same level of typicality (relevance) of each face to the corresponding class (category). We propose to incorporate a gradual level of assignment to class being regarded as a membership grade with anticipation that such discrimination helps improve classification results. More specifically, when operating on feature vectors resulting from the PCA transformation we complete a Fuzzy K-nearest neighbor class assignment that produces the corresponding degrees of class membership. The comprehensive experiments completed on ORL, Yale, and CNU (Chungbuk National University) face databases show improved classification rates and reduced sensitivity to variations between face images caused by changes in illumination and viewing directions. The performance is compared vis-à-vis other commonly used methods, such as eigenface and fisherface.