Future Time Perspective Scale Research Articles

An examination of the perception of future time among university students from the perspective of demographic variables

This study aimed to examine the future time perspective of students in the faculty of sports sciences and the factors influencing this perception in relation to various variables. The population of the study consists of university students, while the sample includes a total of 266 students (128 males, 48.1%, and 138 females, 51.9%) studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Kütahya Dumlupınar University. The data collection instruments include a personal information form developed by the researcher, as well as the Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS), developed by Husman and Shell (1996) and adapted to Turkish culture with validity and reliability studies conducted by Avcı and Erden (2009). In this study, a non-experimental causal-comparative model, one of the quantitative research methods, was employed to identify the current situation. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and percentages were included in the analysis. Skewness and kurtosis values were examined, revealing a normal distribution, and Independent Samples T-Test and MANOVA were used to compare the differences. According to the findings, no statistically significant differences were found regarding students' gender, participation in recreational sports, and academic success (p>0.05). However, significant differences were found in favor of students in upper classes based on the class variable (p<0.05). These findings indicate that students become more focused on career goals as they approach graduation, which creates differences in their future time perspectives.

The relationship between four indicators of future time orientation, criminal thinking style, and illegal behaviors.

Individuals who commit criminal behaviors are often thought to prioritize short-term goals rather than long-term goals (i.e., a present vs. a future time orientation). Though previous theories of crime and empirical research support a relationship among future time orientation, criminal thinking, and illegal behaviors, there is disagreement in the literature about how to operationalize the multidimensional construct of future time orientation. The primary aim of this pre-registered survey study was to measure multiple components of future time orientation to better understand the relationship with criminality-related outcomes. Participants were 248 undergraduate college students. Survey materials included a measure of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11), self-control (Brief Self-Control Scale), delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire), and Carstensen's Future Time Perspective Scale. Participants also completed two measures of criminal thinking style (the Texas Christian University Criminal Thinking Scale, the Criminogenic Cognitions Scale) and an illegal behaviors checklist. Bivariate results demonstrated a negative relationship between future time orientation (i.e., low impulsivity, high self-control, high future time perspective) and criminal thinking style. The relationship between delay discounting and criminal thinking was in the hypothesized direction but failed to reach statistical significance. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the measure of self-control had the most consistent and incrementally significant relationship with both criminal thinking style and illegal behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed along with study limitations and future directions.

Nurses’ knowledge of, attitudes towards and awareness of the metaverse, and their future time perspectives: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe metaverse is a new and developing technology used in the field of healthcare. The perception of future explains time as a psychological phenomenon rather than a physical one. This study aimed to determine nurses’ thoughts of the metaverse and their perceptions of future.MethodsThe study in which the cross-sectional descriptive design was used was conducted with nurses working in a hospital in Trkiye from September 2022 to December 2022. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 374 nurses who were chosen using the convenience sampling method. Personal Identification Form, Metaverse Scale (MS) and Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 25.0 program was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe findings revealed that 81.6% of the nurses believed that they could provide patient education using the metaverse in the future, whereas 46% believed that they could do virtual nursing. The mean scores obtained from the FTPS and MS by the nurses were 3.45 (SD = 0.37) and 3.74 (SD = 0.56), respectively. There was a weak positive relationship between perception of future, and knowledge of, attitudes towards and awareness of the metaverse (r = 0.157, p = 0.002), and a weak, positive relationship between internet use duration and MS (r = 0.169, p = 0.001).ConclusionsThis study underscores the potential of the metaverse in nursing, revealing that nurses are optimistic about its application in patient education and virtual care. We recommend the development of specialized training programs to equip nurses with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively utilize the metaverse in healthcare settings.

The Effect of Future Time Perspective and Community Resilience on Disaster Risk Reduction in Disaster-prone Communities

Indonesia routinely experiences disasters in various regions every year. To see that disaster management is currently disaster risk reduction oriented, individuals need to have a future time perspective to anticipate the potential impacts of disasters that will occur. In addition, as we know, community resilience in disaster management policies and practices is currently receiving greater attention. With the quantitative method and multiple linear regression test, this study tries to determine the effect of future time perspective and community resilience on disaster risk reduction in disaster-prone communities. The 57 subjects of this study were 20–45 year-old men and women who live in disaster-prone environments. The subjects were asked to fill out the Future Time Perspective Scale, Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit, and General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale. The three scales were disseminated via social media, where anyone could fill them in as long as they met the subject’s criteria of the research. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence of the future time perspective on disaster risk reduction, however, there is no effect of community resilience on disaster risk reduction.
 Keywords: community resilience ,disaster, disaster management, disaster risk reduction, future time perspective

Future Time Perspective, Beliefs, Strategies and Academic Achievement: Examining the Role of Socioeconomic Status

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the intermediary function of long-term self-regulation and perceptions of instrumentality in the correlation between Future Time Perspective (FTP) and academic achievement. Additionally, the study aims to explore the moderating impact of Socio-Economic Status (SES). The sample comprised 572 third-year high school students majoring in Science, selected through a meticulous stratified sampling process. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire encompassing the Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS), Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI), and Perceptions of Instrumentality (PI) Scale. SES was assessed in relation to parental education and household income indices, while academic achievement was gauged based on mean scores in three core courses: physics, chemistry, and biology. The study's conceptual model, as assessed through structural equation modeling, demonstrated a good fit for both high and low SES in the student cohorts. However, an analysis of the Chi-square for model fit revealed significant differences between the two groups, indicating non-identical structural relationships. Notably, in both groups, value and speed exhibited impacts on academic achievement, while the influence of connectedness varied between the groups. The research findings revealed that academic achievement in both groups was influenced by value through PI and by speed through long-term self-regulation. Connectedness affected academic achievement in both groups, but its impact was indirect through long-term self-regulation. Furthermore, in the high SES group, connectedness had a direct effect on academic achievement and also an indirect effect through PI. Interestingly, these direct and indirect effects were not statistically significant in the low SES group.

FEASIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF USING PLASMA BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSING ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN PRIMARY CARE

Abstract Blood-based biomarkers (Aβ, P-tau, neurofilament light) are clinically available to aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). However, no research has examined the use of blood biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of ADRD in primary care (PC). Our study will test feasibility and acceptability of implementing blood-based biomarkers for ADRD in PC. Participants include: all PC patients ≥65 years presenting to one of six PC clinics between 6/1/22 and 5/31/23 who score cognitively impaired on the Linus Health Digital Clock and Recall (DCR™), and PC providers (PCPs) of these patients. Patients will view a decision guide about biomarkers and complete the Concerns about Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia Scale, and the Future Time Perspective Scale and the Impact of Events Scale. These measures and the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 will be repeated within 2 weeks of results disclosure. PCPs will receive training on biomarker disclosure techniques and best practices. To date 9 PCPs have consented to provide the biomarker results disclosure and 11 have declined. Following completion of PCP consent (n=100), a total of 200 patients who failed the DCR are eligible to be approached for consent. By November 2023, we anticipate that 150 patients will have completed biomarker testing, and we will have examined the biomarker results in the context of patient neuropsychological and clinical data, comorbidities, and sociodemographic information. This study will provide information regarding feasibility and utility of ADRD biomarkers in PC and a preliminary analysis of biomarker results compared with the patients’ clinical profiles.

Psychological profiles associated with positive and negative risk-taking in adults

Although risk is often considered in the context of maladaptive behaviors, risks can also be positive, allowing individuals to pursue meaningful goals in a socially accepted way. In this study, we were interested in examining psychological profiles associated with positive and negative risk-taking in adults (N = 275, ages 19–71 years, M = 39.25; SD = 13.73) using latent profile analysis. Specifically, we examined whether distinct profiles of psychological characteristics such as future time perspective, tolerance to ambiguity, and sensitivity to reward and punishment are differentially associated with positive and negative risk-taking. We used the Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS), the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II), the Short Version of the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Scale (SPSRQ-SF), the Positive Risk-Taking Scale (PRTS), and the Negative Risk-Taking Scale (NRTS). Findings yielded two profiles: individuals in the first profile, characterized by lower sensitivity to punishment and higher tolerance to ambiguity, future time perspective, and sensitivity to reward, endorsed greater positive and negative risk-taking. Conversely, individuals in the second profile, characterized by heightened sensitivity to punishment and lower tolerance to ambiguity, future time perspective, and sensitivity to reward, endorsed lower positive and negative risk-taking. The study contributes to previous findings by identifying additional psychological characteristics that may be associated with both positive and negative risk-taking in adults.

Future time perspective: Factor structure, age pattern, and implications for psychological well-being and life satisfaction.

Emerging research challenges the one-factor model of the future time perspective (FTP) scale by demonstrating two- and three-factor models of the FTP scale. Three samples (i.e., Switzerland and the United States; N = 2022) explored the factor structure, age pattern differences, tested the link between FTP factors, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction, as well as age as a moderator. We distinguished FTP into opportunities, extension, and constraint factors that corroborated previous research. We did not find a replicable curvilinear age pattern difference on any of the FTP factors. The association between extension and life satisfaction was stronger among younger than older adults. Alternatively, the association between constraint and life satisfaction was stronger among younger than older adults in Samples A and C, and the pattern was reversed in Sample B. Lastly, the association between constraint and environmental mastery was stronger among older adults than younger adults in Sample B and the pattern was reversed in Sample C. This variation in the perception of the future is different for people at different periods in life and has an important consequence for living life well, especially a focus on extension and lack of constraint.

Mediating effects of future time perspective on the relationship between mindfulness and learning burnout in college students: A cross-sectional descriptive study.

With the rise of positive psychology, educators gradually pay attention to the construction of psychological capital of college students. Mindfulness is linked to learning burnout; however, little research has examined how mindfulness is associated with learning burnout via future time perspective. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between mindfulness state, future time perspective and learning burnout of college students, and explore the mediating effect of future time perspective on mindfulness and learning burnout. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 358 college students were enrolled from Harbin Medical university. General information questionnaire, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the learning burnout scale and The Future Time Perspective Scale were used for investigation. Calculations were performed using SPSS Statistics, version 25. There was negative correlation between positive mindfulness and learning burnout (r = -0.41, P < .01), and positive correlation between future time perspective and mindfulness (r = 0.38, P < .01), and negative correlation with learning burnout (r = -0.37, P < .01). Furthermore, future time perspective (β = -0.40, P < .01) had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between mindfulness and learning burnout. Educators should improve the mindfulness of college students by developing and implementing future time perspective, in order to improve their learning burnout.

A TEST OF THE SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS

The primary assertion of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) is that with increasing age, individuals become more selective in their social networks and consciously reduce their social network size. Although SST has received considerable support from studies conducted in mostly individualistic countries, such as the United States and Germany, there are very few studies in which it has been tested in collectivistic countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the SST argument in Turkey. There were 219 Turkish young adult participants, aged 18–28 (Mage = 20.07 years, SD = 1.76). Participants completed a Social Convoy Questionnaire, Future Time Perspective (FTP) scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Via the structural equation model, it was found that (a) open-ended FTP directly and positively related to positive affect, higher level of social satisfaction, and smaller social network sizes; and (b) social satisfaction mediated the relationship between FTP and young adults’ positive affect. The results confirm the SST’s arguments and highlight the importance of social satisfaction in helping shape young adults’ positive affect.

The Japanese version of the occupational future time perspective scale: A validation study.

This study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the Occupational Future Time Perspective scale (OFTP-J) and assess its structural validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability among Japanese workers. The online survey was conducted with 2046 participants who met the eligibility criteria. The Japanese version of the OFTP scale was developed through translation and back-translation processes. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the structural validity. Pearson's correlations were computed to assess construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to determine internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was examined using Cohen's weighted kappa coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. The confirmatory factor analysis supported an 8-item model with three factors (i.e., focus on opportunities, perceived remaining time, and focus on limitations) for the Japanese version of the OFTP scale. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.92. Construct validity was supported by significant correlations between the OFTP scale and its subscales, possible antecedents (age, self-rated health, and job control), and possible outcomes (learning goal orientation, job crafting, and work engagement). Test-retest reliability was confirmed with moderate agreement. The OFTP-J was found to be reliable and valid. It can be used to measure OFTP among Japanese workers and facilitate comparative research with the original English version. The OFTP-J provides valuable insights into the learning motivation and work engagement of the aging workforce.

REVISITING THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED TIME HORIZONS IN SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY

Abstract This symposium will consider the ways that time horizons may influence motivation and emotional well-being. Socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that goals and motivation shift from ones about learning and exploration to ones about emotional meaning as time horizons grow constrained as people age. This theory maintains that a focus on emotional goals explains why older adults tend to show better emotional well-being compared to younger adults. Many studies use the Future Time Perspective scale developed by Carstensen and Lang (1996) to measure perceived time left in life. However, several studies find more limited future time perspective does not contribute to better emotional well-being nor more positivity bias in cognitive processing and in some cases predicts poorer emotional well-being. The first presentation will focus on the future time perspective scale and its underlying structure. The second presentation will discuss the association between future time perspective and psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The third presentation will review different measures of time perception and examine the relationship between future time perspective on age-related positivity effect. The last presentation will introduce a new concept and measurement, time savoring. Laura Carstensen will synthesize findings and offer insights regarding future life-span research on motivation and well-being.

TIME HORIZONS VERSUS TIME SAVORING: WHICH BEST PREDICTS AGE-RELATED IMPROVEMENTS IN EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING?

Abstract Previous research has shown that time horizons, as measured by the future time perspective (FTP) scale, yields mixed findings about the relationship between perceived time and emotional well-being. Expansive time horizons often predict better well-being than limited time horizons, raising questions about a core postulate of socioemotional selectivity theory (SST). The present study introduces a more nuanced construct about perceived time and introduces a new scale, time savoring, which captures the heightened value of time as time becomes more limited. Based on 1,384 participants (Mage = 54.55, age range = 18-96), time savoring and age are positively correlated (r(1,382) = .23, p &amp;lt; .001). Time savoring partially mediates age and well-being (i.e., greater happiness, lower depressive symptoms, and higher life satisfaction). Parallel mediation with multiple mediators demonstrated the measure’s discriminant validity from FTP and personality measures (e.g., agreeableness and conscientiousness), offering a promising way to measure heightened value of time.

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE AND POSITIVITY EFFECTS

Abstract When compared to younger adults, older adults favor positive over negative information in attention and memory. This positivity effect is typically interpreted through the lens of socioemotional selectivity theory. According to this view, older adults often have a limited future time perspective (FTP), which leads them to prioritize emotional well-being goals. However, data from our lab suggest that a limited FTP is actually associated with increased negativity, rather than with increased positivity. More specifically, we found that older adults with a limited FTP (self-reported on the Carstensen and Lang FTP scale) rated their autobiographical memories more negatively. We also found that among older adults with high executive function abilities, a limited FTP was associated with reduced positivity in an episodic memory task. In discussing why these counterintuitive relationships occurred, we will also present data showing that a limited FTP is associated with negative attitudes about the future and the present.

Development of a Japanese Version of the Multidimensional Future Time Perspective (MFTP) Scale, and Investigation of its Reliability and Validity

This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Multidimensional Future Time Perspective (MFTP) scale (Brothers, Chui, & Diehl, 2014). A survey was conducted among men and women over 20 years old, and 501 valid responses were received. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the same three-factor structure as the original scale. Multigroup structural equation modeling across three age groups (young, middle-aged, and older adults) provided a significantly good fit to the data. These findings indicated that the Japanese version of the MFTP has the same reliability and validity as the original scale.

Pet Ownership and the Future Time Perspective of Older Adults

Abstract. Time perspectives may change as people age and become more aware of their limited time remaining in life. A research question is whether awareness of one’s limited time remaining associates with pet ownership among older adults. Although owning pets in old age involves both benefits and risks, the association between pet ownership and subjective remaining time in life remains understudied. The present study examines the associations between pet ownership and the subjective perception of time remaining in life among older adults. We assessed the experience of pet ownership (dog or cat) and age-related future time perspectives of 329 community-dwelling older adults in Japan. By adopting three constructs of the Future Time Perspective scale, we found that current dog ownership was associated with more limited future opportunities but not with limited time left or future constraints. Older dog owners may focus on the present rather than new future opportunities, yet they may see the future of their dogs that require care. Yet no such association was observed among current cat owners. The present findings extend the previous research of age-related future time perspectives by suggesting that pet ownership in late adulthood may be another contributing factor that needs to be better understood.

Pandangan akan Masa Depan dan Kematangan Karier Siswa SMK

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In Indonesia, the unemployment rate by education level is dominated by Vocational High School graduates. One of the factors that can support individual success in determining a career is career maturity. Individuals with good career maturity tend to have better career achievements than individuals with low career maturity. This research aims to determine the correlation between future time perspective and career maturity among vocational high school students of SMK. This research uses stratified cluster random sampling which consist of 312 students from ten majors of grade X, XI, and XII. Further analysis using cluster stratified random sampling. The instruments used were Future Time Perspective Scale (α=0,888) and Career Maturity Scale (α=0,871). The data analysis technique used in this research is Spearman Rho correlation analysis. The result indicates a correlation coefficient of 0, 519, which means that there is a significant positive relationship between outlook on the future and career maturity. The higher the view of the future, the higher the career maturity. Conversely, the lower the view of the future, the lower the career maturity&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Changes in the future time perspective of university students

The Covid-19 Pandemic negatively affected education systems around the world and, to control its spread, countries and state governments started the closure of schools and colleges. The closure of universities had various effects on students' learning and plans for the future. The present study aimed to examine the differences of university students’ future time perspective between the measurements taken before and during Covid-19. The study was designed as a longitudinal study and 80 university students from the school of physical education and sports of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University consisted of the study sample. The pre-test and post-test data were collected with the Turkish version of Husman and Shell's (2008) Future Time Perspective Scale. Paired samples t-test was used to analyze the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores. According to analyzed results, post-test results significantly increased in connectedness factor for males and valence factor for females.

The Relationship between PGI and College Students' Career Decision Making Self-efficacy: A Chain Mediation Model

To explore the influencing factors and mechanism of career decision making self-efficacy of college students, the research uses PGIS-Ⅱ, Future Time Perspective Scale, Academic Engagement Scale, and Career Decision Making Self-efficacy Scale to investigate 148 college students. The results show that PGI, career decision making self-efficacy, future time Perspective, and academic engagement are significantly positively correlated; future time perspective and academic engagement play a mediating role between PGI and college students' career decision making self-efficacy; PGI significantly predicted career decision making self-efficacy through the chain mediation of future time perspective and academic engagement.

Analyzing the future time perspective scale in the baseline period in the Anti‐Amyloid treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) Study

AbstractBackgroundLearning an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker result can impact a person’s expectations for their future. We assessed the behavior of the Future Time Perspective (FTP) scale in a sample of cognitively unimpaired older adults undergoing AD biomarker testing and disclosure.Method5665 participants who were screened for a multisite randomized preclinical AD trial learned their result of an amyloid PET scan: 1182 elevated and 3310 not elevated. Each completed the FTP scale before and after learning the result. The FTP is a 10‐item scale that measures perceived remaining time. Items are rated on a 7‐point scale. Correlations, factor analysis, within‐subject comparisons, and polytomous analyses explored relationships between FTP and amyloid status. In multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analyses, the base outcome was no FTP change (50th%tile interquartile range of change score distribution). Decreased FTP was the lowest quartile of change score distribution while increased FTP was the upper quartile.ResultsUsing items that showed high uniqueness scores (&lt;0.40) and low ceiling effects (&lt;20% endorsing maximum scale scores), we examined a 3‐item FTP subscale (FTP‐3, score range 1 to 7). Mean change in persons with elevated amyloid was 0.12 (95%CI 0.06 to 0.18) and 0.20 (95%CI 0.17 to 0.24) in those with a not elevated result.In MLR analysis, the mean in the decreased FTP‐3 group was ‐0.89 points (95%CI ‐0.92 to ‐0.86), while the mean increased FTP‐3 was 1.26 (95%CI 1.22 to 1.29). Elevated amyloid results (0.22, 95%CI 0.06 to 0.39) and better self‐rated cognitive function (CFI, ‐0.03, 95%CI ‐0.05 to 0.01) made decreased FTP‐3 more likely than no FTP‐3 change. In the same analysis, lower MMSE scores (‐0.08, 95%CI ‐0.14 to ‐0.03) made increased FTP‐3 more likely than no FTP‐3 change.ConclusionThe 3‐item FTP scale offers an option for a brief measure with limited ceiling effects. Additionally, while mean FTP change due to AD biomarker result disclosure is small (mean=0.18), our findings from polytomous analysis support the hypothesis that AD biomarker result knowledge may have notable effects on FTP (∼2SD). FTP warrants further study in preclinical AD with attention to associations with disease progression, well‐being, and life plans.