Future Residents Research Articles

Defining future cities: A comparative review of future cities’ definitions and characteristics across multiple fields

The rapid interest in future cities within academia is driven by the rising complexity of urban development and challenges such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and inequality. Researchers across various fields have different understandings of future cities and their characteristics, causing confusion and divergence between implementation goals and theories. This research addresses this gap by providing a unified, multidisciplinary definition of future cities, critically analyzing their intellectual and practical characteristics across fields including philosophy, computer science, engineering, environmental science, management, economics, social science, health sciences, architecture and planning. This research employed a mixed-method approach of a hybrid systematic-narrative literature review to identify key characteristics, followed by a multidisciplinary focus group of experts to synthesize the definition and key characteristics. It concluded that despite the rising interest in academia about future cities in recent years, there are differences in how various fields perceive future cities, particularly in areas like infrastructure, resource management, innovation, adaptability, technology, sustainability, and human needs. Despite these differences, future cities share common goals of meeting the well-being and justice needs of both current and future residents. They rely on technology, sustainability practices, community involvement, responsible citizenship, and efficient governance and leadership to ensure sustainable and effective long-term outcomes.

Longitudinal Outcomes: Student Perceptions of a Third-Party-Resource-Based Pre-matriculation Module.

Medical school is grueling. Students are required to learn large amounts of subject matter in short periods of time, while also participating in extra-curricular activities to become well-prepared and future residents. While many third-party resources can aid students in navigating the curriculum, the process of assessing and selecting these tools can be time-consuming and frustrating. To address this challenge, a pre-matriculation module was developed to introduce students to various third-party resources, enabling them to identify their preferences and understand their learning styles before matriculation. Links to free trials were also provided. Additionally, a supplement to the module featured advice and strategies from top-quartile students (now Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.s)) on how to succeed in the pre-clinical curriculum. The module included voice-over slide presentations that highlighted third-party resources, tips for using these resources effectively, and insights from contributors on succeeding in the pre-clinical phase. To assess the perceived efficacy of the program, surveys were administered to incoming first-year osteopathic medical students (OMS-1) students at several time points: before beginning the first semester and pre-matriculation module, immediately after completing the module, and at the end of the first semester. Further surveys were conducted at the end of the second, third, and fourth semesters. Statistical analysis of the survey data was performed to evaluate students' perceptions of the module's value. Results indicated that students perceived the pre-matriculation module as significantly contributing to their pre-clinical academic success. These findings suggest that early exposure to third-party learning resources and tailored guidance from successful peers may ease the transition into medical school and foster better academic outcomes. Future research should explore the long-term impact of such pre-matriculation interventions on clinical performance and overall medical education. Additionally, investigations into tailoring modules to different learning styles or specific specialties could further optimize the student experience and success in medical education.

Examining the relationship between pre-sport mega-event programming and physical activity participation

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to examine if interest in the 2022 World Cup and planned engagement in the pre-Qatar World Cup programming influenced both current and future informal and formal physical activity.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered using a survey conducted eight months prior to the World Cup, analyzing responses using four 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) models. These models assessed the relationship between interest in the World Cup and planned engagement in pre-event activities with current and future formal and informal physical activity levels.FindingsThe findings of the current study suggest that engagement in sport programming pre-World Cup did not moderate the relationship between interest and physical activity. Engagement appears to play a direct role in physical activity, aligning with engagement theory, whereas interest plays a more direct role in spectator consumption. This highlights the importance of programming initiatives in enhancing physical activity, which is a critical aspect of the social impact of sport mega-events.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only focused on the residents of Qatar, and it may not be applicable to the future residents and location of the World Cup. Thus, further research should be conducted to see if this phenomenon can be observed and will exist in other host countries as well as with other sport mega-events. Additionally, our study was quantitative; it is suggested to perform a qualitative or mixed methods approach with a large sample size to obtain a more descriptive analysis that adds more depth to the connection between interest, engagement and physical activity of hosting a sport mega-event.Practical implicationsThe study’s implications suggest that host countries and event organizers can significantly impact residents’ physical activity by creating environments and opportunities that align with their intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. For host countries and event organizers, these findings underscore the importance of pre-event planning, particularly in developing sports infrastructure, facilities and initiatives. Participating in sport programs can reflect positively on the economy by reducing healthcare and social service use, as well as increasing social engagement. Policymakers can leverage these findings to develop comprehensive strategies that promote physical activity in conjunction with sport events.Social implicationsThis study highlights the importance of programming initiatives in enhancing physical activity, which is a critical aspect of the social impact of sport mega-events. By leveraging pre-event programming, host countries can address public health concerns and enhance social well-being. The findings suggest a positive relationship between sports programming engagement and increased physical activity among residents, contributing to improved health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.Originality/valueThe findings of this study will contribute to the literature and advance our knowledge regarding the relationship between hosting a sport mega-event and physical activity participation by understanding pre-event impacts. This research offers valuable insights for event organizers and policymakers, highlighting the importance of fostering environments that motivate active participation and contribute to the long-term health and vitality of communities.

Évolution du choix de la médecine interne (et immunologie clinique) à l’issue des épreuves classantes nationales depuis 2010

Introduction: The 2017 reform of the third cycle of medical studies (R3C) was accompanied by modifications in the formats and number of specialty diplomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the choice of the internal medicine and clinical immunology specialty before and after 2017.Methods: We used the median ranking and its evolution, as well as incoming and outgoing remorse rights, as markers of attractiveness. Data on the number of position offered, rankings and affectation were collected from decrees published in the French “Journal Officiel” each year. A survey conducted by the “Amicale des Jeunes Internistes” investigated the reasons for the outgoing or incoming rights to remorse.Results: Before 2017, internal medicine was accessible to 52% of students on average, with a median rank of 1118 [339-2640]. From 2017 onwards, the internal medicine specialty was accessible to an average of 76.6% of students, with a median rank of 2772 [1039-5155]. The balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was -4.7% before 2017 and varied between -4.1 and -12.4% from 2017.Conclusion: Since 2017, the median and cut-off ranks of students choosing internal medicine specialty have increased, and balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was increasingly negative. A reflection on the attractiveness of the internal medicine specialty is undertaken by the National College of Internal Medicine Teachers in order to make the richness of the specialty and its different modes of practice known to future residents.

Snapshot of Examination Usage in Emergency Medicine Clerkships.

Objective Emergency Medicine (EM) clerkships often use a written exam to assess the knowledge gained over the course of an EM rotation in medical school. Clerkship Directors (CDs) may choose the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) EM Advanced Clinical Science Subject Exam (ACE), the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) M4 exam, which has two versions, the SAEM M3 exam, or departmental exams. There are currently no published guidelines or consensus regarding their utility. This survey-based study was designed to collect data regarding current practices of EM clerkship exam usage to analyze trends and variability in what exams are used and how. Methods The authors designed a cross-sectional observational survey to collect data from EM CDs on exam utilization in clerkships. The survey population consisted of clerkship directors, assistant clerkship directors, or faculty familiar assessments in their EM clerkship. Initial dissemination was by electronic distribution to subscribers of the Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine (CDEM) list-serve on the SAEM website. Subsequently, contact information of CD's from institutions that had not responded was obtained by manual search of the Emergency Medicine Residents' Association (EMRA) Match website and individual correspondence was sent at regular intervals. Data obtained include clerkship characteristics, exam used, weight of the exam relative to the overall grade, and alternatives if the preferred exam was previously taken. Results Eighty-seven programs (42% response rate) completed the survey between August 2019 and February 2021. Of the 87 responses, 71 (82%) were completed by a CD. Forty-six (53%) institutions required an EM rotation. Students were tested in 34 (74%) required EM clerkships and 48 (69%) out of 70 EM electives. In required rotations that used an exam, 20 (59%) used the NBME EM ACE, while 28 of 46 (61%) of EM electives that reported an exam used the SAEM M4 Exam. Five (15%) of the required clerkships used a departmental exam. Of clerkships requiring an exam, 46 (57%) weighed the score at 11-30% of the final grade. Data for extramural rotations mirrored that of EM electives. One-third of respondents indicated they do not inquire about previously taken exams. Conclusion This survey demonstrates significant variability in the type of exam, the weighting of the score, and alternatives if the preferred exam was previously taken. The lack of a consistent approach in how these exams are used in determining students' final EM grades diminishes the reliability of the EM clerkship grade as a factor used by residency directors in choosing future residents. Further research on optimal usage of these exams is needed.

Water Reuse in the Hill Country: Lessons from Existing Reuse Facilities in Texas and Opportunities to Advance Reuse in Comal County

The Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance outlines the opportunities present in the Texas Hill Country to use recycled water to alleviate the burdens placed on the Edwards and Trinity aquifers by focusing on the present state of recycled water use in Comal County, Texas. The impacts of population growth, prolonged drought, and wastewater disposal on water sources in Comal County are analyzed along with current sources of water reuse to show where recycled water can be utilized effectively. Reclaimed water systems in seven municipalities across Texas are analyzed as case studies to provide examples for further implementation. Water reuse is integral to protecting water supplies and ensuring counties in the Hill Country can adequately protect the health, safety, and quality of life of current and future residents. Water reuse is a vastly underutilized tool in the effort to manage water supplies in the Hill Country, and there are a variety of authorization, financing, and implementation opportunities present in the region to take better advantage of this resource.

An At-Home Laparoscopic Curriculum for Junior Residents in Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynecology, and Urology.

Laparoscopic surgery requires significant training, and prior studies have shown that surgical residents lack key laparoscopic skills. Many educators have implemented simulation curricula to improve laparoscopic training. Given limited time for dedicated, in-person simulation center practice, at-home training has emerged as a possible mechanism by which to expand training and promote practice. There remains a gap in published at-home laparoscopic curricula employing embedded feedback mechanisms. We developed a nine-task at-home laparoscopic curriculum and an end-of-curriculum assessment following Kern's six-step approach. We implemented the curriculum over 4 months with first- to third-year residents. Of 47 invited residents from general surgery, obstetrics/gynecology, and urology, 37 (79%) participated in the at-home curriculum, and 25 (53%) participated in the end-of-curriculum assessment. Residents who participated in the at-home curriculum completed a median of six of nine tasks (interquartile range: 3-8). Twenty-two residents (47%) responded to a postcurriculum survey. Of these, 19 (86%) reported that their laparoscopic skills improved through completion of the curriculum, and the same 19 (86%) felt that the curriculum should be continued for future residents. Residents who completed more at-home curriculum tasks scored higher on the end-of-curriculum assessment (p = .009 with adjusted R 2 of .28) and performed assessment tasks in less time (p = .004 with adjusted R 2 of .28). This learner-centered laparoscopic curriculum provides guiding examples, spaced practice, feedback, and graduated skill development to enable junior residents to improve their laparoscopic skills in a low-stakes, at-home environment.

Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in older adults: a best practice implementation project.

This project aimed to implement best practices for pelvic floor muscle training to manage urinary incontinence among older women in long-term care in Kerala, India. Urinary incontinence is a prevalent and distressing condition that affects a significant proportion of older adults and is characterized by involuntary loss of urine, leading to social embarrassment, decreased quality of life, and increased health care costs. It is more prevalent in women and is associated with dementia, limited mobility, and other comorbidities in long-term care. Pelvic floor muscle training is a first-line treatment option for urinary incontinence in older adults, given its potential to improve quality of life and reduce health care costs. This project was based on the JBI Evidence Implementation Framework. A baseline audit was conducted to evaluate current practice against best practices. After identifying barriers and implementing strategies, follow-up audits were conducted after 3 and 6 months. The baseline audit showed 0% compliance with all best practices. Barriers such as lack of knowledge and practice of pelvic floor exercises for urinary incontinence among participants and nurses; unknown cognitive status; and health emergencies were identified. Strategies including video-assisted training of pelvic floor muscle exercises, training calendars, and flip charts with instructions. The follow-up audits showed significant improvements in compliance. This project reduced urinary incontinence in the participants. Although two of the audit criteria did not reach 100% compliance by the end of 6 months, the stakeholders of the long-term care facility understood the importance of pelvic floor muscle training, which will be beneficial for future residents with urinary incontinence. http://links.lww.com/IJEBH/A211.

Attitudes towards career choice and general practice: a cross-sectional survey of medical students and residents in Tyrol, Austria

BackgroundThe global primary healthcare workforce is declining, leading to a shortage of general practitioners. Although various educational models aim to increase interest in general practice, effective interventions are limited. The reasons for this low appeal among medical graduates remain unclear.MethodsThis cross-sectional study surveyed medical students’ and residents’ attitudes towards general practice in Tyrol, Austria. The online questionnaire addressed professional values, general practice-related issues, personal professional intentions, and demographics. Data analysis employed chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to explore predictors of interest in general practice.ResultsThe study included 528 students and 103 residents. Key values identified were stable positions, assured income, and work-family reconciliation. General practice was recognised for long-term patient relationships and patient contact, with students attributing more positive work-environmental characteristics and higher reputation to it than residents. Few participants (students: 3.2%, residents: 11.7%) had opted for general practice; about half were considering it as career option. Reasons not to choose general practice were preferences for other specialties, intrinsic characteristics of general practice, workload, insufficient time for the patients, financial pressures, low reputation, and perceived mediocre training quality. Predictors of interest in general practice included perception of independent decision-making, importance of work-family balance (students), better practical experiences in general practice during medical school (students and residents), younger age, and perceiving general practice as offering a promising future (residents). Both groups felt underprepared by medical school and/or general practice training for general practice roles. The attractiveness of specialist medicine over general practice was related to clearer content boundaries, better career opportunities, and higher incomes.ConclusionsAccording to these results, measures to improve attractiveness of general practice should focus on (i) high-quality undergraduate education including practical experiences, and (ii) on ensuring professional autonomy, work-family reconciliation, and job stability. Efforts to encourage more graduates to pursue this essential healthcare sector are crucial for strengthening primary healthcare and public health services.Trial registrationThe study has not been registered as it did not include a direct medical intervention on human participants.

Late-Soviet Collective Housing: Self-Help Construction and Self-Management in Youth Residential Complex Housing Movement

In the Soviet era, a long-lasting idea of collective housing was implemented in various forms, most notably, constructivist “house-communes” (doma-kommuny) of the 1920s. This article considers less-known realization of collective housing in late-Soviet Russia, by focusing on the project of “Youth Residential Complex” (MZhK). Starting in 1968, this project was declared as an experiment, in which residents had to participate in the process of design, organization, and management of their housing complexes. Future residents also had to work on the construction site for several years, building housing with their labor and earning, in such a way, the right to live in it. Based on this case, this article re-emphasizes the agency of residents’ collectives and grassroot organization as an essential but neglected part of late-Soviet urban development. In contrast to the common narrative of the top-down provision of apartments by the state, it demonstrates that bottom-up collective practices were behind a major housing project, with ample consequences for both people concerned and urban development. While the history of self-help housing construction is firmly embedded within the context of crises and austerity, in the Soviet context, participation in self-help project was regarded as a privilege, leading to a single-family apartment ownership and exclusive urban services, otherwise unavailable in residential districts.

Characterization of Research Mentorship During Medical School for Future Radiation Oncology Trainees

Medical student access to radiation oncology (RO) research opportunities is important for stimulating interest in the specialty. The purpose of this study was to assess the publication record during medical school of students who ultimately matched in RO, to characterize the source(s) of their RO mentorship relative to other specialties. We performed web-based searches to identify manuscripts published during medical school (defined as being published from January 2016 to December 2019) for all RO residents with postgraduate year 2 status in 2020 to 2021. Students with a PhD degree and international graduates were excluded. Characteristics of these publications, the student, and the primary mentor, were assessed. A total of 435 publications were authored by the 148 included residents. In total, 115 (78%) attended a medical school with an affiliated RO residency program. The median number of publications per student was 2 (interquartile range, 1-4), and students' median byline author position was 2 (interquartile range, 1-4). In total, 351 publications (80.7%) were on a cancer-related topic, with 234 (53.8%) published in oncology-oriented journal, and 96 (22.0%) published in RO-oriented journals. There were 294 unique mentors, with 70 mentors (24%) on 2 or more student publications. Most mentors (n = 187, 64%) shared the same institution as the student. Mentors were most commonly radiation oncologists/radiation biologists/medical physicists (n = 153, 52.6%), surgical subspecialists (n = 53, 21%), and medical oncologists (n = 18, 6.2%). Students working with primary RO mentors were more likely to publish in an oncology-oriented journal (79.1% vs 18.2%, P < .01) or RO-oriented journal (36.2% vs 2.2%, P < .01), compared with students working with non-RO mentors, respectively. A higher percentage of publications with RO mentors occurred in the last 2 years of medical school compared with the first 2 years (64.0% vs 40.9%, respectively, P < .01). Approximately one-half of student publications among future RO residents are published in nononcology journals, and result from mentoring relationships with non-RO physicians.

Realising transitions for urban regeneration through statutory planning: the case of greyfield precinct renewal in suburban Melbourne

ABSTRACT The compact city agenda aims to deliver sustainable future urban form. However, as with all planning, there is contestation. While built form and housing have primacy, cities need space for hard and soft infrastructural systems, including natural systems that, until recently, have been taken for granted but are diminishing through poorly planned densification. Nowhere is this more evident than in the suburbs, where lot-by-lot redevelopment is significantly reducing open space and tree canopy. Infill developments are not producing the benefits expected from compact cities; they are increasing strain on the grey, blue, and green infrastructure. This paper highlights limited intent in local planning regulations to promote anything other than business as usual, which, in the Australian context, is single lots becoming 2–4 subdivisions. While planning schemes can regulate negative externalities, they do not consider this when taken as a whole, across a redeveloped neighbourhood predominantly consisting of housing, and are not using the redevelopment opportunities to build a more resilient future for local areas. This paper builds on the Australian greyfield literature by showing how statutory amendments can promote precinct scale development, working across multiple lots to deliver housing concurrently with greater levels of amenity for existing and future residents. KEY POINTS Infill housing development on single lots is reducing local amenity while not making the fullest use of the land for housing supply. Site assembly precincts are critical for higher yield, higher amenity, urban redevelopment. Strategic policy alone will not deliver the solutions; statutory mechanisms for doing so are critical. This paper presents a fully worked statutory response to the issue, highlighting the method for developing the scheme and the future work necessary for delivering site-assembly precincts at council level.

Економічні можливості «розумних міст» у контексті формування нового світового економічного порядку

The aim of the article is to study the practice of creating new «smart cities», identify their economic activity and substantiate their role in the global space, which is undergoing significant changes in the context of the formation of a new world order. The study argues that new centers of economic power are emerging in the global space – these are «smart cities» that are able to solve complex problems of a socioeconomic nature and implement the principles of sustainable development, have significant financial and technological resources. Urbanization is singled out as a dominant trend of modern global processes, which increases attention to «smart cities», because the share of the population living in cities is increasing – from 52.6% in 2012 to 56.9% in 2022. The article analyzes the development of the market of «smart cities», evaluates the forecast indicators, discloses the main economic opportunities of the new «smart cities». The project of creating a «smart city» of the future in Saudi Arabia, called Neom, has been detailed. The main investment sectors in this project are identified, which will contribute to economic growth and diversification of the city's life support. It is substantiated that this project is designed for public and private investment and will implement the highest standards of sustainable development. The factors, advantages, economic opportunities and future economic benefits of the project for both companies and future residents are identified and systematized. The scheme of the «smart city» of NAC in Egypt is analyzed. The specifics of the eco-«smart city» of the district level Thu Thiem Lotte Eco Smart City in Vietnam and the Woven City project are determined, other projects of new «smart cities» that will promote equal opportunities for all residents and form community values are analyzed. The advantages of «smart cities», which will ultimately improve the quality of life of the population, reduce costs and increase the efficiency of the city as a whole, are identified. In the future, the results of the activities of new «smart cities» will depend on their ability to quickly respond to global challenges, technological changes and investment difficulties, competition from other, already institutionally formed, subjects of international economic relations.

Martyrs on the Mountain

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study investigates the origin, transmission, and reception of two hadith with doctrinal significance on the formation of early Sunni identity and memory of the past—the Mountain hadith, in which the Prophet designates each of the first three caliphs as either a saint or a martyr; and the Ten Promised Paradise hadith, which names the first four caliphs and another five or six Companions as the future residents of paradise. The study identifies Qatāda b. Diʿāma and Hilāl b. Yasāf as the earliest transmitters of both hadith. Analysis of their transmission of the Ten Promised Paradise hadith reveals the emergence of a seminal trend among Kufan traditionists, who, by advocating for an all-embracing approach to ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, and the latter’s opponents, allowed various Kufan groups to find common ground, which was also accompanied by the formation of a comprehensive historical narrative on the first fitna.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Impact of Opt-Out Therapy Appointments on Resident Physicians' Mental Health, Well-Being, Stigma, and Willingness to Engage.

Background Health care professionals report higher levels of mental health symptoms, pandemic-related stress, personal health concerns, and reduced proactive coping, especially in recent years marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. As physician utilization rates of mental health and well-being services remain low, the need for preemptive care is crucial. Objective The present study sought to ascertain satisfaction, value, and attitude toward future mental health services among resident physicians. Methods Throughout the 2020-2021 academic year, resident physicians within 8 training programs at a large academic training hospital were offered single opt-out mental health appointments from hospital-funded, graduate medical education wellness staff at no cost to the resident. Appointments were conducted virtually during protected work time. A survey was sent to participants within 2 weeks following their appointment. Results A total of 153 residents (postgraduate years 1 to 7) were offered one-time opt-out appointments. Overall, 91 (59%) residents attended their opt-out appointments. Survey response rate was 57% (n=52). Respondents reported high levels of satisfaction (96%, 50 of 52), felt the appointment was worth their time (96%, 50 of 52), and felt that the opt-out appointments demonstrated training programs cared about their well-being (94%, 49 of 52). Nearly all residents (98%, 51 of 52) recommended appointments be offered to future residents. Most respondents (80%, 42 of 52) indicated that appointments increased their willingness to engage in mental health services. Conclusions Opt-out appointments increased resident willingness to engage in mental health services, positive attitudes toward future mental health services, perceived training program's care about their well-being, and reduced perceived mental illness stigma.

Predictors of Ophthalmology Resident Performance From Medical Student Application Materials

To determine whether elements in ophthalmology residency applications are predictors of future resident performance. This multi-institutional, cross-sectional, observational study retrospectively reviewed the residency application materials of ophthalmology residents who graduated from residency from 2006 through 2018. Resident performance was scored by 2 faculty reviewers in 4 domains (clinical, surgical, academic, and global performance). Correlation between specific elements of the residency application and resident performance was assessed by Spearman correlation coefficients (univariate) and linear regression (multivariate) for continuous variables and logistic regression (multivariate) for categorical variables. Seven ophthalmology residency programs in the US. Ophthalmology residents who graduated from their residency program. High-performing residents were a diverse group, in terms of sex, ethnicity, visa status, and educational background. Residents with United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores higher than the national average for that year had significantly higher scores in all 4 performance domains than those who scored at or below the mean (all domains P < 0.05). Residents who had honors in at least 4 core clerkships and who were members of Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society also had higher scores in all 4 performance domains (all domains P ≤ 0.04). Step 1 score (ρ=0.26, P < 0.001) and the difference between Step 1 score and the national average for that year (ρ=0.19, P = 0.009) positively correlated with total resident performance scores. Residents who passed the American Board of Ophthalmology Written Qualifying Examination or Oral Examination on their first attempt had significantly higher Step 1/2 scores (P ≤ 0.005), Ophthalmology Knowledge Assessment Program scores (P = 0.001), and resident performance scores (P ≤ 0.004). In this new landscape of increasing numbers of applicants to residency programs and changing of the Step 1 score to pass/fail, our findings may help guide selection committees as they holistically review applicants to select exceptional future residents in ophthalmology.

Pathologists Shortage in United States of America (USA) - How Academic Centers and Private Laboratories Can Play an Effective Role in Recruiting Qualified Future Pathology Residents from Pool of United States (US) and International Medical Graduates (IMGs)

Abstract Introduction/Objective Pathology training (PT) in the US requires 4 years of AP/CP training. Only 2% of any medical school class (US or IMGs) enter Pathology. However, among practicing pathologists, an estimated 20 to 30% are IMGs that are working in academia/private settings. Even with artificial intelligence (AI) and digital pathology (DP), the need for pathologists will continue to rise, especially those who will acquire AI and DP skills. Methods/Case Report Our facility is a private reference laboratory. About 60 to 70% of graduates after residency join private practices. We initiated an education model to offer internship opportunities mainly for IMGs who have difficulty in gaining access to US academic centers due to numerous obstacles. Our initiative also offered electives for US medical students (US-MS) exploring pathology as a career. Between 2016 and 2022, 72 IMGs (12 countries) and 18 MS (5 states) rotated with us in a structured rotation lasting 4 weeks. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Most of our IMGs were not able to find access to academic centers for internship. From the pool of IMGs who rotated with us, 51/72 (70%) matched into PT. In addition, we were able to positively influence 16/18 (88%) US-MS to adopt pathology as a career. Conclusion 1) We successfully created an educational model in a non-academic setting to mentor and prepare access to academic centers through PT as aspiring pathologists, 2) IMGs in our program excel in their respective countries; they were interviewed before being accepted into our program and committed to pathology with higher chance of matching, 3) US-MS that rotated through our program have higher rate of adopting pathology as a career when compared to traditional academic pathology rotations, and 4) more academic centers should consider allowing internships to IMGs and initiate private collaborations as an integral part of supporting the future of our profession.

Designing residential areas using geospatial modelling

The subject of the paper is design using modelling methods of geographic information system (GIS). The authors propose using GIS modelling as a method to solve the actual problem of designing housing estates in a big city. The purpose of the paper is to design a model of a residential area with a complete infrastructure and all necessary elements. In the paper, the following tasks are solved: 1) developing design of a digital geoinformation model of a projected residential area; 2) formalization of the process of designing residential areas by developing a design algorithm; 3) creation of a visual two-dimensional model of a residential area. The method used in the paper is geoinformation modelling of real estate objects using two-dimensional models in a geodatabase, and software implementation using the ArcMap application. As a result of the research, the authors obtained the following results: a centric approach to planning a semi-autonomous region was chosen as the most rational and effective for urban planning. To solve the problem, the geographic information system ArcGIS was used, and a geodatabase was created to analyse the existing territory of the city of Kharkiv and select a construction site. The developed geographic information system ArcGIS and the created geodatabase help in solving the issues of further designing the location of buildings and infrastructure elements of the area. Namely, “buffer zones” were used for further accommodation of schools, kindergartens, and shops. The use of “buffer zones” made it possible to optimally place these establishments depending on the number of potential visitors. The authors chose blocks for the division and development of the projected area, considering the historical aspects of the city of Kharkiv. This enabled to develop a GIS in which each block would have its urban ecosystem. The authors have also developed an algorithm for performing design tasks of residential areas. The algorithm can be applied when creating projects for residential areas not only in Kharkiv, but also in other cities of Ukraine and the world. Results of the research made it possible to use the capabilities of geoinformation systems in designing new types of residential areas with a highly developed social and transport infrastructure, harmonious development, as well as attractive features for stakeholders and future residents. Thus, the developed GIS visualization will enable a visual representation on the map of all spatial objects, which are necessary for analysis, and to reflect spatial patterns of the placement of all necessary infrastructure facilities.

Financing local public projects

This paper studies the financing of local public projects. The setting is a community with durable housing, undeveloped land available for new homes, and population turnover. The community invests in a public project that may be financed with a mix of a tax on current residents and a debt issue. The paper shows that financing with a debt–tax mix is equivalent to pure tax finance coupled with a tax on future development whose proceeds are shared by future residents. This result has three implications. First, Ricardian Equivalence holds if and only if there would be no future development were the project purely tax financed. Second, when Ricardian Equivalence does not hold, the optimal debt level is such that the associated tax on development appropriately internalizes the negative externalities from this development. Third, when Ricardian Equivalence does not hold, the debt level preferred by current residents will be higher than optimal.

Co-producing affordable housing futures: tools for community participation

Archio interviewed by Dhruv Sookhoo and Ava LynamKyle Buchanan and Mellis Haward, directors of architectural practice Archio, reflect on their experience developing a toolkit of practices that facilitate co-design of community-led housing.In this interview, Buchanan and Haward examine the participatory approaches that Archio adopts to negotiate the delivery of enhanced housing outcomes [1]. They describe building trust with residents by interpreting their lived experiences and aspirations through architectural knowledge and practices. Discussion focuses on the co-production of design artefacts as tools that enable community stakeholders to negotiate shared ambitions for their neighbourhood within community-based development and regulatory processes (e.g. development management).In 2016, Archio was invited by London Community Land Trust and Citizens UK to compete for the opportunity to design and deliver eleven affordable homes on a disused garage site at Brasted Close, in Lewisham, London [2]. Unusually, a “Pick an Architect” workshop was held on the development site, where the public was able to evaluate prospective architectural teams for their ability to engage future residents and neighbouring communities in the collective examination of fundamental socio-spatial aspects of the project. Archio’s successful approach at the pioneering community land trust at Brasted Close anticipated their development of a toolkit of practices that emphasise collaboration during community-led development of affordable housing. These design tools were refine through use across a series of later commissions including a co-housing project at Angel Yard, Norwich and a resident-led estate regeneration scheme at Astley Estate, Southwark.