Future Of Cryopreservation Research Articles

The Future of Cryopreservation in Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

Societal changes and the increasing desire and opportunity to preserve fertility have increased the demand for effective assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and have increased the range of scenarios in which ART is now used. In recent years, the “freeze-all” strategy of cryopreserving all oocytes or good quality embryos produced in an IVF cycle to transfer later—at a time that is more appropriate for reasons of medical need, efficacy, or desirability—has emerged as an accepted and valuable alternative to fresh embryo transfer. Indeed, improvements in cryopreservation techniques (vitrification) and the development of more efficient ovarian stimulation protocols have facilitated a dramatic increase in the practice of elective frozen embryo transfer (eFET). Alongside these advances, debate continues about whether eFET should be a standard treatment option available to the whole IVF population or if it is important to identify patient subgroups who are most likely to benefit from such an approach. Achieving successful outcomes in ART, whether by fresh or frozen embryo transfer, is influenced by a wide range of factors. As well as the efficiency of IVF and embryo transfer protocols and techniques, factors affecting implantation include maternal aging, sperm quality, the vaginal and endometrial microbiome, and peri-implantation levels of serum progesterone. The safety of eFET, both during ART cycles and on longer-term obstetric and neonatal outcomes, is also an important consideration. In this review, we explore the benefits and risks of freeze-all strategies in different scenarios. We review available evidence on the outcomes achieved with elective cryopreservation strategies and practices and how these compare with more traditional IVF cycles with fresh embryo transfers, both in the general IVF population and in subgroups of special interest. In addition, we consider how to optimize and individualize “freeze-all” procedures to achieve successful reproductive outcomes.

Strong Heterogeneity in Advances in Cryopreservation Techniques in the Mammalian Orders.

Between 1970 and 2012, vertebrate abundance has declined by 58% with an average annual decline of 2%, calling for serious action to prevent a mass extinction and an irreversible loss of biodiversity. Cryobanks and cryopreservation have the potential to assist and improve ex situ and in situ conservation strategies by storing valuable genetic material. A great deal of studies concerning cryopreservation have been performed within the class Mammalia, although no systematic overview has previously been presented. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the status, pattern and future of cryopreservation within Mammalia. A strong disproportional distribution of studies in examined orders is displayed. For the majority of examined orders less than 10% of species has been examined. However, the cryopreservation of germplasm has in several cases been successful and resulted in successful applications of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Various obstacles are associated with the development of cryopreservation protocols, and among them the most prominent is interspecific differences in cryotolerance. Extrapolation of protocols in closely related species is considered the most applicable procedure, and a future supplement to overcome this problem is the examination and comparison of cryobiological traits. Successful protocols have been developed for the vast majority of domesticated mammals, which gives incentive for the further extrapolation of protocols in threatened species.

What does the future of cryopreservation of marine invertebrates look like?

What does the future of cryopreservation of marine invertebrates look like?

Effect of Microbial Contamination Induced during the Preservation of Ova via Vitrification (Open System)

The cryopreservation of sperm, embryos and, oocytes plays an important and increasing role in assisted reproduction, due to improvements of old, and introduction of new technologies. In parallel, concerns are increasing about the technical and biological safety of this procedures.Cryopreservation of embryos is an established tool in human assisted reproductive technologies, and the clinical application of oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation is increasing worldwide. Vitrification is a cryopreservation technique that leads to a glass-like solidification, with rapid cooling of cells or tissues. Today vitrification is seen as the future of cryopreservation of human oocytes and embryos, owing to improved survival rates and clinical outcomes.The aim of this study is to investigate the hypothetical risk of disease transmission through LN2 during the vitrification procedure if the cells are directly plunged into accidentally contaminated LN2. The need to guarantee the absolute sterility of LN2 for vitrification purposes is considered a critical problem.In this study we used different kind of microbes to infect group of mice oocyte stored in the same LN2 tank. The results of this study demonstrate absence of cross infection between samples during the cryopreservation and vitrification procedures. Although the microbes have grown in different kind of media such as embryo culture media or nutrient agar media to provide ideal environment for bacterial growing and more even the vitrification seems cause degeneration microbes. However, Safe and successful cryopreservation of oocytes requires screening of patients for infectious diseases, and application of the appropriate sanitary and cryoprocedures to ensure high postthaw survival of gametes and to minimize the risk of disease transmission to recipients.

Overview of new developments in and the future of cryopreservation in the laboratory mouse

The large-scale mutagenesis programmes underway around the world are generating thousands of novel GA mouse strains that need to be securely archived. In parallel with advances in mutagenesis, the procedures used to cryopreserve mouse stocks are being continually refined in order to keep pace with demand. Moreover, the construction of extensive research infrastructures for systematic phenotyping is fuelling demand for these novel strains of mice and new approaches to the distribution of frozen and unfrozen embryos and gametes are being developed in order to reduce the dependency on the transportation of live mice. This article highlights some contemporary techniques used to archive, rederive, and transport mouse strains around the world.