Future Interpretation Research Articles

Thermophysical properties of the regolith on the lunar far side revealed by the in situ temperature probing of the Chang'E-4 mission.

Temperature probes onboard the Chang'E-4 (CE-4) spacecraft provide the first in situ regolith temperature measurements from the far side of the Moon. We present these temperature measurements with a customized thermal model and reveal the particle size of the lunar regolith at the CE-4 landing site to be ∼15μm on average over depth, which indicates an immature regolith below the surface. In addition, the conductive component of thermal conductivity is measured as ∼1.53×10-3W m-1 K-1 on the surface and ∼8.48×10-3W m-1 K-1 at a depth of 1 m. The average bulk density is ∼471kg m-3 on the surface and ∼824kg m-3 in the upper 30cm of the lunar regolith. These thermophysical properties provide important additional 'ground truth' at the lunar far side, which is critical for the future analysis and interpretation of global temperature observations.

MODELLING GLOBAL CARBON AND RADIOCARBON CYCLES.

Carbon cycle receives growing attention, in particular in connection with the climate change. Radiocarbon (14C) serves not only as the well-known basis of a dating technique but also as a tracer of the global carbon cycle, enabling one to assess the sizes of diverse compartments, fluxes between them and the related characteristic times. Mathematical modelling of the carbon cycle helps integrate the measurements, estimate the roles of underpinning processes and provide predictions, for instance on future CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere for various emission scenarios. We present a model based on a single-box atmosphere, ocean surface layer, one-dimensional diffusive ocean and two-box biota. We discuss its validation against measured data, predictions on future CO2 levels and interpretation of past events on the radiocarbon calibration curve.

An updated checklist of seaweeds and seagrasses from the Syrian Mediterranean Sea coast

Abstract In the last two decades, major taxonomic modifications have taken place on marine macroalgae with important changes at the genera level and discovery of cryptic species worldwide. These updates have an important role by serving as a baseline for future ecological interpretations related to on-going climate changes in the marine environment. Hence, this study aimed to elaborate a comprehensive and revised checklist of seaweeds and seagrasses reported in the literature over the years for Syrian Mediterranean Sea shorelines. It was found that the marine flora is quite diverse with a recounted total of 290 species of which 52 are Chlorophyta, 178 Rhodophyta and 60 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). The Syrian shores also host five marine angiosperms (seagrasses), even though Zostera marina Linnaeus has been unaccounted for in recent years. This study will further contribute to a better understanding of seaweed distribution within the Levant basin.

Glycan shield of the ebolavirus envelope glycoprotein GP

The envelope glycoprotein GP of the ebolaviruses is essential for host cell entry and the primary target of the host antibody response. GP is heavily glycosylated with up to 17 N-linked sites, numerous O-linked glycans in its disordered mucin-like domain (MLD), and three predicted C-linked mannosylation sites. Glycosylation is important for host cell attachment, GP stability and fusion activity, and shielding from neutralization by serum antibodies. Here, we use glycoproteomics to profile the site-specific glycosylation patterns of ebolavirus GP. We detect up to 16 unique O-linked glycosylation sites in the MLD, and two O-linked sites in the receptor-binding GP1 subunit. Multiple O-linked glycans are observed within N-linked glycosylation sequons, suggesting crosstalk between the two types of modifications. We confirmed C-mannosylation of W288 in full-length trimeric GP. We find complex glycosylation at the majority of N-linked sites, while the conserved sites N257 and especially N563 are enriched in unprocessed glycans, suggesting a role in host-cell attachment via DC-SIGN/L-SIGN. Our findings illustrate how N-, O-, and C-linked glycans together build the heterogeneous glycan shield of GP, guiding future immunological studies and functional interpretation of ebolavirus GP-antibody interactions.

Including them and all the rest

Abstract Introducing material that helps to develop intercultural competence in English class brings the opportunity to reflect upon topics such as identity and representation. One way to do it is by introducing gender-neutral pronouns to our practice. This topic becomes particularly relevant as students get the chance to develop their intercultural awareness. For some students, the concept of gender-neutral pronouns, and what they imply, might be difficult to grasp, because they may not be fully aware of what they are or how to use them. Learning about gender-neutral pronouns can lead students to question some previous assumptions and creates a safe space in the classroom to talk about such topics. In this paper, I explore why working with these pronouns can not only improve the students’ grammar skills, but also can help them boost their intercultural competence. Furthermore, it is relevant for EFL students, but even more for future translators.

Профессиональная языковая подготовка военных переводчиков: коммуникативные технологии

Introduction. Communicative technologies are one of the most effective pedagogical technologies in the professional language training of military translators. Determining the attitude of students to the use of communicative technologies in the educational process will contribute to improving the quality of their training.
 The aim of the study is to identify the attitude of future military translators to the use of communicative technologies in their professional language training.
 Methods and materials. This study is based on an integrative methodological approach, which allows combining various educational disciplines, technologies and techniques into a single educational process. The analysis of pedagogical technologies is carried out on the basis of a communicative methodological approach that determines the principles of interaction between participants in the educational process. In classes on foreign language and military translation, the training of military translators uses various communication technologies that contribute to the formation of professional and military-special language competencies of future military translators, such as, for example, case analysis, role-playing, design technologies, etc.
 Results of the study. A study was conducted identifying the opinion of cadets on the advisability of preparing for the use of attack and self-defense strategies in the negotiation process. The questionnaire was attended by 96 cadets of 3 and 4 years of training at the Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School. 93 students (88.3 per cent) noted the importance of using communicative technologies in the training of military translators. 94 (97.9 per cent) of the cadets perform case analysis with interest, 82 (85.4 per cent) of the cadets are interested in the role-playing game and 76 (79.1 per cent) of the cadets are interested in project activities. The communication technologies used in military translation sessions undoubtedly contribute to improving the level of professional language training of military interpreters.
 Conclusion. The results of the study can be used to further develop the issues of professional language training of cadets of military universities with a focus on the individualization of the educational process and on the technology of personalized training.

'Jeopardy!’ game as edutainment technology of forming students’ translation competence.

Teaching foreign languages and cultures as well as translation is to be regularlyimproved. Various educational technologies are used for this purpose, with one of them – edutainment – beingthe most efficient for the digital generation of learners. The purpose of this article is to describe the experienceof applying the edutainment technology as a modern technology for the formation of translation competenceamong students majoring in Philology/Translation during the “Theory and Practice of Translation” classes.Methods. The studies on teaching technologies, edutainment in particular, conducted abroad and in Ukraine havebeen reviewed. Results. This study has proved that teaching modern generation learners requires innovativeeducational approaches and technologies, such as interactive, gaming, project ones and others. Edutainmenttechnology helps decide the problem of students’ distracted attention combining the monotonous educationwith dynamic entertainment that motivates them to study and reach the desired results. Interactive nature ofedutainment involves all learners into the process, with both weaker and stronger students feeling their belongingto educational activities. Thus, educational and entertaining game ‘Jeopardy!’ (adaptation of the televisiongame show of the same name) was used as an edutainment technology to work with translation students andform their translation competence. This game facilitated the analysis of the text under consideration for its furthertranslation, prompted the learners to remember and use their knowledge on translation techniques and thecurrent topic, involved the students fully into the learning process, engaged and motivated them to activelyparticipate in the game to win it. Conclusion. To sum up, it was found that using the adapted ‘Jeopardy!’ gameas the edutainment technology during the “Theory and Practice of Translation” classes facilitates the processof forming translation competence components of future translators.

Methodological aspects of teaching Chinese in the field of law

The article considers the methodological aspects of teaching Chinese in the field of law. Due to the processes of globalization and integration, the demand for learning new languages is growing, and Chinese has gained the particular interest. Future specialists have a high interest in acquiring a wider range of topics. The value of our study is that future translators prioritize the expansion of knowledge in the field of law. The purpose of this study is to ensure intensive acquisition of knowledge and new translation skills in a narrow aspect. The object of our research is the methodological aspects of teaching Chinese, and the subject -professionally-oriented methods and tools of teaching Chinese. The results of the study are a summary of the main provisions on the methodological aspects of teaching. Due to the correct selection of materials, future translators were given the opportunity not only to study basic and everyday vocabulary, but also to learn and develop vocabulary on the subject of jurisprudence. After a survey of students, we identified the most vulnerable areas in the translation of this topic. Such places are, for example, a bad idea of the context of the use of new vocabulary, the problem of lack of experience in working with real documentation, etc. Our approach has therefore been aimed to work to eliminate all the problems listed as much as possible. The teacher should pay serious attention to the development of methodological aspects of teaching and the correct compilation of teaching materials so that students can learn, practice more effectively, and use the material provided. Translation practice classes should help students not only to improve their professional level, but also to hone their skills in conditions close to future occupation.

Applications of technologies in T&I courses in Australia: Perceptions of T&I academics

The pervasive role of technology in T&I has seen unpreceded changes in teaching and learning, professional practice, and community engagement. As Neural Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence continues to improve, so will these new technological methods and the way academics teach T&I programs. However, little is known about how and where these tools are taught in Australia. This research sets out to fill this gap. It does so by using publicly available data on university websites, as well as the perspectives of a broad range of academics obtained through an online survey, to answer these questions. While each technological approach has its limitations, there is a pressing need to understand the extent of teaching using technological tools in the Australian context, so that future translators and interpreters are better-informed in their educational choices, better equipped with the appropriate tools, and better prepared for their future as translators and interpreters in an increasingly digital age.

ENGLISH PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: STRUCTURE AND TYPES

This paper deals with the typology of predicative constructions in the English language based on their structure. It provides a theoretical overview of the existing standpoints as for the above mentioned language phenomenon, specifying the structure of the English predicative constructions, and determining their types. Any predicative construction consists of two parts – nominal + verbal. Between the two parts of the predicative construction there is a secondary predicative relation, i.e. the relation similar to that as the subject and the predicate have. The predicative construction may be used only when there are two different doers of the actions in the sentence. As soon as there are three types of verbals in English (the Infinitive, the Gerund, and the Participle), it is only logical to identify infinitival, gerundial, and participial predicative constructions: there is no predicative construction without a verbal, and then the name of the construction indicates the type of the verbal used in it. As a result of the study eleven types of predicative constructions were defined, namely: two gerundial types (Gerundial and Half-Gerundial), three infinitival types (Objective Infinitive, Subjective Infinitive, and For-to-Infinitive), six participial types (Objective Participial, Subjective Participial, Nominative Absolute Participial, Prepositional Absolute Participial, and two purely absolute constructions where there is no explicit verbal constituent but it is implied and can be easily restored – Nominative Absolute (Participial) and Prepositional Absolute (Participial)). The paper is believed to be of practical use for future translators / interpreters and English-language teachers, for it gives both an overall idea of a predicative construction as of an English language economy means and syntactic functions of all predicative constructions in the sentence.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINES DURING PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF INTERPRETERS AND TRANSLATORS

The article analyzes the problems of modern vocational education. An example of such education is the system of training professional translators and interpreters. The author raises the issue of using the general principles of teaching professional disciplines in the training of translators and interpreters, which contribute to the formation of the competence of the translator and interpreter. The paper analyzes ways to optimally organize the training of translators and interpreters, based on current theoretical and practical principles. The article’s main topic is the structural and functional analysis of key types of speech activity: listening, speaking, reading, and writing in the training of translators/interpreters during the professional discipline “Communicative Strategies”. The article’s emphasis is placed on the basic methodological principles of the modern process of training future translators. Translator training takes many forms. Translator training is associated with the skills needed to achieve translation competence. Translator education, on the other hand, recognizes the need for students to acquire key types of speech activity: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Theoretical research and practical verification of efficient pedagogical means, forms, and methods facilitating the formation of the future translators’ professional competence within the system of university training confirm the urgent demand for the determination and grounding of a corresponding set of curricular and constituents of their professional speech training. Students’ academic success, while being trained in English much depends on their language awareness, which is to be fostered. Therefore, we might assume that teaching (future translators) English plays a significant role in their professional training. Teaching tools used skillfully by university instructors facilitate students’ development in terms of their proficiency.

Interpretation of a Quantitative Diagnosis Model of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes Based on Computer Adaptive Testing.

Objectives The aim of this study is to interpret a quantitative diagnosis model of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes based on computer adaptive testing (CAT), from the perspective of both patients and clinicians. Methods In this cross-sectional study, patients with postprandial distress syndrome completed the CAT model of TCM syndromes and the Chinese version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Functional Digestive Disorders (Chin-FDDQL); the clinicians' diagnosis was concurrently recorded. The patients completed this questionnaire again after 14 ± 2 days. The kappa test and paired chi-square test were used to evaluate the consistency between the CAT model and clinical diagnosis. Minimal clinically important differences (MCID) of the Chin-FDDQL scores were used to assess clinical efficacy from the patients' perspective. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between changes in the CAT model syndrome domain scores and changes in clinical outcomes. Results Changes in the CAT model syndrome domain scores may affect the clinical outcomes of patients with the total scores of Chin-FDDQL (all P < 0.05). There was a correlation between changes in the CAT model syndrome domain scores and the patients' clinical outcomes. Different syndrome elements had different effects on various Chin-FDDQL domains, which was consistent with the theory of TCM. Conclusions This study proposes a method for the clinical interpretation of the CAT model of TCM syndromes, including evidence derived from the application. It may provide a reference for future interpretation of other CAT models.

Creating a cloud-based translator training environment using Memsource

The paper deals with the possibilities of using the Memsource system as the main component of a cloud-based learning environment for training translators. The main advantages of Memsource in the educational process are identified: accessibility through the offer of a demo and an academic programme, easy for mastering, the user-friendly interface, a wide functional range. Experimental training of students in groups for translation projects with mastery of the tasks of team members of different statuses was carried out. Students' evaluation of the functionality of the Memsource system was analysed in terms of learning effectiveness and application in their future professional life. It is proved that the cloud environment formed through the Memsource platform helps future translators to master the tools and resources needed to systematically carry out the full range of translation project operations. The feasibility of basing a cloud-based learning environment for translators on the Memsource system has been established. It has been experimentally proven that the creation of a cloud environment will optimise the structure and components of translation projects in the training process of higher education institutions that train translators.

Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in the Process of Teaching English to Future Interpreters

The successful functioning of both the state and individual in the conditions of updated intercultural communication is impossible without adequate mastery of the universal language of international communication, which is currently the English language. The development of intercultural abilities of future interpreters in the field of business communication is aimed at continuous improvement of existing educational programs of institutions of higher education. The relevance of our research is due to the growing demand in modern business society for highly qualified interpreters with intercultural communication competencies. The purpose of the study is to develop and practically implement a model of intercultural communicative competence in the process of teaching business English. The mentioned educational program is for applicants for higher education in the field of translation who are studying in a bachelor’s degree program at Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Changes in the development of intercultural communicative competencies of students were recorded experimentally using diagnostic techniques. The research results are reflected in the educational program “The English language: translation in business communications” and designed on the principles of developing the intercultural communicative competence of future interpreters. It is created to train highly qualified specialists who can analyze, organize and conduct interlingual and intercultural business communication, plan and carry out successful complex translation projects, and act as intermediaries in the process of interlingual and intercultural communication of business partners.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN TRAINING INTERPRETERS

The article deals with the issue of future interpreters’ training. The essence, content and components of the interpreter’s professional competence have been characterized. There has been analyzed communicative competence as one of the main skills for future specialists in the sphere of translation. Communicative competence is an integrated use of language and nonlanguage means of communication. The basis of communicative competence are communicative skills formed through speech skills. Communicative competence also implies the ability to interpret non-verbal forms of communication. Translation as a special type of communicative activity aims at providing the opportunity to communicate and exchange information in a situation of intercultural (bilingual) communication. The process of translation is a kind of language activity, which aims at the most complete reproduction of the content and form of a target text. There have been used different methods in the study: general scientific (analysis and synthesis), methods of theoretical research, descriptive method (classification, cataloguing), continuous sampling method alongside definition analysis.

Interference: a case study of lexical borrowings in international sign interpreting

ABSTRACT In simultaneous interpreting studies, the concept of interference – namely, the marks of the source language in the target language – is perceived as a negative phenomenon. However, interference is likely to happen at a lexical level when the target language does not have its own lexicon. This is the case in international sign (IS), which can be defined as a mix of different sign languages, in which the lexical items are not fixed. This qualitative study analyses a dataset of interpretation from Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) to IS by a team of two Dutch, deaf interpreters at an international conference in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. We observed the occurrence of source NGT lexical items borrowed into the IS target output and considered the strategies used in this. The phenomenon was found to be recurrent. In addition, depending upon the type of lexical items, the strategies used to borrow NGT lexicon were found to differ. Thus, we have described the set of strategies and examined the results in comparison with previous findings. As a practical output, this study could inspire current and future IS interpreters to expand their set of interpreting strategies.

The Aspectual Meaning of Non-Aspectual Constructions

The distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect has been identified in many languages across the world. This paper shows that even languages that do not have a dedicated perfective—imperfective distinction may endow a verbal construction that is not specifically aspectual with a perfective value. The crucial diagnostic for identifying perfectivity in a given non-aspectual construction is a difference in the temporal interpretation of clauses involving that construction, licensed by the actionality class of the main predicate: while stative verbs have a present interpretation, dynamic verbs yield a non-present (past or future) interpretation. This pattern of interaction is triggered by a phenomenon that has been referred to as the ‘present perfective paradox’, i.e., the impossibility of aligning dynamic situations with the time of speaking while at the same time conceptualizing them in their entirety. The latter type of construal is argued to be the main function of perfective aspect. The range of non-aspectual constructions with underlying perfective semantics includes ‘iamitive’ markers, an evidential, an epistemic supposition marker, a focus marker, a polar question marker, and a declarative marker. These constructions come from typologically different and genetically unrelated languages, illustrating the cross-linguistic salience of the category of perfective aspect.

СИСТЕМНО-ДІЯЛЬНІСНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧІВ ЗАСОБАМИ ПРОЄКТНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

The article reveals the essence of the system-activity approach to the formation of research competence of future translators by means of project-based learning and identifies its features in the process of their professional training in higher education. The content of the concept of “research competence” is analyzed and it is established that the basis of research competence is the ability to identify the problem in time, formulate a hypothesis, select and analyze the necessary information for research, select the necessary research and data processing methods. The ability to analyse the intermediate results of the study, to discuss the possibility of interpreting the results of the study, to use the results of the study in practice is required. It is noted that the methodological basis for the formation of research competence of future translators by means of project-based learning at higher education institutions is a modern approach to scientific knowledge. This is a system-activity approach. The system-activity approach in the research is considered as a methodological direction of management of socio-pedagogical systems, which involves the presence of interconnected and interdependent activities in the pedagogical process (teaching, education, management, development, learning, etc.). In the course of theoretical analysis, the main ideas of the system-activity approach in the context of formation of research competence of future translators are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that training in the context of the system-activity approach should be organized in such a way as to purposefully form the research competence of future translators. It is established that the use of project-learning technologies allows to bring educational activities as close as possible to the conditions of professional research. The experience of implementation of the systemactivity approach in the formation of research competence of future translators at Alfred Nobel University is revealed. The formation of research competence of future specialists took place in three stages: the formation of skills in working with literature, which is a necessary skill when working on educational or scientific research; implementation of educational and research projects (in the first year – writing essays, in the second and third years – writing term papers and implementation of other projects of educational and research direction); extracurricular work of students (participation of future translators in student conferences, implementation of research projects of various kinds in such disciplines as “Comparative Lexicology of English and Ukrainian”, “Translation Practice”, “Self-Management”, “Linguistics of Second Foreign Languages”).

Review: Modern Architecture, Empire, and Race in Fascist Italy

Review: <i>Modern Architecture, Empire, and Race in Fascist Italy</i>

Communicative and Quasi-Communicative Techniques to Develop Students’ Communicative Competence

the purpose of our article is: to describe communicative and quasi­commu-nicative techniques to develop students’ communicative competence; to show the reasons for bad quasi­communication; to describe the types of exercises that are inherent to each of the stages of the development of communicative competence of students of philological faculties; to show how the professional development of students, future translators, depends on their communicative competence. methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization.the results of the research. Professional activity is one of the most impor-tant ways for everyone to connect with the world, and for many people it is a real factor in building relationships with others. So, the main importance of leading activities in determining the life path of each individual is that it opens a person’s guidelines for inclusion him/her into new spheres of life in the society, introduces it to new social structures and allows to establish even more and the quality of social ties.conclusions. The professional development is presented as a sequence of certain specific phases that differ by content and the form of presentation of pro-fessional desires. The way of career should be divided into five stages: growth, search, strengthening, stabilization and decline. The period of choosing a pro-fession and the professional development is the second stage of this five­step model, which covers the age of 14 to 25 years and is characterized by the fact that the individual performs professional activities in different roles, focusing on his/her real professional opportunities. We should also note that professional development is understood by us quite broadly: it is the formation of a person’s idea of his/her professional career, and preparation for future professional acti­vity, the initial process of professional activity and the whole career path, change in a career and retirement. The professional development of students, future translators, depends on their communicative competence that in a great degree depends on the processes of real, natural communication, which can be pre-sented in a monologue and a dialogue forms, and also on the process of quasi­communication.