Future Combat Systems Research Articles

AHP 기법을 이용한 Army TIGER 부대용 차륜형 장갑차의 화기 선정에 관한 기초 연구

The wheeled armored vehicle used by the AT units is about to improve its firearm for the application of the Army's future combat system. A study was conducted on the factors that should be included in ROC when selecting firearms for wheeled armored vehicles. When analyzing the elements, AHP was conducted based on the results of the survey on the expert group. The conclusions of the study were as follows. First, the hierarchy of importance that should be reflected in the ROC of armored vehicle firearms was in the order of 'firepower', 'accuracy', 'multi purpose', and 'operation sustainment' elements. The 'accuracy' and 'firepower' elements were approximately 2 to 3 times more important than the ‘multi purpose’ and 'operation sustainment' factors. Second, it was analyzed that ROC setting standards for firearms on next-generation wheeled armored vehicles should be set to enable automatic target identification and tracking functions, firing on the move, long effective range, and ammunition with deep penetration and wide killing radii. The results of this study can be used as important data for preparing ROC in policy departments of the Army, establishing R&D strategies for defense companies, and development of military power.

The Study on Evaluation Index System of Air-Defense & Anti-Missile Command Model Based on Capability

Whether the design of the Air-Defense & Anti-Missile command model is reasonable determines the success of the future combat system. The capability-based model evaluation method is an effective way to solve the problem, and the construction of the index system is the key to the evaluation. This paper studies the construction of the evaluation index system of the model based on the capability perspective. It establishes the corresponding model capability system through the analysis of the tasks system of the model based on the comprehensive micro mechanism. In order to ensure the integrity of the model evaluation, it uses the flexible index system design principles to achieve the transformation of the capability system to the indicator system to build an evaluation indicator model.

The Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Strategy of the Cooperative Control Awareness Combat Network

In view of the problem of dynamically setting up a fire aiming data chain between the sensors and the shooters in the same battle echelon in the awareness combat network (ACNET) of the future unmanned collaborative combat system, based on the wireless mobile Ad-hoc network technology, a closed loop routing control model is built, in which the information transmitted in the ACNET is regarded as a continuous fluid according to the requirement of the transmission packet and its link state. Based on this model, a high-speed mobile dynamic real-time routing protocol (HDRRP) and its implementation method are proposed. The routing strategy combines the cellular network and Ad hoc to design a node state routing and mobile cellular routing mode and algorithm, and automatically selects the corresponding routing algorithm according to priority. Thus, the sensing information and the combat target strike are organically integrated, and the data are delivered at high speed and in a real-time, dynamic, and reliable way. The simulation results show that this protocol can greatly improve the packet delivery rate, and compared with the traditional wireless mobile Ad-hoc network, it can shorten the transmission delay, has a better anti interruption performance, and reduces control overhead, route discovery time, and routing maintenance time.

미래전 양상을 통해 본 전력증강사업의 발전방향

본 논문에서는 미래전 양상을 통해서 전력증강사업의 발전방향을 제시한다. 이는 국방획득체계의 변화상황과 국내외 체계분석, 전력증강사업의 현황 및 문제점을 통해서 가능하리라 판단하며, 향후 무인지상로봇, 무인기, 무인함정의 발전방향에 대한 연구에서 다양한 방향으로 응용연구가 가능할 것이라 판단된다. 한국의 무인체계의 발전방향을 제시함에 있어 벤치마킹의 효과가 있을 것을 사료된다. 【In this paper, the development trend of Army force power in Korea is observed and analyzed. It can be checked that unmanned technology has been actively researched and many diverse defense Acquisition system are under development in Future Combat System. Some of such examples are enough worth to be benchmarked for Korea's related research and development activities for future unmanned combat systems. The result of survey and analysis on development trend on Army force power the further establishment of domestic technology research direction as well as viable benchmarks for the future unmanned combat systems.】

Start-up strategy and operational tests of gasoline fuel processor for auxiliary power unit

In order to satisfy the needs for electrical power in future combat systems, a gasoline fuel processor (GFP) for an auxiliary power unit (APU) has been developed. This efficient design of a compact hydrogen-production system thermally and physically integrates the unit processes of autothermal reforming, high- and medium-temperature water gas shift, preferential oxidation, heat exchange and external burner into a single hardware package. The start-up strategy is established to turn the GFP on even at subzero temperature and reach the steady-state rapidly. In consideration of both energy consumption and system size, the sequence is initiated from start-burner mode. The catalytic-partial-oxidation (CPO) mode is second, followed by autothermal reforming (ATR). A glow-plug needed to ignite the gasoline is positioned behind the catalyst to minimize soot generation at start-burner mode. In ATR mode, feed rate of water for each heat exchanger is controlled to operate a reactor at target temperature and reduce the water condensation at surface of catalyst. Based on this start-up strategy, a GFP is able to produce a reformate gas that contained >40 vol.% H2 and <0.5 vol.% CO within 30–35 min at room temperature and −32 °C. An APU with a GFP shows the stable start-up and continued operation.

Open architecture vehicles of the future

Overview The last four decades have seen an explosion of open architecture electronics, computers, social media, modular operating systems, sensors, communication links, etc., all based on standardized highly certified and cost effective modules provided by a responsive supply chain. Virtually no progress of a similar nature for electro-mechanical systems (orthotics, aircraft, vehicles, surgery, manufacturing cells, etc.) has occurred [1] . A companion paper [2] on the Next Wave of Technology shows that the previous electronics wave was necessary to prepare the foundation to this emerging technology to continuously enhance performance-to-cost ratios for a very wide range of applications that form the core of the discipline of mechanical engineering. Major government agencies (especially in Europe and the U.S.) have begun to structure their programs on “popular” ideas reinforced by the news media. Solid science for a multitude of electro-mechanical applications (see the NWT paper) is being displaced in favor of cloud computing, big data, neuro-science, nano-science, etc. The result is now becoming severe. The weakness of any one technology (in this case, the mechanicals) forms a weak link to make the resulting systems of technologies weak. The large failed investment of $30 billion for the Future Combat System (FCS) by the Army is proof of this continuing and growing imbalance. In this paper, we illustrate this large view development objective by concentrating on open architecture vehicles. As may be understood, only a portion of the required development can be described in this short paper.

감시정찰 센서 네트워크를 위한 자원예약 기반 이미지 데이터 전송 기법

Future combat systems can be represented as the NCW (Network Centric Warefare), which is based on the concept of Sensor-to-Shooter. A wireless video sensor networking technology, one of the core components of NCW, has been actively applied for the purpose of tactical surveillance. In such a surveillance sensor network, multi-composite sensors, especially consisting of image sensors are utilized to improve reliability for intrusion detection and enemy tracing. However, these sensors may cause a problem of requiring very high network capacity and energy consumption. In order to alleviate this problem, this paper proposes an image data transmission scheme based on resource reservation. The proposed scheme can make it possible to have more reliable image data transmission by choosing proper multiple interfaces, while trying to control resolution and compression quality of image data based on network resource availability. By the performance analysis using NS-3 simulation, we have confirmed the transmission reliability as well as energy efficiency of the proposed scheme. 논문 14-39C-11-13 The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences '14-11 Vol.39C No.11 http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39C.11.1104 1104 ※ 본 연구는 2014년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사업임(2012R1A1B3003573), 또한 미래 창조과학부 및 정보통신산업진흥원의 대학 IT연구센터 지원사업의 연구결과로 수행되었음 (NIPA-2014-(H0301-14-1011)) First Author: Ajou University, Department of NCW, wssong99@.ajou.ac.kr, 정회원 ° Corresponding Author: Ajou University, Department of Computer Engineering, youngko@ajou.ac.kr, 정회원 * Ajou University, Department of Computer Engineering, woosung@uns.ajou.ac.kr, 학생회원 논문번호:KICS2014-07-285, Received July 30, 2014; Revised October 18, 2014; Accepted November 5, 2014 논문 / 감시정찰 센서 네트워크를 위한 자원예약 기반 이미지 데이터 전송 기법 1105 특 성 (characteristic) 허용지연시간 (time limit)

전투 개체간의 정보 공유가 가능한 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 사례 분석

ABSTRACT Recent technological advancement has a profound effect on the ways that the war is being conducted and fought. The advanced communications, information, computing and sensor technologies enable the combat units to be integrated in the battlefield management network. By exchanging and sharing real-time battlefield information that is critical for the successful outcome of military engagement, the legacy forces are becoming much more effective and lethal than ever before, The bigger picture of such phenomena can be summarized as the concept of Network Centric Warfare(NCW). The main purpose of this study is to compare the outcome of regional combat engagement between the legacy forces and the future combat systems(FCS). The FCS capitalizes on the advanced technologies within the frame of NCW. This study uses the modeling and simulation methodology to assess the effectiveness of two different combat forces. The simulation results show that the FCS is more effective, hence vindicating the superiority of technologically advanced combat units.Key Words : Future Combat System(미래 전투 체계), Modeling and Simulation(모델링&시뮬레이션), NCW(네트워크 중심전), Combat Effectiveness(전투 효과)

한국형 미래전투체계 효과도 분석을 위한 회전익 무장체계 시뮬레이션

한국형 미래전투체계 효과도 분석을 위한 회전익 무장체계 시뮬레이션

Future Combat Systems Case Study for Analysis of System of Systems Approach

AbstractThe system of systems approach used in the Future Combat Systems (FCS) program is compared to the systems approach of the Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization (ABCTM) and Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) projects. Several systems engineering tools are applied in order to assess the effectiveness of each method, covering the technical, scheduling and financial perspectives. System complexity and stakeholder relationships were determinant in the transition away from the system of systems approach.

군 통신망 응용서비스를 위한 트래픽 클래스 분류 방법

군 통신망 응용서비스들을 위한 트래픽 클래스 분류는 NCW (Network Centric Warfare)를 위한 망자원의 효과적인 관리를 제공하기 위한 주요 요구 조건들 중의 하나이다. 많은 표준들과 기관들에서 트래픽 클래스 구분을 제시하고 있으나, 상용 서비스에 초점이 맞추어져 있고 군 특성을 반영하지 못하고 있다. 더욱이 다양한 군 통신 응용서비스들이 제시되고 있으나, 트래픽 분류에 대한 불분명한 기준에 의하여 기관들마다 서로 다른 분류가 이루어지기도 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Y.1541을 기반으로 하는 다양한 상용 표준들과 DoD (Department of Defense)의 제안을 기반으로 군 통신 응용서비스에 트래픽 클래스를 부여하고 전달요구 조건을 설정하기 위한 방법론을 제안한다. 제안 방법은 기존 상용 표준들에서 분류한 트래픽 클래스 체계와 DoD 와 FCS (Future Combat System)에서 제시한 군 응용트래픽 클래스 체계를 대상으로 하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 기존의 또는 새로운 군 통신 응용서비스에 대하여 기계적이고 일관된 트래픽 클래스 부여가 가능하여, 한정된 군 통신 네트워크 자원을 효과적으로 운용하도록 하는 데에 기여가능 할 것으로 기대한다. Traffic classification for application services in military communication networks is one of the core requirements to provide efficient resource management for NCW operations. Though several standards and organizations provided their own traffic classification methods, the methods have been mainly focused on commercial services, but not reflected military specifics. In addition, though various military application services have been emerged, some of those services have been classified into different traffic classes due to implicit criteria for the classification among organizations. In this paper, we propose a methodology to classify traffic classes and to determine delivery requirements for military application services based on various standards by DoD as well as several commercial standards based on Y.1541. The validation of the proposed methodology was carried out by comparing the results by proposed one with the traffic classification suggestions by existing commercial standards, DoD and FCS. We expect that the proposed methodology can contribute to achieve efficient operations of limited military network resources, since the proposed method can provide systematic and consistent way to assign traffic classes for new and existing military applications services.

The Best‐Laid Schemes: Postcolonialism, Military Social Science, and the Making of US Counterinsurgency Doctrine, 1947–2009

The Best‐Laid Schemes: Postcolonialism, Military Social Science, and the Making of US Counterinsurgency Doctrine, 1947–2009

Using novel distributed heuristics on hexagonal connected dominating sets to model routing dissemination

Network-centric Future Force must support a large and diverse group of communication nodes. Despite the fact that there is ample scope for network design in networks such as Future Combat Systems (FCS) and Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T), there are important performance limits when network conditions become more extreme (highly mobile or dense). In previous work, we modeled and analyzed the expected user performance of a number of novel approaches to flooding link state routing information in wireless ad hoc networks for routing update. We compared routing dissemination schemes such as this of Flat Flooding and Multi-Point Relays (MPRs), with our own variations on Connected Dominating Sets (CDSs), assuming other parts of the routing protocol were taken from standard Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) or Open Shortest Path First protocol (OSPF), widely used in the Internet and WIN-T. Although the existing literature provides a variety of models for Flat Flooding and MPRs, it lacks similar analytical work for relays placement under a CDS approach. Towards the latter, we selected one representative from our novel CDS-based models--the CDS Hexagon, as it provides the lowest routing overhead among other properties. Our analysis demonstrates the difference in the impact of conditions on key performance metrics, such as this of network density on routing overhead as well as a tradeoff between routing overhead and routing stretch. We then advance CDS-HEX dissemination from the limited-scope centralized scenarios with strictly symmetrical relay placement to dynamic scenarios with totally random relay placement. We use novel heuristics to adapt the analytical CDS-HEX to dynamic environments. We show that: (a) although the distributed scheme naturally operates sub-optimally compared to its centralized ancestor, it is still superior to MPRs over certain metrics of interest, (b) the set-up overhead of CDS-HEX is not significantly higher than this of MPRs, while at the same time, the steady state overhead of CDS-HEX appears adequately lower than this of MPR, and (c) all the closed analytical formulae and asymptotic results derived in our previous analysis are verified by our simulations which also provide additional insight on metrics that cannot be analytically measured. Our scheme on one hand is not overly expensive to set up despite the more complex generation process, and on the other hand has a superior performance for the majority of network conditions, and close to the optimal one anticipated by the corresponding centralized model.

동흡진기를 이용한 포신의 진동감쇠에 대한 연구

Advanced tanks in the future combat system are expected to have the trends of large caliber, high explosive shell and light weight for destructive power and improvement in mobility. Their guns are required to have longer barrels to meet increased muzzle exit velocities. However, as the length of the barrel is extended, the vibrations induced by the breech forces in fire and the terrain lead to increased muzzle pointing errors. Therefore, the fire-induced and terrain-induced vibrations must be attenuated. A method to reduce these vibrations without the significant increase of the gun mass is to use the forward thermal shroud as part of a tuned mass damper. In this study, the dynamically-tuned-shroud using this shroud and leaf springs is introduced and its effectiveness on the vibration attenuations of the barrel are verified. The parametric studies on the stiffness of these leaf springs are performed and the analytical results are verified using the experimental model of the dynamically-tuned-shroud.

Overcoming Cost-Estimating Challenges for Navy Combat Systems

The Department of Defense has established guidelines and processes that have evolved over several decades for its acquisition community to ensure affordability of Navy ship and combat systems. A common challenge within the Navy combat systems cost-estimating community is the ability to utilize many of the guidelines and processes put in place by experienced entities such as the Government Accountability Office and the Naval Center for Cost Analysis because of the evolving environment associated with past, present, and future Navy combat systems. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed insight on the challenges Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) cost estimators encounter when building cost models and estimates for the Navy. Many challenges include limited program definition because of emerging threats, new technologies, and collection and utilization of data to produce valid and credible estimates. Through combined knowledge, expertise, and evolving practice of incorporating lessons learned, the NSWCDD Cost Group has overcome many cost-estimating challenges. This paper will share the NSWCDD Cost Group's insights with the larger Navy community. Owing to the sensitive nature of cost, no specific estimates or project names are referenced. This paper is philosophical in nature and does not discuss mechanics of cost estimation in detail.

A Comparison of Asset versus Criteria Allocation Decisions in Military Decision Making

The effectiveness of complex, dynamic, and stochastic decisions require an understanding of the tradeoffs between decisions and the facility to perform what if analyses of alternatives. Set in the context of future combat systems, the current study explored features of a robotic asset allocation decision for a surveillance and reconnaissance task. Decision features explored included the method of interaction with plan data, possible decision bias, and robustness following a change in planning assumptions. Findings suggest that planning decisions made from a predetermined set of optimal plans may be faster and more effective than creating plans from scratch if the planning assumptions remain constant. However, plans created from scratch may more deeply engage the planner in the planning conditions, and consequently, result in plans that more effectively handle changes in the planning assumptions.

4.2.1 Multi‐scale performance evaluation in Naval Combat Systems domain

AbstractPerformance evaluation of modern and future combat systems in complex operating scenarios is strictly related to modeling and simulation techniques. A “multi‐scale” methodology is employed to evaluate performances of naval combat systems in multi‐platform operating scenarios (e.g. naval fleet, border control, homeland defence and security) through numerical simulation tools, named ICS‐Sim (Integrated Combat Systems Simulation). ICS‐Sim allows integration of software simulations models with high degree of accuracy to analyse and evaluate systems performances for studying innovative algorithms (e.g. asymmetrical threats contrast) integrated in a systems of systems simulation environment.

Passive sensor evaluation for unmanned ground vehicle mud detection

AbstractDetecting mud hazards is a significant challenge to unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) autonomous off‐road navigation. A military UGV stuck in a body of mud during a mission may need to be sacrificed or rescued, both unattractive options. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently developing a daytime mud detection capability under the U.S. Army Research Laboratory Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliances program using UGV‐mounted sensors. To perform robust mud detection under all conditions, we expect that multiple sensors will be necessary. A passive mud detection solution is desirable to meet future combat system requirements. To characterize the advantages and disadvantages of candidate passive sensors, outdoor data collections have been performed on wet and dry soil using visible, multispectral (including near‐infrared), shortwave infrared, midwave infrared, long‐wave infrared, polarization, and stereo sensors. In this paper, we examine the cues for mud detection that each of these sensors provide, along with their deficiencies, and we illustrate localizing detected mud in a world model that can used by a UGV to plan safe paths. We mostly limit our examination to mud detection during the daytime under ideal conditions: isolated wet soil surrounded by dry soil during nominal weather, i.e., no precipitation, calm wind, and near‐average temperatures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Managing risks in mega defense acquisition projects: Performance, policy, and opportunities

This research explores key aspects involved in the process of managing risk associated with acquisition projects within the US Department of Defense (DOD). First, various US Government Accountability Office reports are analyzed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the DOD’s overall program management practices, as well as individual projects. Then, the evolution and progress of United States Army’s Future Combat Systems project is examined in detail as a case study to substantiate the argument that insufficient risk management has contributed to project delays and cost overruns significantly. Poor risk management performance and practices are not unique to the Army, but arises from a system bred into the process of gaining approval to implement projects in the DOD. Incorporating a comprehensive risk management plan in the planning phase and filling key project management positions with personnel trained to recognize sound proposals from contractors would make significant strides toward improving overall project management practices in the DOD.

Putting the Post‐Human in the Loop: Future Combat Systems and Post‐Disciplinary Training

The US Army’s Future Combat Systems (FCS) is a large‐scale procurement program that will introduce a number of “manned” and “unmanned” platforms, all of which will be completely interconnected into one layered network. Hailed as revolutionary, all of the FCS platforms, in addition to being networked, will include on‐board or embedded training systems. This article contends that the integration of embedded training systems into the US Army’s Future Combat Systems exemplifies a form of Deleuzean post‐disciplinary control that is endemic to contemporary discourses of strategic virtuosity.