Fusion Of Ossification Centers Research Articles

A retrospective observational study of appearance and fusion of ossification centres in lower limb radiographs of patients reported in the tertiary health care centre

Bone ossification study is the most important part of age determination. Earlier studies were predominantly done on upper limb bones & joints; hence this bone ossification study of lower limb bones gives the opportunity to correlate earlier findings with the present study. A Retrospective cross-sectional study has been done in order to study bone ossification patterns in western Maharashtra. Lower limb radiographs of patients of the age group ranging from 1 month - 25 years reported from 1st April 2017 to 31” March 2020 at the tertiary hospital were studied for appearance and fusion of ossification centres. Out of429 patients, 236 were male and 193 females. Cases were divided joint-wise into two groups for appearance & fusion study. Age of appearance & fusions compared with Gaulstaun's chart & other studies, which are found mostly similar with some variations of 1–2 years attributed to region & sex of the individual. Complete fusion of epiphysis is a more accurate indicator of age than the stage of fusion. In general, females show appearance & fusion of ossification centres, 1 -2 years earlier although with some exceptions. We recommend more such studies be undertaken, region-wise with more sample size.

Comparative Study of Various Human Ossification Centers From 10 Years to 20 Years of Age

Introduction: The appearance and fusion of different ossification centers has a sequence. The processof union of epiphysis and diaphysis is called fusion and the fusion is a process, not an event. This studyis an attempt to compare various human ossification centers radiologically in both males and femalesfor estimation of age.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study based on the radiological findings from the casesreferred to the Dept of forensic medicine, Rangaraya medical college, Kakinada. X-rays of shoulder,elbow, wrist and pelvis are utilized for this study. Age range of cases we studied was 10-20yrs of age.Ossification centers for upper end of humerus, medial epicondyle, upper end of radius, lower endof ulna, lower end of radius, pisiform, base of first metacarpal, iliac crest, femur head and greatertrochanter were studied in relation to each other. The ossification process is divided into 7 progressivestages (0-6) based on the stage of appearance and fusion of the ossification centers. Master charts wereprepared for boys and girls separately and analyzed.Results and Conclusion: Radiological findings of shoulder, elbow, wrist and pelvis from a total of 109belonging to the females and 40 belonging to the males were studied and a point score taking Gray’sanatomy as standard and making correction for Indians is given to the 10 ossification centers studied. Itis found that with increasing age the point score is increasing. It is found that the point score in femalesis higher than in males at a given age in majority of cases indicating ossification process concludingearly in females than in males.

Epiphyseal Fusion of Iliac Crests in Male and Female Adolescents: An Age Estimation Criterion

Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents

A retrospective analytical study of appearance and fusion of ossification centers in elbow & wrist radiographs of individuals reported in tertiaryhealth care center

A retrospective analytical study of appearance and fusion of ossification centers in elbow & wrist radiographs of individuals reported in tertiaryhealth care center

Diameters and bone thickness at the margin of the foramen magnum in dry skulls from pediatric population: a cross-sectional anatomical study.

The purpose of the study was to estimate the size and bone thickness at the margin of the foramen magnum in a pediatric population. Sixty occipital bone specimens from the collection of macerated skulls at the Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb, were examined and measured using a vernier scale/caliper. For the purpose of analysis, specimens were divided into two age groups: 1-6years and 7-18years of age (before and after the fusion of ossification centers in the occipital bone). We measured the following: antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum, bone thicknesses at the basion, opisthion, two paramedial points on the anterior and posterior margins, and at the occipito-squamous junction. Data presented in this study show that diameters of the foramen magnum increase with age, whereas bone thickness shows variable behavior depending on the measured area. Increases in diameters in specimens from the younger age group and their absence in specimens from older subjects reflect the growth pattern of the basilar part of occipital bone. Variability of bone thickness at the margin of the foramen magnum and lack of its association with age of the subjects may be attributed to various factors and may potentially affect the clinical presentation of compression syndromes at the level of foramen magnum.

Study of Growth & Skeletal Development in Sickle Cell Anemic Patients

Objective : It is well known that sickle cell anemia influence growth&skeletal development. However the clinicians caring for patients with sickle cell anemia has no growth curves or guidelines for predicting when skeletal maturation is likely to occur. This study was designed to analyze the growth&skeletal development in sickle cell anemic patient Material&method : Present study comprises 120 subjects (61 female, 59 male) attending sickle cell clinic at Indira Gandhi government medical college, Nagpur.&122 normal subjects (69 female, 53 male), age range was 5-20 yrs. Height&weight was measured. Single radiograph of left hand&wrist were taken from sickle cell patient. A criterion by Sharat was used to determine skeletal maturity. Results : Sickle cell anemic patients show significantly less height&weight as compared to control. Appearance of ossification center for lunate, trapezium, trapezoid, Ist metacarpal&other metacarpals was delayed. Fusion of epiphysis with diaphysis in metacarpals, phalanges&distal end of radius and ulna was delayed. Conclusion : Growth of sickle cell anemic children is definitely affected. Children are shorter&weigh less. Appearance&fusion of ossification centers is delayed.

Radiologial Study of Appearance and Fusion of Lesser and Greater Trochanter and Head of the Femur in Bikaner Region in 12–20 Years Age Group

Estimation of age of an individual is a necessity for the law enforcement agencies in both civil and criminal matters more so in country like ours, since illiteracy is a common feature findings. Various workers suggest that there is variation in age estimation, not only in country to country but also in different states of India. Survey Committee appointed by Central Government recommended for a Zone wise study7. Appearance and fusion of different ossification centres with their corresponding bones has been proved to be a very good and reliable tool for this purpose. This study involves radiological examination of hip joint (AP view) of 165 individuals for the study of age related appearances and fusion of ossification centres of lesser and greater trochanter and the head of the femur in the age group of 12-20 years of both male and female in S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan.

FGFR3 promotes synchondrosis closure and fusion of ossification centers through the MAPK pathway

Activating mutations in FGFR3 cause achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia, the most common human skeletal dysplasias. In these disorders, spinal canal and foramen magnum stenosis can cause serious neurologic complications. Here, we provide evidence that FGFR3 and MAPK signaling in chondrocytes promote synchondrosis closure and fusion of ossification centers. We observed premature synchondrosis closure in the spine and cranial base in human cases of homozygous achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia as well as in mouse models of achondroplasia. In both species, premature synchondrosis closure was associated with increased bone formation. Chondrocyte-specific activation of Fgfr3 in mice induced premature synchondrosis closure and enhanced osteoblast differentiation around synchondroses. FGF signaling in chondrocytes increases Bmp ligand mRNA expression and decreases Bmp antagonist mRNA expression in a MAPK-dependent manner, suggesting a role for Bmp signaling in the increased bone formation. The enhanced bone formation would accelerate the fusion of ossification centers and limit the endochondral bone growth. Spinal canal and foramen magnum stenosis in heterozygous achondroplasia patients, therefore, may occur through premature synchondrosis closure. If this is the case, then any growth-promoting treatment for these complications of achondroplasia must precede the timing of the synchondrosis closure.

Use of Radiographic Atlases in a Mass Fatality

In May and June of 1996, a forensic anthropology team from the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory at the University of Florida identified 9 of 10 juveniles from the crash of ValuJet 592. The team relied primarily on a radiographic atlas developed and used by clinical practitioners to determine skeletal age. Postmortem radiographs of the juvenile victims were compared with radiographic standards to determine skeletal age. Skeletal age was then compared to a passenger list indicating the sex, weight, height, and chronological age of each individual. Tentative identifications based on the atlas method were organized into an exclusion matrix. Final identifications were based on this assessment in conjunction with other anthropological data such as appearance and fusion of ossification centers and estimation of stature.

Calculation of Percent Shrinkage in Human Fetal Diaphyseal Lengths from Fresh Bone to Carbonized and Calcined Bone Using Petersohn and Köhler's Data

Calculation of age from fetal and newborn remains may be problematic, and when these remains are altered by maceration, decomposition or burning, age may be more difficult to discern. When soft tissue indicators are transformed, then two techniques exist for accurate age determination; dental development, which may prove difficult given the degree of tissue alteration; and appearance, size and fusion of ossification centers, including diaphyseal length, which may yield inaccurate ages if shrinkage is not accounted for. This study is undertaken to facilitate age calculation by systematically re-evaluating diaphyseal shrinkage and determine shrinkage rates from wet to carbonized states and wet to calcined states using Petersohn and Köhler's data, originally published in German and then published in Fazekas and Kósa (1978:362-369). Average shrinkage, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values are calculated for each diaphysis and then for all diaphyses between 4-10 lunar months (LM) and for newborns. Associated values for carbonized diaphyses are: 4 LM--32.50% +/- 12.12%; 5 LM--14.04% +/- 4.44%; 6 LM--6.78% +/- 1.06%; 7 LM--4.18% +/- 0.31%; 8 LM--3.47% +/- 0.42%; 9 LM--3.05% +/- 0.18%; 10 LM--2.46% +/- 0.67%; and in newborns 2.16% +/- 0.29%. Similar values for calcined diaphyses are: 4 LM--40.11% +/- 17.51%; 5 LM--18.29% +/- 4.42%; 6 LM--9.84% +/- 1.27%; 7 LM--9.82% +/- 0.51%; 8 LM--9.42% +/- 0.72%; 9 LM--9.45% +/- 0.33%; 10 LM--8.94% +/- 0.37%; and in newborns 8.96% +/- 0.49%. These findings suggest that percent shrinkage due to carbonization and calcination is greatest in the earliest age groups, decreasing substantially with advancing age. The rates of shrinkage, however, vary by the burning process utilized and age group studied. These general findings are similar to those of Petersohn and Köhler, yet specific values for percent shrinkage vary greatly from values cited in this analysis. These data provide a means to assess the degree of shrinkage that occurs for each diaphysis for each given age group.

Fusion of ossification centres in the cat.

Abstract— —Thirty‐seven kittens from eleven litters have been radiographed and eight others have been completely dissected to provide a record of the times of fusion of the epiphyses of the limb bones. The observations are recorded with reference to individual bones and then to the limbs at approximately monthly intervals. Attention is drawn to the variable presence of the sesamoid bone in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. A comment is made in the discussion on the sequence of fusion of the ossification centres.Résumé— —Trente sept chatons provenant de II protées ont été radiographiés et huit autres ont été complètement disséqués afin d'établir un rapport sur les moments d'apparition de la soudure des épiphyses des os des membres. Les observations sont notées pour les os pris individuellement et ensuite pour les membres à des intervalles de un mois environ. L'attention est attirée sur la présence inconstante de l'os sésamoide dans la partie moyenne de l'extrêrmité du muscle gastrocnémien. Dans la discussion il est fait un commentaire sur la séquence de la soudure des centres d'ossification.Zusammenfassung— —37 junge Katzen aus elf Würfen wurden radiographisch untersucht und acht andere vollständig seziert, um Unterlagen über die Zeitpunkte der Verschmelzung der Epiphysen der Extremitätenknochen zu erhalten. Die Beobachtungen wurden in Beziehung zu einzelnen Knochen und dann in Beziehung zu den Extremitäten mit ungefähr monatlichen Abständen gebracht. Die Aufmerksamkeit wird auf die wechselnde Anwesenheit des Sesambeins im medialen Ende des Gastrocnemicus gelenkt. In der Besprechung der Verschmelzungsreihenfolge der Ossifikationszentren wird dies kommentiert.