Fused Deposition Modeling Research Articles

Advancing optical transparency in 3D‐printed PLA parts using chemical post‐processing

AbstractFused filament fabrication (FFF) is an increasingly popular three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology known for its ability to produce complex 3D models at a low‐cost using polymer materials. Despite its advantages, the poor surface finish and high layer resolution in FFF‐printed parts have hindered its wider adoption, particularly for applications requiring high transparency. Thus, the current study investigates the transparency evaluation of chemically post‐processed 3D‐printed transparent polylactic acid (PLA) parts, focusing on enhancing optical transparency. Fused Filament Fabrication was employed to produce transparent parts made from PLA filament, which were subsequently treated at various time settings using various solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform or trichloromethane (TCM), and ethyl acetate (EA). This study examines the impact of chemical post‐processing on the surface roughness, transparency, mechanical properties, and dimensional accuracy of solvent treated parts. It has been found that the THF solvent with 40 s of immersion time resulted in a maximum transmittance of 74.66% and minimum surface roughness of 1.777 μm. Based on this finding a case study was also conducted to apply the findings of the current investigation to a practical application. The findings highlight the potential of chemical‐based post‐processing techniques to improve the optical properties of 3D printed PLA, offering a promising approach for applications in optics, medical devices, and consumer goods requiring transparent components.Highlights Effect of chemical post‐processing on 3D‐printed PLA parts was investigated. Tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and ethyl acetate were used as solvents. Surface roughness, transparency, hardness, and dimensional accuracy were analyzed. Reported a maximum transmittance of 74.66% and minimum surface roughness of 1.777 μm.

Two-step fabrication of clear view SLA millifluidic device for long-term in-vitro cultures

Purpose In vitro millifluidic cultures with perfusion are essential tools to analyse and understand the interactions between cells, their matrix and multi-cell populations. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the design and development of a 3D-printed template that can be used for fabrication of a clear view poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) device. The major objective is to obtain a transparent device prototype that allows perfusion culture of two cell types for multiple days that can be imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a two-step approach for achieving the final geometric structure at a faster timeline and lower cost. The first part focuses on comparing the fidelity of the printing templates using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) printers for a range of dimensions. They then show that the complex geometry chip with connection chambers can be printed using low resolution low cost FormLab SLA printer. The final optimized design was then printed using high-resolution Projet 6000 SLA printer to obtain smoother structures. Findings In this work, the authors have shown that the FormLab SLA printer yields significantly lower error for printing complex design geometries as compared to FDM printer. Result shows that FormLab printer can be used to achieve a minimum dimension of 0.5 mm. They then use the printer to optimize the device dimension for the culture chip which requires several iterations of printing and experimenting. They showed the two-step protocol of printing the optimized template in a high-resolution SLA printer and further fabricating a clear view millifluidic PDMS device that is compatible confocal microscopy imaging. They used this culture chip for perfusion culture of two cell type, and the controlled fluidic exchange between the two chambers led to the formation of neuroglia junction. Originality/value One of the major bottlenecks for obtaining complex geometry in mili/microfluidic device by 3D printing is the need of multiple iterations on printing. This makes the tuning of dimension significantly expensive. Another challenge is to obtain a smooth surface of PDMS that leads to a leak proof clear view device compatible for laser based confocal imaging. The combination of two printers plays a crucial role for the rapid prototyping of the imaging device with flow control. The proposed approach lowers the cost for prototyping of in vitro culture chip with complex geometries to improve on biological research demanding multi-chamber fluidic device.

4D printing of smart scaffolds for bone regeneration: a systematic review.


As a novel emerging technology, four-dimensional (4D) printing allows 3D-printed materials to change over time. This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the purpose, materials, physiomechanical, and biological properties of 4D-printed scaffolds used for bone tissue engineering.
Method and materials:
An electronic search was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar online databases limited to English articles until April 2024. Studies in which scaffolds were fabricated through 3D printing methods responding to external stimulation were included. The quality of in vitro and in vivo studies was evaluated through the modified CONSORT checklist and SYRCLE's risk of bias tool.
Results:
The full text of 57 studies were reviewed, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. According to the analyzed studies, most scaffolds responded to temperature changes showing shape memory effect. Polyurethane (PU) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were the most common shape memory polymers, and the most common fabrication method used was Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).
Conclusion:
A comprehensive systematic review of the studies from the past 10 years demonstrated several findings: 1) Shape memory, drug delivery, and shape morphing are three general purposes of 4D printing for bone regeneration. 2) Smart materials used for 4D printing mostly consist of shape memory polymers. 3) Temperature changes account for the majority of stimulation used for 4D printing. 4) incorporating 4D printing principles does not have a negative impact on the physiomechanical properties of the designed scaffold. 5) The 4D-printed scaffolds show a higher osteogenic differentiation capacity than their identical 3D-printed structures in terms of bone regeneration.&#xD.

A Study of Fit and Friction Force as a Function of the Printing Process for FFF 3D-Printed Piston–Cylinder Assembly

Current 3D printing processes for polymer material extrusion are limited in their accuracy in terms of dimension, form, and position. For precise results, post-processing is recommended, like with assembled parts such as pistons and cylinders wherein axial mobility is desired with low friction force and limited radial play. When no post-processing step of the printed parts is accomplished, the fit and the friction force behavior are strongly dependent on the process performances. This paper presents a study on parameters of significance and their effects on sliding and running fits as well as their friction forces for fused filament fabrication of such assemblies. A series of experiments were performed with multiple factors and levels, including the position or layout of printed objects, their layer thickness, the material used, the use of aligned or random seam, and the printer type. Piston–cylinder pairs were printed, measured, assembled, and tested using a tensile test frame. A mathematical model was developed to describe the oscillating friction force behavior observed. This study presents the feasibility and limitations of producing piston–cylinder assemblies with reduced play and friction when using appropriate conditions. It also provides recommendations to obtain and better control a desired running and sliding fit.

Surface metamorphosis techniques for sustainable polymers: Optimizing material performance and environmental impact

The transition to sustainable polymers is crucial for reducing the environmental footprint of additive manufacturing, particularly in fused deposition modeling (FDM). This study investigates surface metamorphosis techniques—methods to modify polymer surfaces at micro and nanoscale levels to enhance performance and minimize environmental impact. We explore plasma treatment, chemical etching, and laser texturing on biodegradable and recycled polymers, assessing their effects on surface properties, such as adhesion, roughness, and chemical resistance. Our results demonstrate significant enhancements in mechanical properties. For example, PLA’s tensile strength increased from 55.3 MPa (untreated) to 63.8 MPa (plasma treated), and its elongation improved from 4.2% to 5.1%. PHA showed a similar trend, with tensile strength rising from 45.1 MPa to 52.6 MPa, and elongation increasing from 5.6% to 6.4%. rPET and rPP also exhibited improvements, indicating the effectiveness of these surface treatments. Employing a multi-criteria decision-making approach, we assess and prioritize these techniques based on their mechanical enhancements and sustainability profiles. While this study presents hypothetical results, it establishes a comprehensive framework for optimizing surface metamorphosis processes, guiding future experimental research. Our findings suggest that tailored surface modifications can significantly improve the performance and environmental sustainability of polymers in FDM, offering pathways for integrating eco-friendly materials into advanced manufacturing. This work contributes to the development of green manufacturing technologies by highlighting surface metamorphosis as a key strategy for achieving high-performance and sustainable materials.

Additive manufacturing of sandwich panels with continuous fiber reinforced high modulus composite facings

AbstractAn improved approach consisting of a combination of fiber placement and fused filament fabrication is introduced for the additive manufacture (AM) of structural grade sandwich beams. Here, sandwich beams are additively manufactured using in‐situ deposition and consolidation of continuous fiber unidirectional facings made from a commingled yarn system of e‐glass fiber (~50% vol.) and amorphous PET, and a hexagonal honeycomb core structure made from PETG. Both facings and the sandwich core are manufactured on a single machine, in one sequence (skin‐core‐skin), employing the benefit of matrix compatibility to create autohesion at the interfaces. Flexural and transverse shear rigidity are determined experimentally and compared with analytical predictions and show correlation to within 3%. Flexural strength and core shear strength are also measured. Post‐mortem examinations show that core fracture and core facing debond were the dominant failure mode in flexure. Single cantilever beam tests were performed to evaluate core facing debond toughness. Subsequently, surface preheat using infrared heaters was utilized to increase autohesion between core and facing. The results show debond toughness was increased 4 times using infrared heating. This research effort presents a manufacturing approach that has the potential for the AM of stiff, well bonded, structural grade sandwich beams, in an integrated sequence, employing in‐situ consolidation to the facings, without the need for the use of intermediate adhesives for skin‐to‐core bonding.Highlights An improved additive manufacturing technique for making sandwich panels is developed. Sandwich panel facings have fiber volume fractions of approximately 50%. Surface preheat improves core‐to‐facing debond toughness by a factor of 4. Top and bottom facings are consolidated during manufacture leading to better properties. Experimental results are compared to analytical predictions and show good correlation.

Optimization of FDM 3D Printer Process Parameters to Minimize Dimensional Errors with PLA Material Using Response Surface Methodology

This paper presents a response surface methodology to fit a second-order response surface model aimed to finding process parameters to minimize length error (LE) and diameter error of the cylindrical shafts (DE) in fused deposition modeling (FDM) using polylactic acid (PLA) material. The process parameters in this study included layer height (LH), which varied from 0.1 to 0.4 mm, and print speed (PS), which ranged from 20 to 60 mm/s, while other parameters were set to constant values. The results showed that optimal process parameters obtained in this study significantly lower dimensional errors than the initial parameterization recommended by UltiMaker Cura software.

Hybrid heating in the fused filament fabrication process

AbstractAltering the heating regime of the polymer during the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process can lead to changes in both the behaviour of the polymer and the characteristics of the printed product. This study proposes replacing the traditional resistive heating system with two hybrid systems that introduce an additional temperature of 120–160 °C: one combining resistive and hot air jet heating, and the other combining resistive and infrared radiation heating. The samples printed using these hybrid systems were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and visually inspected. Commercial ABS and PLA filaments were used in the experimental programme. A model to evaluate the polymer’s melting during the printing process was proposed and experimentally validated. Visual testing revealed that the printed lattice structure had smaller voids, characterised by depositions that were flattened rather than circular in cross-section due to the extended time in a viscous/partially molten state. The elongation viscosity and storage modulus decreased by approximately 10%, with a slightly smaller decrease observed for the infrared radiation heat source. The glass transition temperature remained unchanged, and the molecular mobility was not affected by the additional heat. Similarly, the energy required for crystal formation was unaffected by the supplementary heat. The mechanical behaviour of the printed pieces during compression tests was also influenced by the addition of a second heat source. For both materials, a decrease in deformability was observed as the temperature of the hot air jet increased.

Three-Dimensional Printed Nanocomposites with Tunable Piezoresistive Response

This study explores a novel approach to obtaining 3D printed strain sensors, focusing on how changing the printing conditions can produce a different piezoresistive response. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filled with different weight concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was printed in the form of dog bones via fused filament fabrication (FFF) using two different raster angles (0–90°). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in TUNA mode (TUNA-AFM) were used to study the morphological features and the electrical properties of the 3D printed samples. Tensile tests revealed that sensitivity, measured by the gauge factor (G.F.), decreased with increasing filler content for both raster angles. Notably, the 90° orientation consistently showed higher sensitivity than the 0° orientation for the same filler concentration. Creep and fatigue tests identified permanent damage through residual electrical resistance values. Additionally, a cross-shaped sensor was designed to measure two-dimensional deformations simultaneously, which is applicable in the robotic field. This sensor can monitor small and large deformations in perpendicular directions by tracking electrical resistance variations in its arms, significantly expanding its measuring range.

Evaluation of Image Segmentation Methods for In Situ Quality Assessment in Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, has revolutionized the fabrication of complex parts, but assessing their quality remains a challenge. Quality assessment, especially for the interior part geometry, relies on post-print inspection techniques unsuitable for real-time in situ analysis. Vision-based approaches could be employed to capture images of any layer during fabrication, and then segmentation methods could be used to identify in-layer features in order to establish dimensional conformity and detect defects for in situ evaluation of the overall part quality. This research evaluated five image segmentation methods (simple thresholding, adaptive thresholding, Sobel edge detector, Canny edge detector, and watershed transform) on the same platform for their effectiveness in isolating and identifying features in 3D-printed layers under different contrast conditions for in situ quality assessment. The performance metrics used are accuracy, precision, recall, and the Jaccard index. The experimental set-up is based on an open-frame fused filament fabrication printer augmented with a vision system. The control system software for printing and imaging (acquisition and processing) was custom developed in Python running on a Raspberry Pi. Most of the segmentation methods reliably segmented the external geometry and high-contrast internal features. The simple thresholding, Canny edge detector, and watershed transform methods did not perform well with low-contrast parts and could not reliably segment internal features when the previous layer was visible. The adaptive thresholding and Sobel edge detector methods segmented high- and low-contrast features. However, the segmentation outputs were heavily affected by textural and image noise. The research identified factors affecting the performance and limitations of these segmentation methods and contributing to the broader effort of improving in situ quality assessment in AM, such as automatic dimensional analysis of internal and external features and the overall geometry.

Development of 3D-Printed Two-Compartment Capsular Devices for Pulsatile Release of Peptide and Permeation Enhancer.

The oral absorption of a peptide is driven by a high local concentration of a permeation enhancer (PE) in the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that a controlled release of both PE and peptide from a solid formulation, capable of maintaining an effective co-localized concentration of PE and peptide could enhance oral peptide absorption. In this study, we aimed to develop a 3D-printed two-compartment capsular device with controlled pulsatile release of peptide and sodium caprate (C10). 3D-printed two-compartment capsular device was fabricated using a fused deposition modeling method. This device was then filled with LY peptide and C10. The release profile was modulated by changing the thickness and polymer type of the capsular device. USP apparatus II dissolution test was used to evaluate the impacts of device thickness and polymer selection on release profile in vitro. An optimal device was then enteric coated with HPMCAS. A strong linear relationship between the thickness of capsular devices and the delay in the release onset time was observed. An increase in the device thickness or the use of PLA decreased the release rate. The capsular device with compartment 1, compartment 2 and fence thickness of 0.4; 0.95 and 0.5mm, respectively, and the use of PVA achieved desired pulsatile release profiles of both peptide and C10. Furthermore, enteric-coated capsular devices with HPMCAS had similar pulsatile release profiles compared to non-enteric coated devices. These findings suggest potential application of 3D-printing techniques in the formulation development for complex modified drug release products.

Influence of heated temperatures on PCM melting characteristics in a pneumatic-based extrusion system of fused deposition modeling: Experimental and numerical studies

Influence of heated temperatures on PCM melting characteristics in a pneumatic-based extrusion system of fused deposition modeling: Experimental and numerical studies

Enhanced Photovoltaic Efficiency through 3D-Printed COC/Al₂O₃ Anti-Reflective Coversheets

In the past few years, there has been a considerable growth in the utilization of solar cells to produce electrical power to fulfil the growing worldwide energy demands. An optical loss is a crucial factor that impacts the performance of the photovoltaic conversion process. This loss occurs when incoming sunlight is reflected back on the outer layer of the photovoltaic cells. The application of antireflective materials on the photovoltaic substrates can enhance the absorption of sunlight and minimize the reflection. Currently, there is no ideal anti-reflective coating for solar cells that can allow the transmission of sunlight without any reflection. In this research, a transparent cyclic-olefin-copolymer (COC) was used to fabricate anti-reflection (AR) coversheet by fused deposition modelling process (3D printing). Further, the aluminium oxide Al2O3 powder was added at the proportions of 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, and 4wt% to the COC polymer to increase the anti-reflection characteristics. The structural, morphological, mechanical (tear strength), electrical and temperature characteristics were studied. The performance of COC with aluminium oxide (COCA) coversheets was evaluated, and the findings revealed a considerable increment in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.21% (sunlight exposure) and 18.34% (neodymium light) for COCA3 coversheets. As seen, the COCA3 sample exhibit lower electrical resistance of 3.88 ×10-3 Ω cm, carrier concentration (36.91×1020 cm-3) and higher hall mobility (13.67 cm2/Vs). The findings from the investigations demonstrated that the utilization of COC with Al2O3 powder (COCA) can be a suitable antireflective coversheet material for boosting the performance of polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells.

Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing of Cranial Implants Using High‐Performance Polymers: A Comparative Study on Mechanical Performance and Dimensional Accuracy

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) offers great potential to fabricate patient‐specific implants to treat large size defects resulting from craniectomy. Such cranial implants impose critical requirements on material and design. So far, the field has focused on printing cranial implants from polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which is semicrystalline in nature and, therefore, not ideal for FFF because of warping and nonhomogeneous crystallization. Consequently, this work aims at exploring alternative amorphous high‐performance polymers. The tensile and flexural mechanical properties of printed samples from PEEK, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), and polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) according to ISO standards are compared. Testing of specimens obtained from three orthogonal build directions reveals nearly isotropic mechanical behavior (e.g. ultimate tensile strength differed no more than 8% between print orientations). This enables printing of patient‐specific cranial implants in vertical orientation with minimal support structures, which result in dimensional accuracies in the clinically acceptable range for craniofacial reconstructions. Mechanical assessment via an in‐house designed indentation set‐up shows that both PEKK and PPSU should be considered valid alternatives to PEEK for cranial implants. This work showcases the maturity of FFF for high‐performance polymers and leverages it for complex patient‐specific geometries such as a cranial implant.

Experiments and Modeling of Three-Dimensionally Printed Sandwich Composite Based on ULTEM 9085

This article presents the concept, research, and modeling of a sandwich composite made from ULTEM 9085 and polycarbonate (PC). ULTEM 9085 is relatively expensive compared to polycarbonate, and the composite structure made of these two materials allows for maintaining the physical properties of ULTEM while reducing the overall costs. The composite consisted of outer layers made of ULTEM 9085 and a core made of polycarbonate. Each layer was 3D-printed using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, which enables nearly unlimited design flexibility. The geometry of the test specimens corresponds to the ISO 527-4 standard. Tensile and three-point bending tests were conducted. The structure was modeled in a simplified manner using averaged stiffness values, and with the classical laminate theory (CLT). The models were calibrated through tensile and bending tests on ULTEM and polycarbonate prints. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, demonstrating good accuracy. The 3D-printed ULTEM-PC-ULTEM composite exhibits favorable mechanical properties, making it a promising material for cost-effective engineering applications.

Polymer Tools Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication for Steel-Bending Process: Effect of Layering Orientation

Rapid tooling with polymer tools produced via additive manufacturing offers significant benefits in sheet metal forming processes as it allows for the production of parts with high accuracy while reducing tool production costs. In this research, the authors evaluate the performance of polymer punches and dies in the sheet metal bending of 2 mm thick AISI 314 stainless steel. The tools were made using nylon filled with carbon fiber and produced through Fused Filament Fabrication. Two different print orientations—horizontal and vertical—were compared. This experimental study focused on the accuracy of the sheet’s bending angle and thickness while also measuring the deformation induced in the tools. A new methodology was proposed combining both tools and sheet measures to highlight not only the sheet’s accuracy but also the behavior of the polymer tools. The results demonstrate that despite the permanent deformation of the tools, they were able to produce sheets with a geometry accuracy of less than 0.5%

Extrusion-Based Three-Dimensional Printing of Metronidazole Immediate Release Tablets: Impact of Processing Parameters and in Vitro Evaluation

PurposeThe current study assessed the potential of a pneumatic 3D printer in developing a taste-masked tablet in a single step. Metronidazole (MTZ) was chosen as the model drug, and Eudragit® E PO was used as a taste-masking polymer to produce taste-masked tablets.MethodsThe study focused on optimizing processing parameters, such as the nozzle's printing speed, the printhead's heating temperature, and the pressure. Oval-shaped tablets were printed with a rectilinear printing pattern of 30% and 100% infill and evaluated for in vitro drug release and taste masking. The 3D-printed tablets are also characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).ResultsThe infill density impacts the drug release profile of the tablets. F9, F10, and F11 displayed desired printability among the formulations, with F9 and F10 exhibiting over 85% drug release within 60 min in the in vitro dissolution study. The F9 formulation, with 30% infill, effectively masked the bitter taste of MTZ in the in vitro dissolution study carried out in a pH 6.8 artificial salivary medium. The observed release was below the tasting threshold concentration of the model drug.ConclusionIn summary, 3-dimensional extrusion-based printing combines the effects of hot-melt extrusion and fused deposition modeling techniques in a single-step process, demonstrating potential as an alternative to the fused-deposition model 3D printing technique and warranting further exploration.Graphical

Investigation of mechanical properties in FFF- produced PLA samples using the Erichsen test: application of definitive screening and RSM

Purpose This study aims to investigate how printing parameters affect the mechanical properties of specimens produced through fused filament fabrication, using the Erichsen test to assess deformation characteristics and material durability under stress. Design/methodology/approach Polylactic acid (PLA) specimens were printed and tested in accordance with the ISO 20482 standard. Definitive screening was conducted to identify the most influential process parameters. This study examined the effects of four key process parameters – number of layers, layer height, crossing angle and nozzle diameter – on force, distension, peak energy and energy to break. Each parameter was assessed at three levels and a large number of required experiments was managed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Findings This study revealed that the number of layers, layer height and crossing angle are the most significant factors that influence the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials. The number of layers had the greatest impact on the peak force, contributing 44.25%, with thicker layers typically enhancing material strength. The layer height has a significant effect on energy absorption and deformation, with greater layer heights generally improving these properties. Nozzle diameter contributed only 1.10%, making it the least influential factor; however, its impact became more pronounced in interactions with other parameters. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation into the effects of process parameters on the crack strength and behavior of 3D-printed PLA specimens using the RSM method. The documented results can be used to develop optimization models aimed at achieving desired mechanical properties with reduced variation and uncertainty in the final product.

Impact of printing parameters on the dynamic outputs of a slider-crank mechanism with FFF-based 3D-printed crank-arms

In this study, the crank-arm of the slider-crank mechanism was produced with different raster angles (45°, 90°, 135°) and infill densities (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The effect of these parameters on the dynamics of the slider was investigated experimentally and numerically, and compared with a rigid version of the crank-arm. Firstly, analytical, numerical, and experimental results are obtained for the rigid crank-arm, and the results are compared. Secondly, experiments were carried out on the same experimental setup with 12 crank-arm specimens produced using PLA. Finally, experimental results of sliders were statistically analysed with rigid-body mechanism results, and the flexibility of the crank-arms produced with fused filament fabrication was verified through numerical simulations. As the infill density decreased, the flexibility of the crank-arm increased, and the deviations in the results also grew as the energy change due to the deformation increased. The raster angle had no significant effect on the results except for 25% infill density. However, with 25% infill density, the crank-arm with 90° raster angle followed the rigid crank-arm experimental results best. As a result, it has been observed that the crank-arm produced with different printing parameters has a significant effect on the dynamics of the slider.

An innovative multilayered material fabricated through additive manufacturing for structural applications: method and mechanical properties

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is a cost-effective method for fabricating structurally sound components. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a popular AM technique known for its design flexibility, minimal material wastage, and recyclability. Poly lactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic widely used in aerospace, biomedical, and automobile industries. Wood-PLA, incorporating wood fillers into PLA, finds applications in several industries. This research explores multilayered materials (MLM) for enhanced performance in various sectors such as aircraft, energy, and biomedical. Mechanical properties of MLM were investigated under different load conditions (tensile, bend, compressive). Properties simulated through Finite Element Method (FEM) showed minimal error (less than 1 %). Microscopic analysis, aided by scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography, reveals a brittle mode of failure in the specimens. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical behaviour of MLM, offering potential applications in diverse industries.