Further Increase In Percentage Research Articles

Response of Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Joint Doped with Graphene in Adhesive to Shear Loads

The adhesively bonded joint creates a strong bond between the adherend and the adhesive and are replacing the riveted joints in numerous fields such as aerospace, automobile and civil sectors. In this study, the consequence of compositions of graphene nanoparticle doped in the epoxy adhesive on the shear behaviour of single lap joints of adhesively bonded glass and carbon fibre as adherends were investigated. Glass and carbon fibre laminates were produced using Rotex EP-306 resin and Rotex EH-758 hardener. Adhesively bonded single lap joints were then made by using a two-part epoxy structural adhesive. Graphene was added in weight percentages of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% into the resin and dispersed by using the method of ultrasonication. A shear test was carried to determine the bonding strength. Results indicated that joints with 0.5% wt. of graphene showed better bond strength compared to other configurations for both glass and carbon adherend. It was noted that with further increase in percentage of graphene, the shear strength decreased. Furthermore, the joints made with carbon as adherend showed better strength properties in comparison with joints made of glass adherend.

An experimental study on cement concrete with industrial fly ash and Phosphogypsum

Industrial Flyash (IFA) is a fine powder made from non-combustible materials and a residue of carbon from incomplete combustion. Phosphogypsum (PG) is also a solid by product of phosphoric acid processing, which is employed in a variety of fertilisers and chemicals. Traditional construction material manufacturing processes destroy the earth's vital natural resources. Furthermore, IFA and PG is a solid waste, which is frequently dumped in open spaces. IFA and PG contains natural mineral which can be used as admixture in concrete. It can be used as partial replacement to the cement in the concrete up to certain limit. The experimental findings include compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS) and split tensile strength (STS) by partially cement replacement with Industrial IFA and PG employing 0 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 %, 12.5 %, 15 %, and 20 % on M40 grade concrete and water-binder ratios of 0.45. The CS is determined by testing cube specimens for 7 and 28 days, as well as FS and STS is found by testing the beams and cylinders specimens for 7 and 28 days respectively. The optimal proportion shows maximum strength at 15 % IFA and 7.5 % PG respectively. Further increase in percentage, strength of concrete decline marginally. 10 % substitution of cement with IFA + PG (combined 50 % each) used shows the optimal proportion to achieve maximum strength, and further increase in IFA and PG causes a decrease in strength. The addition of IFA and PG increases the amount of water required due to increase in fine particles or a bigger surface area. When compared to the control mix, the workability of concrete with IFA and PG reduces slump value by up to 15 %.44Corresponding Author: E-mail address: sandeepsatheresearch@gmail.com (Sandeep Sathe)

Spoken English Repetitive Correction Retrieval Based on Syllable Unit WFST Web Search Filter

Aiming at the difficulty in computer-assisted language teaching of repeated correction and error detection in spoken English, a fault-tolerant alignment and search filtering algorithm based on the syllable unit WFST (weighted finitestate transformer) network is proposed. This algorithm uses the script corresponding to the adjacent matching words in the recognition results to establish the above grammatical network for fault-tolerant alignment under secondary recognition. The candidate modified parts and replacement parts are used as the query and template for search filtering. In the end, the result of repeated correction error detection is determined by the confidence of the search filtering algorithm. To this end, the k-difference algorithm based on sequential assumptions and the n-gram algorithm based on random assumptions are proposed. Experiments show that the multi-n-gram hybrid search filtering with syllables as the modeling unit achieves relatively optimal results without using quadratic fault-tolerant alignment; when using quadratic fault-tolerant alignment, F-measure can obtain 3 to 4 Further increase in percentage.

Sol-gel synthesis, structural, morphological and magnetic properties of BaTiO3–BiMnO3 solid solutions

In this study, solid solutions of (1-x)BaTiO3-xBiMnO3 have been synthesized by an aqueous sol-gel method. It was determined that single-phase compounds can be obtained up to x = 0.6 and with further increase in percentage of BiMnO3 component additional crystal phases were detected. Perovskite crystal structure was determined for all synthesized compounds regardless of chemical composition. Raman spectra of synthesized solid solutions showed gradual change of the shape with an increase of BiMnO3 fraction. It was demonstrated that partial substitution of BaTiO3 by BiMnO3 led to the drastic growth of grains of the end products. Magnetization measurements showed that all BiMnO3-containing samples are characterized by paramagnetic behavior. Clear correlation between magnetization values and composition of the materials was observed, magnetization values increased with increasing of BiMnO3 content in solid solutions.

English

Red mud is an industrial waste material generated during production of alumina from bauxite by Bayer process. These industrial wastes hold some heavy metals which are hazardous in nature. The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibility of partially replacing Portland cement in concrete by red mud and evaluating its compressive and splitting tensile strength. This study examines the effect of red mud on the properties of hardened concrete and compares with the conventional concrete. The test results revealed that 15% of cement can be optimally replaced by red mud beyond which compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength starts decreasing. Cement replacement by red mud up to 15% yields characteristic strength greater than the conventional cubes. Further increase in percentage of red mud by 20, 25 and 30% tends to decrease the compressive strength. However, the optimum replacement level was observed as 15% without decrease in strength. Key words: Red mud, workability, bayer process, compressive strength, split tensile strength.

Performance Evaluation of an Air Cooled Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neat Neem Oil and Diesel Blends

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the performance of a single cylinder air cooled diesel engine fuelled with neem oil-diesel blend (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume) and the results are compared with baseline data of diesel. Brake thermal efficiency of the engine with 5% neem oil blend was found to be marginally higher than neat diesel operation at all loads indicating better combustion due to dissolved oxygen. However, with further increase in percentage of neem oil, brake thermal efficiency of the engine reduced significantly at higher loads possibly due to increased viscosity of the fuel impinging proper combustion. Brake specific energy consumption happen to be the lowest for 5% neem oil blend at all loads, however with subsequent increase in percentage of neem oil, full load brake specific energy consumption became lower at part loads and higher at full loads as compared to neat diesel operation. Smoke opacity of 5% blend was comparable to baseline data of diesel, but it increased substantially at higher blends. With increase in percentage of neem oil in the test fuel sample the exhaust temperature showed a downward turn reflecting a comparatively improved nitrogen oxides emission tendency and reduced thermal loads. Based on this experimental study, it is envisaged that in rural/agriculture sector of India where neem oil can be available at economical cost, 5% neem oil blend may be a good substitute for mineral diesel which in turn can save considerable amount of forex outflow for equivalent crude oil import.

Direct synthesis of mesoporous (C 19H 42N) 4H 3(PW 11O 39)/SiO 2 and its catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization

A novel mesoporous material (C 19H 42N) 4H 3(PW 11O 39)/SiO 2 with different (C 19H 42N) 4H 3(PW 11O 39) loadings (6.3–19.4 wt.%) was prepared by direct sol–gel method. The material was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman scattering spectroscopy, 31P CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, XPS, XRF, N 2 adsorption/desorption, DSC and HRTEM. The characterization results reveal that (C 19H 42N) 4H 3(PW 11O 39) was highly dispersed into silica matrix and its structure remained intact after formation of the material. The material possessed high surface area (543–1009 m 2/g), pore volume (0.40–1.19 cm 3/g), and pore walls thickness (5.85–9.37 nm) with interconnected worm-like mesostructure. Small angle XRD and N 2 adsorption/desorption results show that the material retained its mesoporous structure for up to 14.9 wt.% (C 19H 42N) 4H 3(PW 11O 39) loading, further increase in percentage resulted in the formation of disordered structure with abundant micropores. The material was found to be highly active and reusable for oxidative desulfurization of bulky organosulfur compound DBT.

Influence of Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Mortar as a Modifier on Strength of Concrete

This study introduce a new trend of utilising Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Mortar (PPMM) as a modifier to ordinary concrete for producing Polymer-Modified Concrete (PMC). The experimental study articulates the strength development of proposed polymer-modified concrete. A range of quantities of PPMM, as 5 to 50%, were mixed with ordinary concrete of 30 N mmG2 characteristic strength to produce polymer-modified concrete and to evaluate for compressive strength, tensile strength, density and workability. The material behaviour in terms of compressive strength and tensile strength, together with density and slump was investigated by casting and testing cubes of 100 mm size, cylinders 100 mm dia and 200 mm height. This Preliminary study shows that compressive strength and tensile strength is improved significantly by inclusion of various quantities as percentages of PPMM to ordinary concrete and curing regime as specified by JIS. PPMM dosages of 5 to 20% resulted considerably higher compressive and tensile strength than that of ordinary concrete, on the other hand further increase in percentage of PPMM gave less strengths. Results demonstrated more prominent percentage increase in tensile strength than compressive strength of produced polymer-modified concrete. Polymer-mod fied concrete mixes with all percentage dosages of PPMM were found cohesive and workable.

Adeno-associated virus site-specific integration and AAVS1 disruption.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a single-stranded DNA virus with a unique biphasic lifestyle consisting of both a productive and a latent phase. Typically, the productive phase requires coinfection with a helper virus, for instance adenovirus, while the latent phase dominates in healthy cells. In the latent state, AAV is found integrated site specifically into the host genome at chromosome 19q13.4 qtr (AAVS1), the only animal virus known to integrate in a defined location. In this study we investigated the latent phase of serotype 2 AAV, focusing on three areas: AAV infection, rescue, and integration efficiency as a function of viral multiplicity of infection (MOI); efficiency of site-specific integration; and disruption of the AAVS1 locus. As expected, increasing the AAV MOI resulted in an increase in the percentage of cells infected, with 80% of cells infected at an MOI of 10. Additional MOI only marginally effected a further increase in percentage of infected cells. In contrast to infection, we found very low levels of integration at MOIs of less than 10. At an MOI of 10, at which 80% of cells are infected, less than 5% of clonal cell lines contained integrated AAV DNA. At an MOI of 100 or greater, however, 35 to 40% of clonal cell lines contained integrated AAV DNA. Integration and the ability to rescue viral genomes were highly correlated. Analysis of integrated AAV indicated that essentially all integrants were AAVS1 site specific. Although maximal integration efficiency approached 40% of clonal cell lines (essentially 50% of infected cells), over 80% of cell lines contained a genomic disruption at the AAVS1 integration locus on chromosome 19 ( approximately 100% of infected cells). Rep expression by itself and in the presence of a plasmid integration substrate was able to mediate this disruption of the AAVS1 site. We further characterized the disruption event and demonstrated that it resulted in amplification of the AAVS1 locus. The data are consistent with a revised model of AAV integration that includes preliminary expansion of a defined region in AAVS1.

Interrelationships among carcass characteristics of feedlot steers and heifers selected for competition (2001)

We evaluated the interrelationships among carcass characteristics of steers and heifers selected from commercial feedlots for competition in the Beef Empire Days live and carcass contests. Because judging criteria are weighted heavily on cutability, the majority of cattle entered were trim and muscular. Within this highly selected group, heifer carcasses had larger ribeye areas, lower hot carcass weights, more ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight, and a higher percentage of kidney-pelvic-heart fat than steers. However, steers graded USDA Choice or better 4% more often than heifers. Ribeye area, ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight, and percentage of kidneypelvic- heart fat increased as dressing percentage increased; however, 12th rib fat thickness had no effect on dressing percentage. Percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice or better tended to decrease with improved dressing percentage. As 12th rib fat thickness increased, ribeye area and ribeye area/100 lbs. of hot carcass weight decreased whereas percentage of kidneypelvic- heart fat and hot carcass weight of steers increased. As 12th rib fat thickness increased up to 0.50-0.59 inches, the percentage of cattle that graded low Choice or higher increased, but more finish did not result in further increase in percentage of low Choice or better. This study indicates that ribeye area is more closely related to economically important carcass characteristics in trim, muscular cattle than previously identified.

Amelioration of bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury by cyclosporin A.

This study evaluated the effect of cyclosporin-A (CyA), a potent immunosuppressive drug, on Bleomycin (Bleo)-induced pulmonary inflammation in hamsters. Pulmonary injury was induced by a single intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of Bleo. Four groups of 10 male Syrian hamsters each received one of four treatments: (1) i.t. Bleo and daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of CyA starting 1 day before i.t. instillation of Bleo (Bleo-CyA); (2) i.t. Bleo and i.p. injections of saline (Bleo-Sal); (3) i.t. saline and i.p. CyA (Sal-CyA); (4) i.t. saline and i.p. saline (Sal-Sal). Animals were sacrificed 14 days after i.t. treatment. Lung injury was evaluated histologically, biochemically, and by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Treatment of hamsters with CyA significantly ameliorated the Bleo-induced lung injury, as determined by a semiquantitative morphological index that assesses the severity and extent of the injury on a scale of 0-3. Lung hydroxyproline measurements were lower in Bleo-CyA compared to Bleo-Sal, comparable to Sal-Sal and Sal-CyA controls. The percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in BAL fluid was higher in Bleo-Sal and Bleo-CyA animals when compared with control Sal-CyA or Sal-Sal animals. A further increase in percentage of eosinophils was observed in Bleo-CyA compared with Bleo-Sal animals (13.3 +/- 6.6% [mean +/- SE] and 3.7 +/- 2.1%, respectively, p = .0007). BAL fluid protein content was higher in Bleo-Sal compared to Sal-Sal animals, but BAL fluid protein content from Bleo-CyA was not significantly different from that of Bleo-Sal animals. These results indicate that CyA ameliorates the Bleo-induced inflammation but does not prevent leakage of plasma protein or cells into the airspaces. The increased eosinophil numbers in Bleo-CyA-treated hamsters suggests enhanced production of interleukin-4 and -5.

Field validation of intraspecific variation in phosphorus use efficiency and nitrogen fixation by provenances of Gliricidia sepium grown in low P soils

Identification of tree species or cultivars/provenances that are tolerant to low levels of available soil P will decrease the dependence on P fertilizer for the good establishment and growth of N 2-fixing trees. The effects of phosphorus uptake and use efficiency on N 2 fixation and growth of provenances of Gliricidia sepium were determined in the greenhouse and also under field conditions. Three selected provenances out of 23 provenances that had in an earlier experiment been examined at low and high P levels (20 mg and 80 mg P kg −1 soil) were further studied at four levels of P application in the greenhouse at IITA, Ibadan using an Alfisol collected from Fashola. The field experiment was conducted at Fashola (Guinea Savanna Zone), southwestern Nigeria. Large differences in growth occurred among the G. sepium provenances at both low and high P levels. Growth responses of the three provenances to increasing P levels were linear in the pot experiment but variable (linear and quadratic) in the field experiment. Field data show that the growth of one provenance (G 1) did not respond to P application while provenance G 3 required 80 kg P ha −1 to achieve maximum biomass. Provenance G 2 responded to P application up to 40 kg P ha −1 and further addition of P depressed its growth, P uptake and N 2 fixation. The results of the pot experiment were not completely duplicated in the field experiments. Differences between G. sepium provenances to P uptake and growth were largely related to differences in physiological P use efficiency and root length, especially at low P, both in the pot and field experiments. In general, nodulation was improved by P application, but varied among provenances. G. sepium fixed approximately 61% and 40% of its N from atmospheric N 2 in pot and field, respectively. The percentage of N fixed was affected by the low rate of P application i.e. 20 kg P ha −1 and at high rates of P, no further increase in percentage N 2 fixed occurred.

Kinetics of oxidation of secondary alcohols by chloramine T

The kinetics of oxidation by chloramine T(CAT) of secondary alcohols with propan-2-ol as reference compound have been studied in aqueous acidic and aqueous acetic acid media. In the presence of strong mineral acid in aqueous medium the rate law is found to be –d[CAT]/dt=k[CAT][Alcohol][H+].2 The rate law, a low kinetic isotope effect, and the effect of solvent polarity on the rate are consistent with a mechanism involving a rate determining interaction of either the protonated chloramine T (CATH2+) or H2OCl+ with the secondary alcohol giving alkyl hypochlorite followed by a fast decomposition to ketone. The observed order of 1.5 in [HCl] is interpreted by a simultaneous oxidation by molecular chlorine or HOCl and CATH2+. At low percentages of acetic acid (10% and 20% v/v) the reaction exhibits a second-order dependence on CAT and first-order in alcohol. Dichloramine T (DCT) formed in a disproportionation step is possibly the active oxidant under these conditions. At 50% HOAc(v/v)a fractional order dependence on [Alcohol] and first-order in [CAT] are observed. Further increase in percentage of acetic acid increases the order in alcohol and a limiting value of 1 is reached in 90% HOAc(v/v). These results are indicative of the formation of a complex, the stability of which is solvent dependent. The concentration dependence on alcohol varies in buffered acetic acid in the presence of chloride and the rate law is rationalised by a concurrent oxidation by DCT and molecular chlorine.