Furnace Steel Slag Research Articles

Effect of electric furnace steel slag powder on the strength of green low-carbon concrete with high-titanium blast furnace slag

This study explores the application of electric furnace steel slag powder (EFSSP), fly ash (FA), and high-titanium heavy slag (HTHS) from Panzhihua City, China, in producing green low-carbon concrete. The properties of these waste materials were characterized, and the fluidity and hydration activity of the EFSSP-FA composite admixture in cement mortar were tested. Additionally, the strength of HTHSC mixed with EFSSP-FA composite admixture was evaluated at various curing times, and the microstructure of the concrete mortar layer was analyzed. The study shows that the 7-day activity indices of EFSSP and FA are 61 % and 51.96 %, respectively, with fluidity ratios of 92.53 % and 124.58 %. Mixing EFSSP and FA compensates for their individual limitations. At a 1:1 mass ratio, the composite admixture achieved a 69.89 % activity index and 114.46 % fluidity. The pozzolanic reaction within the composite admixture was evident, promoting the continuous formation of C-S-H in HTHSC, the compressive strength after curing periods of 520 days, 300 days, 180 days, and 90 days reached approximately 190 %, 170 %, 150 %, and 130 % of the 28-day strength, respectively. The XRD, SEM, TG, and DSC characterization results for the HTHSC mortar layer at different curing stages were consistent with the observed trends in compressive strength. Since the raw materials used for concrete preparation were industrial waste, this portion was excluded from carbon emissions calculations. The all-industrial waste HTHSC achieved approximately a 30 % reduction in carbon emissions, the carbon emissions per unit of strength at 520 days of curing were approximately 55 % of those at 28 days.

Quality Assurance of Steel Slag Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Pavement Surface Courses

The present study investigates the use of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag, a by-product of the steel industry, in asphalt pavement surface courses instead of virgin aggregates (VAs). Therefore, a general performance evaluation of such mixtures compared to conventional mixtures is carried out through laboratory and in situ tests, while both mixtures are environmentally assessed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The results of the laboratory and in situ tests show that asphalt mixtures containing granulated EAF slag aggregates perform as well as mixtures containing only VA. In addition, the LCA results show that the use of EAF slag aggregates in the asphalt surface course has a lower environmental impact than the exclusive use of VA when it comes to the impact categories of acidification, climate change, marine and terrestrial eutrophication, energy consumption and photochemical pollution. In summary, these results show that replacing virgin aggregates with a proportion of EAF slag aggregate is a viable and sustainable method for road pavement construction.

Separation and extraction of iron resources from hazardous electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag: Aggregation of Fe-rich layers, magnetic separation, powder characterization

China's electric arc furnace (EAF) slag reserves are huge, the problems of EAF slag resource application need to be solved urgently. In this study, high temperature holding and slow cooling treatment were used to treat the slag. The phase and structure of the slag were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. To analyse the migration pattern of iron elements and to study the interaction between EAF slag basicity and magnetic separation efficiency. The results show that, there is an obvious layering phenomenon during the cooling slag, and the top layer is the Fe-rich layer. The slow cooling treatment makes the Fe-rich phase grow sufficiently and improves the dissociation efficiency of the Fe-rich phase in the crushing process. As the basicity increases, the thickness of the iron-rich layer gradually decreases and the iron element is transferred to the RO phase, while the concentrate yield decreases. Multi-stage wet weak magnetic separation of treatment slag resulted in the highest concentrate yield of 49.05 % at an basicity of 1, with a T.Fe content of 56.711 %, and 70.32 % of the iron component entering the concentrate. The concentrate can be returned to the steelmaking process instead of the charge, and the tailings can be used to make high value-added products.

Evaluating the efficacy of biogeochemical cover system in mitigating landfill gas emissions: A large-scale laboratory simulation.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are a significant source of methane (CH4) emissions in the United States, contributing to global warming. Current landfill gas (LFG) management methods, like the landfill cover system and LFG collection system, do not entirely prevent LFG release. Biocovers have the potential to reduce CH4 emissions through microbial oxidation. However, LFG also contains carbon dioxide (CO2) and trace hydrogen sulfide (H2S) depending on waste composition, temperature, moisture content, and age of waste. An innovative biogeochemical cover (BGCC) was developed to tackle these concerns. This cover comprises a biochar-based biocover layer overlaid with a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag layer. The biochar-based biocover layer oxidizes CH4 emissions, while the BOF slag layer reduces CO2 and H2S through carbonation and sulfidation reaction mechanisms. The BGCC system's field performance remains unexamined. Therefore, a large-scale tank setup simulating near-field conditions was developed to evaluate the BGCC system's ability to mitigate CH4, CO2, and H2S from LFG simultaneously. Synthetic LFG was passed through the BGCC in five distinct phases, each designed to simulate the varying gas compositions and flux rates typical of MSW landfill. Gas profiles along the depth were monitored during each phase, and gas removal efficiency was measured. After testing, biocover and BOF slag samples were extracted to analyze physico-chemical properties. Batch tests were also conducted on samples extracted from the biocover and BOF slag layers to determine potential CH4 oxidation rates and residual CO2 sequestration capacity. The results showed that the BGCC system's CH4 removal efficiency decreased with higher CH4 flux rates, achieving its highest removal (74.7-79.7%) at moderate influx rates (23.9-25.5g CH4/m2-day) and reducing to its lowest removal (27.4%) at the highest influx rate (57.5g CH4/m2-day). Complete H2S removal occurred during Phase 3 in the biocover layer of BGCC system. CH4 oxidation rates were highest near the upper (277.9µg CH4/g-day) and lowest in the deeper region of the biocover layer. In the tank experiment, CO2 breakthrough occurred after 156days due to drying of the BOF slag layer, with an average residual carbonation capacity of 46 gCO2/kg slag after moisture adjustment. Overall, the BGCC system effectively mitigated LFG emissions, including CH4, CO2, and H2S, at moderate flux rates, showing promise as a comprehensive solution for LFG management.

Assessing the viability of using BOF steel slag treated with tartaric acid as coarse aggregate in concrete

This study investigated the effectiveness of tartaric acid treatment in inhibiting the expansive behaviour of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag, aiming to optimize its utilization as a sustainable replacement for natural coarse aggregate in concrete. Tartaric acid-treated steel slag (TTSS) and non-tartaric acid-treated steel slag (NTSS) were comprehensively characterized for particle size and shape properties, physical and mechanical behaviour, and durability aspects including MgO stability factor and iron unsoundness. Chemical, morphological, mineralogical, and microstructural analyses were conducted using XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD, FT-IR, and optical microscopy, elucidating the impact of tartaric acid treatment. Compressive strength tests were then performed with TTSS incorporation levels of 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, and 0 % as reference batch (RB). As a result, TTSS showed 7.44 % and 10.92 % better physical and mechanical properties than NTSS respectively. Whereas on durability aspects, TTSS depicts 40 % better results on iron unsoundness and 36.43 % higher water absorption over NTSS. Furthermore, a maximum compressive strength of 44 MPa was achieved with a significant improvement of 15.80 % from RB. Additionally, TTSS aggregate-based cement concrete exhibited a denser microstructure and improved performance. This work highlights the potential of BOF steel slag as an aggregate resource, contributing to a circular economy and mitigating the environmental burdens associated with traditional aggregate production.

Corrosion and volume stability of the blended SCC mixes containing induction furnace steel slag and crushed stone as coarse aggregate

Corrosion and volume stability of the blended SCC mixes containing induction furnace steel slag and crushed stone as coarse aggregate

Reactivity of air granulated basic oxygen furnace steel slag and its immobilization of heavy metals

Air granulation of basic Oxygen furnace slag can improve its hydraulic potential to enhance recycling potential. The hydration behaviour of the slag has been investigated via isothermal calorimetry, QXRD, and TG/DTG analysis. The air granulated slag exhibited improved early-age hydration and led to the formation of C–S–H, hydrogarnet, and hydrotalcite phases. The slag reactivity is controlled by the dissolution of SiO2 and Fe2O3 bearing phases as observed by SEM-EDX-based PARC analysis and the hydration degree reaches up to 41% after 28 days curing. The hydrated slag features an improved immobilization of V and Cr as confirmed by ICP-OES analysis.

Evaluation of asphalt film thickness and heavy metal leaching of oxidizing slag used as an aggregate material in dense-graded asphalt concrete.

Electric-arc-furnace (EAF) steelmaking uses scrap iron and steel as raw materials. Scrap iron and steel originate from complex sources and may contain heavy metal components which can leach into the environment over time due to wear-and-tear. A by-product of the EAF steelmaking process is oxidizing slag, and approximately 1.2 million metric tons is produced every year in Taiwan alone. This study investigated substitution of natural aggregates with oxidizing slag in dense-graded asphalt concrete. We evaluated the water resistance and asphalt film thickness of the oxidizing slag substituted asphalt concrete and further explored the performance of oxidizing slag as paving material. We determined the dissolved and total amounts of heavy metals in the oxidizing slag, comparing these results with current regulatory controls to assess the environmental compatibility of the oxidizing slag. We found that due to the complicated sources of oxidizing slag, the basic properties should be analyzed on a batch-to-batch basis. Furthermore, we recommend trial mixing before upscaling the production of oxidizing slag substituted dense-graded asphalt concrete to confirm the mixing time required to achieve uniformity. The results also show that in comparison to natural aggregates used in asphalt concrete, oxidizing slag exhibits superior performance in terms of increased asphalt film thickness and improved water resistance. Furthermore, oxidizing slag as an aggregate material was associated with decreased heavy metal leaching and reduced environmental pollution. The results of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) met regulatory requirements. However, the microwave-assisted aqua-regia digestion procedure showed heavy metal concentrations exceeding the monitoring standards for food crops. Considering environmental compatibility, it is recommended that controlling the total amount of heavy metals in oxidizing slag should be included in regulatory requirements. Furthermore, we should prohibit the use of materials such as oxidizing slag and other steel furnace slag in the roadways adjacent to edible crop farmlands.

Sustainable solutions for railway using recycled rubber

This paper introduces four innovative applications of waste rubber from scrapped tyres or conveyor belts in railway tracks. They include (a) a synthetic energy-absorbing layer of coalwash, steel furnace slag and rubber crumbs (SFS + CW + RC) for railway subballast, (b) a rubber inter-mixed ballast system (RIBS), (c) energy-absorbing rubber geogrids, and (d) a hybrid track incorporating tyre cells and elements of off-the-road truck tyres. Comprehensive laboratory and field tests have been conducted to investigate the geotechnical properties of these applications. Specifically, an empirical model was developed to predict the permanent deformation response of SFS + CW + RC mixtures that incorporate the effect of granular rubber and axial loads based on cyclic triaxial tests. Large-scale triaxial tests and field trials proved that RIBS exhibited improved energy-absorbing properties, sufficient shear strength and the promising ability to mitigate ballast breakage and stress distribution. A rubber geogrid with an optimal rib thickness of 10.6 mm was selected based on drop-hammer impact tests. The performance of the hybrid track was investigated using the National Testing Facility for High-speed Rail (NTFHR), from which it was found that the reinforced track had significantly less settlement, lateral deformation and ballast breakage than the traditional track.

Probabilistic risk assessment of residential exposure to electric arc furnace steel slag using Bayesian model of relative bioavailability and PBPK modeling of manganese.

Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is a coproduct of steel production used primarily for construction purposes. Some applications of EAF slag result in residential exposures by incidental ingestion and inhalation of airborne dust. To evaluate potential health risks, an EAF slag characterization program was conducted to measure concentrations of metals and leaching potential (including oral bioaccessibility) in 38 EAF slag samples. Arsenic, hexavalent chromium, iron, vanadium, and manganese (Mn) were identified as constituents of interest (COIs). Using a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) approach, estimated distributions of dose for COIs were assessed, and increased cancer risks and noncancer hazard quotients (HQs) at the 50th and 95th percentiles were calculated. For the residents near slag-covered roads, cancer risk and noncancer HQs were <1E - 6 and 1, respectively. For residential driveway or landscape exposure, at the 95th percentile, cancer risks were 1E - 6 and 7E - 07 based on oral exposure to arsenic and hexavalent chromium, respectively. HQs ranged from 0.07 to 2 with the upper bound due to ingestion of Mn among children. To expand the analysis, a previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate Mn levels in the globus pallidus for both exposure scenarios and further evaluate the potential for Mn neurotoxicity. The PBPK model estimated slightly increased Mn in the globus pallidus at the 95th percentile of exposure, but concentrations did not exceed no-observed-adverse-effect levels for neurological effects. Overall, the assessment found that the application of EAF slag in residential areas is unlikely to pose a health hazard or increased cancer risk.

Sustainable Performance of Recycled Rubber and Mining Waste Utilized for Efficient Rail Infrastructure

AbstractUtilizing waste byproducts from mining industries and recycled rubber as alternate materials in railway tracks promotes sustainability of transportation infrastructure, while also increasing track longevity by reducing ballast degradation. This paper provides an overview of two such applications including (i) rubber-intermixed ballast stratum (RIBS) by replacing 10% ballast aggregates with granulated rubber particles with the particle sizes carefully selected according to Australian Standards, (ii) synthetic energy absorbing layer using a mixture of steel furnace slag, coal wash and rubber crumbs to replace traditional capping layer. These materials when tested using large-scale triaxial apparatus and field trials proved that tracks with waste materials performed better than the conventional ballasted tracks by reducing ballast breakage and exploiting the higher damping potential of these materials. Though the vertical deformations of the track slightly increased by using these materials albeit within the specified standards, the overall stability improved by reduced dilation and track vibrations. Increasing the life of ballast layer can lead to long-term cost benefits by saving millions of dollars in track maintenance and provide environment benefits through minimizing quarrying of natural rock aggregates and reducing the carbon footprint of mining industries.

Strength Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Sleepers with Steel Slag Partial Replacement

Prestressed concrete sleepers (PCS) are very popular and commonly used by Indian Railways. This research is aimed at studying the behavior of concrete sleepers made with steel slag as a partial replacement for traditional cement concrete. A pre-stressed concrete railway sleeper was made using energy-optimizing furnace (EOF) steel slag, a byproduct in the steel manufacturing process, partially in the place of coarse aggregate, following the Indian Railways Standard (T39-85) for sleepers. EOF steel slag coarse aggregates were subjected to a few tests, including those for chemical resistance, soundness and alkali reactivity and the results were found to be satisfactory. Compared to the traditional concrete mix, the compressive strength is increased by about 20%. It paves the way to utilize the discarded steel slag for manufacturing cost-effective prestressed railway sleepers.

Performance Assessment of BOF steel slag as fine aggregate in the development of fly ash based geopolymeric mortar

ABSTRACT This study focused on the partial replacement of river sand in fly ash-based geopolymeric mortar with Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag fine aggregate. The research aimed to create eco-friendly geopolymeric mortar using fly ash, steel slag and an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Physical testing against flowability, bulk density and water absorption has been conducted, and mechanical behaviour against compressive and flexural strength has also been investigated. However, the raw material and developed mortar have been characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphological studies, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical studies. Geopolymer mortar with 30% steel slag replacing river sand (30SSM) showed the highest strength, reaching 35MPa in compression and 5.6MPa in flexure. This strength can be attributed to the strong and flexible (ductile) characteristics of steel slag when combined with the geopolymeric paste. Additionally, the angular and rough surface texture of steel slag enhances the physical bonding within the matrix. This high-volume fly ash (cement-free) based steel slag aggregate geopolymeric mortar offers a sustainable option for various building components like paver blocks, bricks etc.

Determination of engineering properties of cementitiously stabilised aggregates using ultrasonic pulse velocity

Non-destructive testing methods, such as Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), have been widely used to assess the quality and performance of cementitious stabilised aggregates. The present study reveals the robust relationship of UPV and constrained modulus (CM) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS), modulus of rupture/flexural strength (MoR), and flexural modulus (FM) in aggregates stabilised with five different stabiliser combinations, including cement, cement-ground granulated blast furnace steel slag (GGBS), cement-fly ash and cement with two commercial chemical admixtures. The high accuracy of UPV and CM in estimating destructive test parameters and approximating challenging tests like FM is convincingly demonstrated with strong correlations (R² > 0.80) and standard error ratios (Se /Sy < 0.35). Power law and logarithmic curves prove suitable for modelling the relationships between strength and stiffness with UPV and CM, respectively. Notably, however, the study reveals significant variations in correlating parameters across different cementitious stabilisers within the same mix design, emphasising the strong dependence on the specific cementitious material type. Overall, this work offers valuable insights into the use of non-destructive parameters, UPV and CM, for the characterisation of stabilised aggregates based on cementitious material type and different curing conditions.

Properties of Cement Mortars Made With Local Steel Slag

As a way to reduce the impact of the cement industry and reduce its production cost, researchers have studied to use by product materials such as fly ash, silica fume and slag as a partial replacement for Portland cement in the making of concrete. In this study, the effect of partial cement replacement with Libyan electric arc furnace steel slag in different substitution levels (0, 10, 20 and 30% by weight) were investigated using cement mortars. Slag of 350 m2/kg Blaine fineness was used in this study. The mortar specimens were tested for compressive, flexural and direct tensile strengths at the ages of 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. The effect of slag content on mortar workability was studied. Setting times and soundness of cement paste were also investigated.The experimental results showed that replacement of cement by slag causes delay in cement setting times. Setting times increases as the slag content increases. The results also showed that compressive, direct tensile and flexural strength of mortar improves with time and the development in strengths is influenced by the slag content. The addition of 10% electrical arc furnace slag (EAFS) has positive effect on compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of mortar at late age.

Influence of Ultrafine Steel Slag Powder Content Upon Cement Mortar

Steel slag (Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag) is a by-product left over from the conversion of iron to steel in steel industries. This paper reports the results of an experimental study on partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with steel slags powder produced in Libya (Libyan Iron and Steel Company). The effects of various replacement ratios of ultrafine steel slag powder to Portland cement (i.e., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on the workability, mechanical, physical and chemical properties were studied. The fineness of steel slag powder was standardized by using a 63 μm sieve. The properties of cement pastes and mortars with ultrafine steel slag powder were tested including water requirement of normal consistency, setting time, soundness, fluidity, dry bulk density, total porosity, water absorption capacity. compressive and flexural strength. The results showed that for cement pastes with ultrafine steel slag powder, the normal consistency water requirement were increased significantly. Both the initial setting time and final setting time were also accelerated than that of the control sample. The partial replacement of cement by ultrafine steel slag powder decreases the compressive and flexural strength, but increases the fluidity which improves the workability of the mortar. The results showed that the optimum content of ultrafine steel slag powder as a replacement of OPC was 10%.

Investigation of the engineering and environmental properties of cement mortars incorporating ladle furnace steel slag

While the use of ladle steel slag in concrete offers several potential advantages, there are significant research gaps that need to be addressed to promote its safe and effective utilization in the construction industry, e.g. the variations in slag properties, such as chemical composition and physical characteristics, can influence concrete performance. Moreover, even there is some research on the mechanical properties of concrete containing ladle steel slag, more in-depth studies are needed to assess the long-term durability of such concrete and the research should focus more on evaluating the environmental impact of using ladle steel slag in concrete. The paper reports the fundamental findings of a research study focused on the treatment of ladle slag to be applied as a cement substitute in the manufacturing of cement products. The research aimed to determine the optimal proportion of admixture based on treated ladle slag and evaluate the environmental properties of the resulting cement composites. The treatment process involved mechanical activation, specifically grinding the ladle slag fraction of 0/8 mm using a vibrating mill (Coarse slag) and a ball mill (Fine slag). The treated ladle slag, as an admixture, was examined in conjunction with four types of cement (CEM I, CEM II, CEM III, and CEM V). The research findings revealed that the incorporation of coarse ladle slag enhanced the workability of fresh cement paste across all tested formulations. Moreover, the utilization of treated ladle slag as an admixture in cement paste (substituting cement) exhibited a retarding effect on the setting time. As the age of the test specimens progressed (90 to180 days), the strength properties of the samples with ladle slag admixture approached those of the cement composites prepared using natural aggregates. The climate change impact of cement mortars per strength unit spanned from 0.82 to 2.75 kg CO2eq/MPa for composites incorporating finely-ground slag, and from 0.9 to 3.1 kg CO2eq/MPa for composites utilizing coarse slag. The grinding of ladle slag, even up to 30 wt% cement replacement, did not significantly impact the overall global warming potential and climate change, considering the average mill energy consumption of 50 kWh per 1 t of material.

Life-cycle analysis of cement mortars with ladle furnace steel slag

The utilization of ladle slag holds potential for innovative advancements in concrete technology, contributing to the progression of environmentally sustainable and durable construction materials. This research explores the environmental impact of mortars incorporating treated ladle furnace steel slag at cement replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The ladle furnace steel slag was integrated into cement mortars of varying cement types. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted using SimaPro software, version 9.3, employing ReCiPe and IPCC 2013 methodologies. The environmental impacts were assessed within the cradle-to-gate system boundaries, considering the grinding process of ladle furnace steel slag. The outcomes were expressed in terms of mid-point indicators. Across all cement types, a discernible reduction in the values of key environmental indicators was observed for the steel slag substitution samples compared to reference samples without cement substitution. Notably, the climate change indicator (GWP – global warming potential) exhibited a reduction of up to 54 g CO2eq per 1 kg of mortar. Grinding the slag to a higher fineness did not result in a significant escalation in the values of the monitored environmental indicators.

Formulation development of metakaolin geopolymer with good workability for strength improvement and shrinkage reduction

This study aims to optimize formulation and preparation of metakaolin based geopolymer for good workability, high compressive strength, and reduced drying shrinkage by considering alkaline activator composition, liquid to solid mass ratio, curing condition, and admixtures. The optimized geopolymer paste was further modified by granulated blast furnace steel slag (GBFS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as calcium sources and carbon fibers as reinforcing additive for further strength improvement and shrinkage alleviation, in which the improvement mechanisms were manifested through mechanical strengths and microstructure observations. An optimized combination of modifiers and curing condition was obtained by Orthogonal Array Testing method. Experimental results indicate that sodium silicate is essential in the synthesis of alkali activator with nominal composition of Na2O·1.3SiO2·10.8H2O for strength development and cracking prevention. Good workability and high compressive strength of paste specimens could be attained by liquid to solid mass ratio of 1.21 between alkaline activator and metakaolin with ambient curing. The modified geopolymer pastes presented further improved compressive strength and reduced drying shrinkage. The microstructure images showed that the formation of cement hydration products, ettringite crystals, and more condensed matrix structure by using OPC as additive in geopolymer. The optimized geopolymer paste was made with 2% carbon fiber, 33% Portland cement and 10% GBFS and cured at ambient temperature achieved ultimate compressive strength of 73 MPa with reduced drying shrinkage. This ultimate compressive strength was 55% and 65% higher than non-modified geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement pastes, respectively, and was higher than 80% values in related studies.

Investigating supplementary cementitious materials' effects on stabilized aggregate performance, behaviour, and design aspects

Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) have been widely accepted in the concrete industry due to their varied advantages. However, the same reflects little in the case of Cementitious Stabilized Aggregates (CSA). The present work focuses on the potential and practical application of SCMs in CSA based on laboratory-based growth and performance analysis followed by their design aspects and economic advantages. Fly ash and Crushed Granulated Blast Furnace Steel Slag (GBFS) were chosen at 30% and 50% by weight of cement as partial replacement to cementitious material to prepare a cementitious stabilized mix of aggregates. Mechanical and microstructural properties were then assessed through critical tests like Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS), Flexural Strength (FS), Flexural Modulus (FM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) over subsequent curing periods. Results from these tests revealed improved performance on including SCMs in significant proportion when compared to cement mix of aggregates. Power-law relationships proved optimal for comprehending strength and stiffness growth in CSA. Mixes with SCMs exhibited higher growth coefficients and growth rates for UCS, FS and FM. TGA data showed higher bound water loss %, indicating increased hydration for SCMs mixes. Composite pavement design revealed a 5 mm increase in the bituminous layer for cement-fly ash mix, while it remained unchanged for cement and cement-GBFS mix. Economic analysis demonstrated SCM cost savings of 6% to 16% in the CSA layer in mixes with SCMs.