Furcation Defects In Dogs Research Articles

Clinical success of guided tissue regeneration for treating vertical bone and furcation defects in dogs.

This study evaluated the clinical success rate of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for treating advanced periodontal disease in a large canine cohort. A total of 112 GTR procedures performed from 2003-2021 were retrospectively evaluated, including pre- and post-treatment (3-12 months) periodontal probing depths of 104 treated teeth, dental radiographs of 73 treated teeth, and both diagnostic modalities in 64 treated teeth. Probing depth, radiographically apparent bone height, bone graft material, barrier membrane material, and tooth extraction adjacent to the GTR site were investigated as factors affecting success. Vertical bone defects were evaluated separately from furcation defects. GTR was clinically successful, defined as objective improvement in probing depth, objective decrease in radiographic vertical bone defect, and subjective radiographic gain in bone height in 90.3% of vertical bone defects. Success was significantly associated with the magnitude of initial probing depth and the type of barrier membrane used. GTR was clinically successful, defined as objective improvement in furcation probing and subjective radiographic improvement of the bone in the furcation in 22.2% of furcation defects. When F3 lesions were excluded, GTR was successful in 64.3% of furcation defects. GTR is an appropriate treatment to maintain teeth in the oral cavity of dogs with proper client counseling and patient selection, but it is most likely to be successful in vertical defects.

Evaluation of hyaluronic acid gel with or without acellular dermal matrix allograft in the treatment of class II furcation defects in dogs: A histologic and histomorphometric study

AimTo evaluate the histologic and histomorphometric effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) gel with or without acellular dermal matrix allograft (ADMA) on periodontal regeneration in Class II furcation defects in dogs. Materials and methodsClass II furcation defects were surgically created in the mandibular first and second premolars bilaterally in eight beagle dogs. The Class II furcation defects were assigned randomly, using the split-mouth design, into the test and control sides. The teeth on the test sides were equally and randomly divided into the HA/ADMA group (n = 8) treated with 0.8% HA gel followed by ADMA, and the HA-only group (n = 8) treated with 0.8% HA only. The furcation defects of the control sides (n = 16) were subjected to open flap debridement (OFD group). The animals were euthanized for histologic and histomorphometric analyses after one month (n = 4) and three months (n = 4). ResultsAt one month, the newly formed bone area (NFBA) was larger in the HA/ADMA (6.23 ± 1.41 mm2) and HA-only (5.90 ± 1.43 mm2) groups than in the OFD group (2.42 ± 1.62 mm2) (p < 0.05). The newly formed cementum (NFAC) and periodontal ligament (NFPL) were similar in the HA/ADMA and HA-only groups but significantly lesser in the OFD group (p < 0.05.) At three months, the NFBA, NFAC, and NFPL were greater in the HA/ADMA group than in the HA-only group (p < 0.05). New regenerative tissue was significantly greater in both the test groups than in the OFD group (p < 0.05), while epithelial downgrowth predominated the healing in the latter. ConclusionsThese results suggest that HA with ADMA positively affects the periodontal regeneration and wound healing in Class II furcation defects.

Immuno-histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of Angelica sinensis adjunctive to ß-tricalcium phosphate in critical-sized class II furcation defects in dogs

ObjectiveThe study evaluates the effectiveness of Angelica sinensis (As) adjunctive to Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bone graft in the management of induced critical sized class II furcation defects in dogs.Material and methodA randomized study design was conducted on the third and fourth premolars of six dogs. A total of twenty-four defects were surgically created. After reflecting a mucoperiosteal flap, twelve defects were filled with As granules mixed with β-TCP (Experimental group) while the other twelve defects were filled with β-TCP only (Control group) and both were covered by collagen membrane. At the fourth and eighth weeks, jaw segments were dissected and processed for immune-histological examination and histomorphometry analysis.ResultsAt four and eight weeks after treatment, experimental group showed a statistically significant increase in the height of newly formed interradicular bone (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001 respectively), its surface area (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02 respectively), and the thickness of its trabeculae (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001 respectively), when compared to control group. Moreover. alkaline phosphatase immunoreaction showed higher intensity in the osteoblast cells of experimental group compared to control group.ConclusionAs enhances periodontal regeneration and bone-formation when used in the management of furcation defects.

Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of Aloe vera adjunctive to β-tricalcium phosphate in class II furcation defects in dogs

Aloe vera has antimicrobial activity and enhances the osseointegration process, thus it may have the potential in treating periodontal defects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera as an adjunction to Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bone graft in Grade II furcation defects. A randomized study was conducted on six healthy mongrel dogs' premolars. A total of twenty-four Grade II furcation critical-sized defects were surgically created after reflecting a full-thickness flap, twelve defects were filled with β-TCP while the other twelve defects were filled with Aloe vera mixed with β-TCP and both covered by collagen membrane. Animals were euthanized at the end of the fourth and eighth week and defects were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Histologically, Aloe vera mixed with β-TCP resulted in more bone formation and new PDL fibers compared to β-TCP alone. After 2 and 4 weeks, the experimental group had significantly higher newly formed interradicular bone height (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively), bone thickness (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively), and percentage of the surface area (p = 0.009, and p = 0.023, respectively). Aloe vera gel adjunctive to β-TCP is an effective bioactive agent that enhances periodontal tissue regeneration and bone formation in critically sized defects.

Cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel with or without a collagen matrix in the treatment of class III furcation defects: A histologic and histomorphometric study in dogs.

To histologically evaluate the effects of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (xHyA) with or without a collagen matrix (CM) on periodontal wound healing/regeneration in class III furcation defects in dogs. Class III furcation defects were surgically created in the mandibular premolars in six beagle dogs. The defects were randomly treated as follows: open flap debridement (OFD) + CM (CM), OFD + xHyA (xHyA), OFD + xHyA + CM (xHyA/CM) and OFD alone (OFD). At 10 weeks, the animals were euthanized for histological evaluation. The newly formed bone areas in the xHyA (4.04 ± 1.51 mm2 ) and xHyA/CM (4.32 ± 1.14 mm2 ) groups were larger than those in the OFD (3.25 ± 0.81 mm2 ) and CM (3.31 ± 2.26 mm2 ) groups. The xHyA (6.25 ± 1.45 mm) and xHyA/CM (6.40 ± 1.35 mm) groups yielded statistically significantly (p< .05) greater formation of new connective tissue attachment (i.e., new cementum, with inserting connective tissue fibres) compared with the OFD (1.47 ± 0.85 mm) group. No significant differences were observed in any of the histomorphometric parameters between the xHyA and xHyA/CM groups. Complete furcation closure was not observed in any of the four treatment modalities. Within their limits, the present results suggest that the use of xHyA with or without CM positively influences periodontal wound healing in surgically created, acute-type class III furcation defects.

Preparation and Histological Study of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Bone Graft in Management of Class II Furcation Defects in Dogs.

BACKGROUND:The main target of periodontal disease and alveolar bone defeat treatment is the regeneration of the lost structures.AIM:This work deals with the evaluation of the effect of functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as grafting material in the management of furcation defects created in dogs.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Potential cytotoxicity of the grafting material was assessed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis after incubation of the grafting material in simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH 7.4 and 37°C for one week was done. In six healthy mongrel dogs’ full-thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were raised on the buccal aspects to create two walls intrabony defects at the furcation areas. The mandibular premolar area received the grafting material. Histological evaluation was carried out at 1, 2- and 3-months’ period.RESULTS:Cytotoxicity results proved the safety of grafting material application. The prepared material exhibited good Ca-apatite crystal patterns at the surface revealed by SEM and high calcium content showed by EDX results. Good bone formation ability was also apparent histologically.CONCLUSION:The prepared grafting material (MWCNTs) can serve as a delivery vehicle for osteogenic cells and osteogenic growth factor proteins in the bone development process.

Management of Class II furcation defects in dogs using combination of Propolis and Nanobone graft

Background: Periodontal regeneration using complementary and alternative medicine has gained considerable attention recently. Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honey bees from exudates and buds of plants and mixed with wax and bee enzymes.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis as bone graft substitute in the management of experimental grade II furcation defects, and to compare its effect to nanobone and to Propolis/nanobone mixture. Material and Methods: Sixteen critical-sized furcation defects on the buccal surface of mandibular third and fourth premolars were surgically created in twelve dogs and divided into three groups. Group I; defects were filled with Propolis, Group II; defects were filled with nanohydroxyapatite graft and Group III; defects were filled with a combination of Propolis/ nanohydroxyapatite graft. Histologically and histomorphometric analysis of newly formed interradicular bone height and percentage were performed after one and three months. Results: After one month; the three experimental groups revealed the features of early periodontal tissues regeneration including cementum, newly formed bone with inserted newly formed PDL fibers. The propolis group showed the highest bone height and bone surface area. After three months; denser bone occupying larger surface area of the furcation defect were noted especially in the propolis group. Conclusion: The addition of nanobone to propolis showed better results than nano bone alone especially at early healing stage. However, it didn’t show better results than the use of propolis alone.

Periodontal Regeneration Using Cultured Coral Scaffolds in Class II Furcation Defects in Dogs

Periodontal Regeneration Using Cultured Coral Scaffolds in Class II Furcation Defects in Dogs

Egyptian propolis compared to nanohydroxyapatite graft in the treatment of Class II furcation defects in dogs.

Complementary and alternative medicine approaches are gaining ground in everyday practice. Propolis is a bee product that has been suggested to have bone regenerative effects. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Egyptian propolis with nanohydroxyapatite graft on furcation defect regeneration in mongrel dogs. A split mouth design was utilized in six clinically healthy mongrel dogs. A total of 24 Class II furcation defects were surgically created in mandibular third and fourth premolars. The defects on the right side were filled with nanohydroxyapatite graft and covered with collagen membrane, while on the left side the defects were filled with propolis and also covered with collagen membrane. The dogs were sacrificed after 1 and 3 months. Segments containing the defects were prepared for histological evaluation. The histological evaluation after one month revealed newly formed bone in both treatment groups. However, after 3 months, the bone trabeculae appeared thinner in the collagen/nanohydroxyapatite group than in the collagen/propolis group. The histomorphometric evaluation showed a significant increase in bone height as well as bone surface area for the collagen/propolis group compared to collagen/nanohydroxyapatite group. Both Egyptian propolis and nanohydroxyapatite graft material showed favorable periodontal regenerative effect. Propolis showed increased cellular proliferative ability that could be beneficial in reducing the healing period needed after periodontal therapy.

Immunohistopathologic evaluation of Drynaria fortunei rhizome extract in the management of Class II furcation defects in a canine model.

Management of furcation defects is still a challenging subject in periodontal therapy. Drynaria fortunei (Df) is a common type of traditional Chinese herb in the area of orthopedics and traumatology. In vitro and tissue engineering studies have shown that Df induces osteoblastic proliferation and promotes the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. This study investigated the management of Class II furcation defects in dogs using guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and Df granules mixed with β-tricalcium phosphate (β- TCP) alloplast. Sixteen Class II critical-sized furcation defects were surgically created in four mongrel dogs: Eight defects were treated with GTR and Df granules mixed with (β-TCP) alloplast served as the experimental group, while the other eight were managed with GTR and alloplast, served as control. Dogs were sacrificed at 4 and 8weeks and the premolars were processed for the evaluation of treatment outcome including; osteoblastic count (OC), cementum layer thickness (CLT), percentage of collagen in bone matrix (CBM), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) immunoreaction. Experimental group treated with Df showed a significant increase (P<0.001) in the values of OC, CLT, CBM, and ALP immunoreactivity when compared with control at 4 and 8weeks after treatment. Drynaria fortunei demonstrated increased regeneration and bone formation when used in the treatment of furcation defects in a canine model.

Characterization and evaluation of graphene oxide scaffold for periodontal wound healing of class II furcation defects in dog.

IntroductionThe 3-dimensional scaffold plays a key role in volume and quality of repair tissue in periodontal tissue engineering therapy. We fabricated a novel 3D collagen scaffold containing carbon-based 2-dimensional layered material, named graphene oxide (GO). The aim of this study was to characterize and assess GO scaffold for periodontal tissue healing of class II furcation defects in dog.Materials and methodsGO scaffolds were prepared by coating the surface of a 3D collagen sponge scaffold with GO dispersion. Scaffolds were characterized using cytotoxicity and tissue reactivity tests. In addition, GO scaffold was implanted into dog class II furcation defects and periodontal healing was investigated at 4 weeks postsurgery.ResultsGO scaffold exhibited low cytotoxicity and enhanced cellular ingrowth behavior and rat bone forming ability. In addition, GO scaffold stimulated healing of dog class II furcation defects. Periodontal attachment formation, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament-like tissue, and cementum-like tissue, was significantly increased by GO scaffold implantation, compared with untreated scaffold.ConclusionThe results suggest that GO scaffold is biocompatible and possesses excellent bone and periodontal tissue formation ability. Therefore, GO scaffold would be beneficial for periodontal tissue engineering therapy.

Effect of autogenous tooth bone graft with membrane on Class II furcation defects in dogs: A histologic and histomorphometric study

Effect of autogenous tooth bone graft with membrane on Class II furcation defects in dogs: A histologic and histomorphometric study

THE EFFECT OF PLATELET RICH FIBRIN ON ANGIOGENESIS DURING PERIODONTAL REGENERATION

INTRODUCTION: Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous healing biomaterial composed of a fibrin clot matrix entrapping leukocytes, cytokines, living progenitor cells, and platelets capable of releasing various growth factors harvested from a simple blood sample. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of PRF on angiogenesis during the periodontal regeneration of surgically created grade ΙΙ furcation defects in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A split mouth design was carried out using the third and fourth mandibular premolars of 2 healthy mongrel adult dogs. A total of eight grade II furcation defects were surgically created. The defects in the study side were augmented with PRF mixed with a β-TCP and covered by a PRF membrane and a collagen membrane. In the control side the defects were augmented with β-TCP and covered with a collagen membrane. The dogs were sacrificed after 1 and 2 months. Samples were dissected and prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Histological results showed that PRF addition led to higher vascularization of the study samples at all age groups; this was evident at one month in the form of numerous blood vessels entrapping RBCs and at 2 months by the presence of red bone marrow and blood vessels entrapping RBCs within. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of PRF to β -TCP was found to be effective in enhancing angiogenesis during the periodontal regeneration of grade II furcation defects

Quantitative analysis of tissue regeneration after use of chitosan membrane versus collagen membrane in the management of grade II furcation defects in dogs

INTRODUCTION: Involvement of the furcations of multirooted teeth represents a challenge in the treatment of periodontal disease, both from a prognostic perspective and from the perspective of therapeutic measures. OBJECTIVES: the current investigation was conducted to evaluate the regenerative potential of chitosan membrane in the management of critical size grade II furcation defects and to compare it with conventional therapy using collagen membrane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total number of four adult systemically healthy mongrel dogs were included in the current study. Grade II critical-sized furcation defects were surgically created with respect to lower premolar teeth. In all four dogs, the right quadrants received chitosan membrane with natural hydroxyapatite. Whereas, the left quadrants received collagen membrane with natural hydroxyapatite. RESULTS: The present study observed that chitosan was better than collagen regarding mean bone surface area (P < 0.05) and the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan membrane is an effective, easy to handle, cheap membrane that can be used in periodontal regeneration of furcation defects. Chitosan membrane showed superior periodontal tissue regeneration when compared to collagen membrane in the mangement of such defects. KEY WORDS: chitosan, collagen, tissue regeneration, furcation defects.

Periodontal wound healing following reciprocal autologous root transplantation in class III furcation defects.

PurposeFurcation involvement in the molars is difficult to treat, and has been recognized as a risk factor for tooth loss. Although periodontal regenerative therapies, including guided tissue regeneration and various types of bone grafts, have been applied to furcation defects, the effects of these treatments are limited, especially in large class III furcation defects. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of reciprocal autologous root transplantation on periodontal wound healing and regeneration in class III furcation defects in dogs.MethodsFurcation defects (7 mm wide and 6 mm high) were surgically created after root separation of the unilateral third and fourth premolars in 4 dogs. Eight furcation defects were randomized to receive either reciprocal autologous root transplantation (test) or no further treatment (control). In the test group, the mesial and distal roots were transplanted into the distal and mesial extraction sockets, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 10 weeks after surgery for histologic evaluation.ResultsThe healing pattern in the control group was characterized by extensive collapse of the flap and limited periodontal regeneration. New bone formation in the test group (3.56±0.57 mm) was significantly greater than in the control group (0.62±0.21 mm). Dense collagen fibers inserting into the residual cementum on the transplanted root surfaces were observed in the test group. Slight ankylosis was observed in 2 of the 4 specimens in the test group on the mesiodistal sides where the root-planed surfaces faced the existing bone. Root resorption (RR) was detected in both the control and test groups.ConclusionsWithin the limits of this study, it can be concluded that reciprocal autologous root transplantation was effective for bone regeneration in class III furcation defects in dogs. However, further studies are required to standardize the approach in order to prevent unwanted RR prior to clinical application.

Collagen Hydrogel Scaffold and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Accelerate Periodontal Healing of Class II Furcation Defects in Dog.

Objective:Collagen hydrogel scaffold exhibits bio-safe properties and facilitates periodontal wound healing. However, regenerated tissue volume is insufficient. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) up-regulates cell behaviors and subsequent wound healing. We evaluated whether periodontal wound healing is promoted by application of collagen hydrogel scaffold in combination with FGF2 in furcation defects in beagle dogs.Methods:Collagen hydrogel was fabricated from bovine type I collagen with an ascorbate-copper ion cross-linking system. Collagen hydrogel was mingled with FGF2 and injected into sponge-form collagen. Subsequently, FGF2 (50 µg)/collagen hydrogel scaffold and collagen hydrogel scaffold alone were implanted into class II furcation defects in dogs. In addition, no implantation was performed as a control. Histometric parameters were assessed at 10 days and 4 weeks after surgery.Result:FGF2 application to scaffold promoted considerable cell and tissue ingrowth containing numerous cells and blood vessel-like structure at day 10. At 4 weeks, reconstruction of alveolar bone was stimulated by implantation of scaffold loaded with FGF2. Furthermore, periodontal attachment, consisting of cementum-like tissue, periodontal ligament-like tissue and Sharpey’s fibers, was also repaired, indicating that FGF2-loaded scaffold guided self-assembly and then re-established the function of periodontal organs. Aberrant healing, such as ankylosis and root resorption, was not observed.Conclusion:FGF2-loaded collagen hydrogel scaffold possessed excellent biocompatibility and strongly promoted periodontal tissue engineering, including periodontal attachment re-organization.

Quantitative Analysis of Interradicular Bone Regeneration after Use of Modified Perforated Collagen Membrane versus Occlusive Membrane in the Management of Grade II Furcation Defects in Dogs

Quantitative Analysis of Interradicular Bone Regeneration after Use of Modified Perforated Collagen Membrane versus Occlusive Membrane in the Management of Grade II Furcation Defects in Dogs

Effect of Tunnel Structure of β-TCP on Periodontal Repair in Class III Furcation Defects in Dogs

Background: The pore characteristics of bone graft materials play an important role in bone regeneration. Previous studies have reported that a pore size of 100 ~ 400 μm effectively induces vascular invasion and cell population within the materials. Many graft materials used recently have macropore (200 ~ 600 μm) or micropore (0.1 ~ 1 μm) structures. We devised a bone material with a tunnel pipe structure and pore size of 300 μm. The present study evaluated periodontal healing following implantation of this new bone graft material in furcation class III defects. Methods: Thirty mandibular premolar teeth of five beagles were used. After class III furcation defects were surgically created, each furcation was randomly treated with: 1) β-TCP with a tunnel pipe structure (tunnel group) (n=10); 2) Granular β-TCP (granular group) (n=10); and 3) No implant material (control group) (n=10). The dogs were sacrificed 8 weeks post-surgery and healing was evaluated histologically. Results: In the tunnel group, down growth of junctional epithelium was significantly less than that in the other two groups (P <0.01) and bone formation and blood capillary invasion were observed in the inner part of pores of the implanted material in the furcation. However, little bone formation was observed between the granules in the granular group. Conclusion: β- TCP with a tunnel pipe structure and pore size of 300 μm promotes bone regeneration and new cementum formation in class III furcation defects.

Periodontal regeneration following application of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 in combination with beta tricalcium phosphate in class III furcation defects in dogs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tunnel structured β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) on the regenerative potential of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF-2) in class III furcation defects in dogs. The furcations of 30 mandibular premolar teeth received: 1) 0.3% bFGF-2 solution in conjunction with β-TCP; 2) 0.3% bFGF-2 solution; and 3) no implant material (Control group). The dogs were sacrificed 8 weeks post-surgery, and healing was evaluated histologically. New bone formation was significantly greater in the bFGF-2/β-TCP group compared to the bFGF-2 solution and Control groups (p<0.01). New cementum formation in the bFGF-2/β-TCP and bFGF-2 solution groups was significantly greater than that in the Control group (p<0.01). These findings suggested that bFGF-2 alone enhances connective tissue attachment in a manner similar to the combination of bFGF-2 and β-TCP. Furthermore, this combination enhances bone formation up to the fornix in class III furcation defects.

Guided tissue regeneration using rigid absorbable membranes in the dog model of chronic furcation defect

Objective. Absorbable membranes are used to promote the regeneration of periodontal defects by Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR). However, their collapse into the defect is commonly reported, impairing regeneration. Therefore, absorbable but rigid membranes aiming at preventing such collapse were developed and analyzed in periodontal regeneration. Materials and methods. Membranes were analyzed in class II furcation defects in dogs; procedures included periodontal disease induction, prophylaxis and GTR (treated groups) or open flap debridement alone (control group). For GTR, the membranes were made of either 25% hydroxyapatite (HA) in polyhydroxybutyrate matrix (PHB) or 35% HA in PHB. Animals were clinically evaluated for gingival recession, clinical attachment level (CAL) and biopsies were collected at 60 and 120 days. Bone volume, trabeculae number, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation were quantified by micro-computed tomography, followed by histology. Results. Membrane exposure was observed in both treated groups (25 and 35% HAP) from the 8th day after surgery, continuously progressing until 120 days. Mean CAL for all groups remained above normal values for dogs. Bone volumetric values were not significantly different. Partial formation of bone, cementum and periodontal ligament was observed in treated groups. An inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the dense connective tissue that partially filled the center of the treated defects with active osteoclasts on bone surface. Conclusion. Although partial regeneration of the defect was observed, it was limited by wound contamination. Consequently, rigid absorbable membranes made of HA and PHB failed to improve the regeneration of class II furcation defects in dogs.