Use Of Funds Research Articles

UNITED STATES FOREIGN INTERVENTIONS IN ITALY AND KOREA

The Communist victory in the Italian elections of April 1948, prompted fear to the American administration and U.S. foreign policy makers. The first numbered document issued by the National Security Council, NSC 1/1 of November 14th, 1947 warned that “The Italian Government, ideologically inclined toward Western democracy, is weak and is being subjected to continuous attack by a strong Communist Party.” The NSC recommended, in addition to public support for the beleaguered Italian government, a programme to “actively combat Communist propaganda in Italy by an effective U.S. information programme and by all other practicable means, including the use of undeclared funds.” President Truman approved NSC 1/1 on November 24th. On December 14th, the President signed NSC 4/A giving responsibility for “psychological warfare” to the CIA. A week later, the agency set up the Special Procedures Group (SPG), which laundered over $10 million from captured Axis funds for use in the Italian election campaign. This paper examines the United States foreign interventions in Italy and Korea dictated by the fear of the spread of Communism in Italy and Korea during the cold war.

Heterotopia and the ‘image of Africa’: school tours and philanthropy in a Zimbabwean school

ABSTRACT Schools in southern Africa use tourism partnerships as a source for establishing philanthropic funding and philanthropic networks. In these partnerships, there is often an exchange of funds for use of the school for tourism purposes. Little is known about the influence of tourism on schools. Drawing on interviews with teachers and tourism personnel in one school that is also a tourism destination, this paper uses the concept of heterotopia to explore the spatial imagery associated with the image of Africa and how the norms of the tourism industry govern and reshape schooling. This paper contributes to our understanding of schools funded by tourism by critiquing how an image is reproduced for the tourist gaze and how schools funded by tourism become a mirror of the tourism industry.

Russian vaccines against COVID-19: their characteristics, efficacy and safety

The review presents data on the types of vaccines designed to prevent the development of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The procedure for inclusion in the register of funds for use in emergency situations is considered. National regulatory authorities may decide to use vaccines before they are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the very lengthy registration process. The vaccines approved for use in the Russian Federation, their features, studied efficacy and safety data are listed. Data on the minimum frequency of serious adverse reactions arising from the use of vaccines against COVID-19, which are not comparable with the high frequency of deaths from this disease, are presented. The reasons for the need to develop their own vaccines are listed: the need to quickly vaccinate a huge number of the population during a pandemic, even before WHO registers in the register of funds for use in emergency situations, delays in the receipt of vaccines from countries where they are produced, the potential threat of leakage of pathogenic viruses and bacteria from biological laboratories, ensuring the economic security of the country during pandemics. Conclusions. There are a sufficient number of safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 in the Russian Federation, developed using various technologies. In view of the ongoing pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, the use of vaccines is of great preventive importance for building individual and collective immunity. The successful development of domestic vaccines in the Russian Federation is important from the point of view of the epidemiological and economic security of the country.

Lola Kola: developing mHealth for mental health in west Africa

Lola Kola's passion is global mental health research that harnesses the potential “of psychological interventions for improving outcomes for patients when delivered by trained lay health-care workers” and “the use of technology to support the delivery of such interventions”, she says. Based in Ibadan, Nigeria, Kola is Senior Research Fellow at the University of Ibadan's WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, and Adjunct Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology and Psychology at the Lead City University. Kola is also affiliated with the Behavioral Research in Technology and Engineering (BRiTE) Center at the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, WA, USA, and the University of Ibadan's Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health in the College of Medicine. With colleagues at the BRiTE Center, and supported by an NIH Global Emerging Leader grant, Kola has led the design and development of a mobile phone app for the self-management of perinatal depression in adolescent mothers as an adjunct intervention to WHO's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) within routine antenatal and perinatal services in primary care. This population has “a greater risk of depression and anxiety than their adult counterparts, which in turn predisposes them to serious physical health complications”, she says. These “young mothers did not like going for treatment in primary care because of self-stigma and social stigma”, Kola explains, and “the app brings care closer to them”. The app uses short, age-appropriate animated videos to deliver mental health and wellbeing messages, including encouraging treatment attendance. Kola and her colleagues have recently completed the field trial of the app and she is now working with a colleague in Kenya to explore funding for use of the app in other African countries, starting with Kenya.

Midwives and women's perspectives on family planning in Jordan: human rights, gender equity, decision-making and power dynamics

ObjectivesThis study explored midwives' and Jordanian and Syrian women's perceptions towards family planning (FP) counseling and the process of FP decision making mechanism to provide evidence for expanding the access and improving the quality and utilization of FP services in Jordan. MethodsExplorative qualitative study that purposively recruited 24 women for 4 focus group discussions (FDGs) and 17 midwives for in-depth interviews from two governorates in Jordan. The transcribed narratives were subjected to deductive content analysis. ResultsTwo themes were extracted from the narratives: The power dynamics in FP decision-making process and the barriers and motivators of FP decision making. The first theme was built on the perceived influence of gender equity and social pressures and gender-based violence on FP decision making. The second theme was constructed on the respondents' beliefs about reproductive health including FP as a human right and their perceptions of the obstacles and facilitators of FP Decision Making. Overall, husbands have an influential role, and perhaps the final say, in deciding whether to use FP services or not as well as the type of method to use. However, wives must initiate the family planning conversation with her husband and do so in a way that will be pleasing to the husband. Whether the husband agrees with the wife's idea to use family planning and gives her permission and funds for use, depends largely on her presentation of the idea, her husband's education level, and his personality. ConclusionsThis study revealed several relevant issues that play a role in Jordanian and Syrian women's decision to seek FP services. While cultural and social norms related to family planning and decision making continue to exert pressure on women, women have a deep interest in continuing to broaden their knowledge about family planning services. Engaging men and incorporating digital technology in family planning counselling has the potential to improve shared FP decision-making process among Jordanian couples and overcome some of the barriers.

Pandemic Creates Challenges, New Opportunities for Treating Patients With Substance Use Disorder

Pandemic Creates Challenges, New Opportunities for Treating Patients With Substance Use Disorder

First, do no harm

ABSTRACTConservation agencies charged with care of threatened plant species should be governed by the concepts that conservation actions should do no harm. Adaptive management research progresses in imperfect situations due to incomplete knowledge. Interpreting new experimental or observational evidence for inclusion in conservation plans should first consider the big picture by identifying collateral quandaries before scaling up the approach to large-scale implementation. We discuss a case study of Cycas micronesica conservation activities on the island of Guam. The use of large stem cuttings has been shown to be a viable approach for rescuing trees from planned construction sites. However, this artificial means of producing transplants exhibits shortcomings, some of which may add new threats to the existing plant population. Moreover, devoting funds for use of the new technique in tree rescue projects does not address the primary threats that have led to listing under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). Transplanted trees will likely succumb to those ubiquitous threats shortly after the completion of a successful rescue project. Alternatively, investing conservation funds into mitigation of the primary threats could lead to removal of the species from the ESA.

Equitably Housing (Almost) Half a Nation of Renters

America’s population of renters is growing faster than the supply of available rental units. Rental vacancies are reaching new lows, and rental rates are reaching new highs. Millions of former homeowners have lost their homes in foreclosure and, due to today’s much tighter mortgage underwriting realities, will not realistically re-enter the ranks of owner-occupants. For a number of reasons – variety of incomes, different stages in life, and a range of personal preferences and lifestyles – homeownership is not for everyone. And yet federal government housing policy has consistently prioritized homeownership over renter-specific issues, such as affordability and rental supply and distribution. State and local housing assistance programs are shockingly insufficient to meet ballooning needs. Reallocation of focus and funds at the federal level, however, could help grow the supply of rental housing and provide renters at all income levels a realistic chance of occupying quality and affordable rental housing, even in a “high opportunity” neighborhood. The government must first reorient its myopic housing policy focus away from an over-emphasis on building homeownership. It must free up government funds for use in support of affordable rental housing. In addition, government funds and agency efforts should be carefully allocated to increase the availability of housing assistance and government gap funding of affordable housing as well as to encourage private investment in the supply of affordable rental housing.

Pengaruh Sajian Program Berita Tatv Terhadap Kebijakan Pemkot Surakarta Dalam Memilih Media Publikasi

TATV is local television pioneer in Surakarta which has tried to present programs thatare beneficial and interesting for the community. Its existence provides an alternativeoption for the Local Government of Surakarta (Pemerintah Kota Surakarta) in the useof mass media as media publications, especially TATV news programs. This study aimedto assess whether TATV news programs affect to policies of the Local Government ofSurakarta in the prioritization of the use of the mass media as a means of publicationor not. This study was a qualitative descriptive research and the data analysis used theinteractive model. From the research that has been conducted showing that the newsprograms “Fokus Kita” in TATV can affect to policy of the Local Government of Surakartain terms of the changing in percentage in the use of mass media and changing in the useof funds allocation for the mass media as a means of publication.

Urban Solid Waste Generation and Management Issues Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal in the Kattankudy Urban Council Area, Sri Lanka

Urban solid waste management is a problem for local authorities of many cities in Sri Lanka,due to rapid population growth and changes in consumption patterns of urban households,leading to large quantity of solid waste generation. This paper addresses solid wastemanagement in the Kattankudy urban council area in Sri Lanka. The study used mainlysecondary data collected from the Urban Council office and some discussions with UCofficials dealing with waste management. Total waste generation per day was 37,368 kg, totalbio waste per day of 21,371 kg (57.20%), total Non-bio waste per day 15,829 kg (42.36%),and total special waste per day 168 kg (0.44%). Total waste generated per day was composedof bio waste of 21,371 kg (57.20%), total Non-bio waste of 15,829 kg (42.36%), and totalspecial waste of 168 kg (0.44%). The total waste generation per person per day was 0.753 kg,0.43 kg of biodegradable waste, 0.32 kg non-biodegradable waste and 0.003 kg special wasteper person per day. It was estimated that about 54% of the revenue collected by theKattankudy UC was being spent on solid waste collection activities, which has hindered useof funds for other essential service provision such as repairs to roads, water supply andsanitation facilities. Findings indicate that massive amounts of solid waste are generatedwhich are difficult to collect and dispose. Some policy issues are discussed for a better wastemanagement strategy.

Study Raises Questions About Measurement Of ‘Additionality,’Or Maintaining Domestic Health Spending Amid Foreign Donations

Donor nations and philanthropic organizations increasingly require that funds provided for a specific health priority such as HIV should supplement domestic spending on that priority-a concept known as "additionality." We investigated the "additionality" concept using data from Honduras, Rwanda, and Thailand, and we found that the three countries increased funding for HIV in response to increased donor funding. In contrast, the study revealed that donors, faced with increased Global Fund resources for HIV in certain countries, tended to decrease their funding for HIV or shift funds for use in non-HIV health areas. More broadly, we found many problems in the measurement and interpretation of additionality. These findings suggest that it would be preferable for donors and countries to agree on how best to use available domestic and external funds to improve population health, and to develop better means of tracking outcomes, than to try to develop more sophisticated methods to track additionality.

Ring-fencing a budget for cancer drugs: is it fair?

Ring-fencing is defined as protecting funds for use in a specific area. In the National Health Service in the UK, various methods to ring-fence cancer have been employed over the years; more recently the Cancer Drugs Fund in England has enabled cancer drugs that would not normally be considered cost-effective to be provided to patients. This has created variation in provision between England and the devolved countries. While some would argue that ring-fencing allows major advances to be made in the treatment of a particular condition, others would argue that it is intrinsically unfair. In this debate, Graham and Cassidy have written an article arguing the affirmative position and Hughes and Duerden were invited to respond directly to their arguments. As with all the RCPE's 'Current controversies', the authors have been asked to take a deliberately polarised position and so the views they express may be somewhat overstated.

Foreign Currency Exposure in the Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD) incurs numerous costs denominated in foreign currencies in fulfilling U.S. alliance and security agreements overseas. Between fiscal years 1993 and 1997, the DoD expended over $10.4 billion in foreign currencies to operate and maintain its overseas facilities, and estimates for fiscal years 1998 and 1999 are $5.4 billion. In line with the government’s general, risk‐neutral approach to financial risk, the DoD makes no attempt to control its foreign exchange exposure against currency fluctuations. As such, there are inevitable differences in amounts budgeted to fund the DoD’s overseas operations and amounts subsequently required to pay them. This paper examines the implications of DoD foreign exchange rate policy and applies an alternative approach to foreign exchange rate risk—one more in line with private‐sector practices and overall efforts to reform government operations. The results indicate that forward contracts would inject greater certainty into the budgeting and administration of these programs and might release limited defense funds for use elsewhere.

The Use of Blended and Flexible Funding in Part C Programs at the Community Level

The challenge of financing services is central to developing state and community systems for children ages birth to 3 years old and their families. A major barrier in the development of family–centered early intervention services is categorical funding for federal and state programs. Recently, the Subcommittee on Service Integration and Continuity of Services of the Federal Interagency Coordinating Council (FICC) made a series of recommendations on service integration. One of these recommendations identified the pooling or blending of funds as a major strategy for integrating services for families of infants and toddlers with disabilities. This article presents the results of a telephone survey designed to explore funding strategies being used in community–based programs serving Part C–eligible children and their families. The results of the survey pointed to two general funding sources: (1) pooling or decategorization of public funds, and (2) the use of donated/raised funds for use by one or more programs to pay for unmet needs. In addition, three funding mechanisms emerged as being important to funding issues: (1) public–private partnerships, (2) the creation of more accessible services, and (3) the reduction in administrative costs. Examples of the funding sources and mechanisms reported are described below.

The Two Percent Solution— Funding for Use of Computers

The Two Percent Solution— Funding for Use of Computers

User experience with MICROSIM—microprocessor program development system

Software written in a low level language (assembler) tends to be difficult to debug—microprocessors still lack high level languages and adequate user interface facilities. A partial resolution of this problem is to use a simulator on a mainframe to develop and debug microprocessor application programs, before transferring them to execute directly on the target machine. This paper describes MICROSIM — microprocessor program development system marketed by Pactel Ltd—from a user point of view. This system was purchased with Computer Board funds for use by all British universities. It is written in FORTRAN with machine dependent input/output routines and was originally available on the DEC PDP11, Honeywell Level 68 and Prime machines. The University of London Computer Centre agreed to convert MICROSIM to make it work on the Control Data Cyber machines, running either a NOS BE or a NOS operating system, on behalf of the Universities Control Data machine range software group. Although Pactel provided source versions for the following target microprocessors: Intel 8080 85 , Zilog Z80, Motorola 6800 and RCA Cosmac 1802, ULCC converted only the first three, the constraining factor being manpower. The experience described below was gained in the persuance of this conversion exercise and in attempting to reconcile the facilities of MICROSIM with the criteria for providing an acceptable service to ULCC's user community.

Whither Community Mental Health?

After a decade of virtually unquestioned federal support, the community mental health movement has been put on notice by the present administration that it will not receive federal funds in the future. The administration's rationale for cutting back on funding of community mental health centers is that the centers have made a laudable beginning effort toward treatment of the mentally ill and that now is the time for local communities to come forward and show how vital they perceive community mental health to be by picking up the financial burden of which the administration proposes to relieve itself. As late as 1971, the level of federal assistance to community mental health centers was still substantial. At that time more funds were received by community mental health centers from the federal government than from any other single source: more than a third of their financial support came from federal sources (National Council of Community Mental Health Centers, 1973a). Revenue sharing is frequently mentioned by administration officials as the new resource for community mental health centers. If necessary, the administration aims to impound funds earmarked by the various community mental health center acts for the support of centers. After this has been done, it is thought that local elected officials, who really know what is best for their constituents, will appropriate revenue -sharing funds, state tax monies, and local tax funds for use by community

DECISIONS AFFECTED BY SECTIONS 77A, 77AA AND 78 (I) (B) OF THE INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT

IN raising capital funds from their shareholders, it is essential that oil exploration companies in Australia give consideration to the provisions of the Income Tax Act. Certain sections of the Act have been designed to encourage the Australian public to subscribe funds for use in exploration for oil and other minerals by allowing deductions to the shareholders of the exploration companies provided the circumstances suit the provisions of the legislation.The majority of the investing public of Australia are aware that they may claim a deduction for moneys subscribed to an oil or other mineral exploration company provided that company lodges a declaration under Section 77A or Section 77AA of the Income Tax Act. Most are also aware that one third of calls paid to mining companies is an allowable deduction.The speakers propose to explore the areas of decision that management should consider when allowing shareholders a deduction under any of these sections and offer an interpretation of some of the complexities contained in the operations of these sections. These are questions of importance to a company interested not only in direct income tax benefits to its shareholders, but also in conserving maximum deductions for itself having regard to the long term benefits of shareholders.The operation of Sections 77A and 77AA is limited to funds received by companies prior to June 30, 1970. In the past, these sections have been extended for periods of three years and their extension beyond that date is a matter of government policy.

Infrared Absorption Spectra

The National Research Council has announced the formation of a new Committee on Infrared Absorption Spectra which is intended to take over the work of the Punch Card Committee of the Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy of Ohio State University. The latter committee has been actively keeping track of papers on spectroscopic subjects in, the published literature. The new committee is under the chairmanship of Wallace R. Brode, associate director of the National Bureau of Standards. Other members are E. Carroll Creitz, National Bureau of Standards, secretary; R. Robert Brattain, Shell Development Company; Bryce L. Crawford, University of Minnesota; Robert R. Hampton, U.S. Rubber Company; Lester E. Kuentzel, Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation; and James D. Stroupe, Rohm and Haas Company. Arrangements have been made for the committee to work in close collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards. Attempts are being made to solicit a rotating fund for use in reproducing infrared spectral and bibliography cards.