Fundamental Traits Research Articles

The Influence of Personality Traits on Teachers’ Communication Styles

Teachers' traits have a significant influence on their teaching perspectives, pupil retention, and satisfaction, while constant and effective communication is critical to improving the excellence of educational institutions (Dhillon & Kaur, 2023; James H. Stronge, 2018). Teachers' communication styles, which are influenced by their fundamental personality traits, have a direct impact on overall educational quality(Ahmed & Naqvi, 2015). Research has demonstrated that a teacher's personality may be an effective instrument for creating a good and productive learning environment (Ahmed & Naqvi, 2015; Dhillon & Kaur, 2023). The current study examined the influence of personality traits on teachers’ communication styles. Teachers' ideas, feelings, and credibility, molded by personality traits, are critical to their ability to transmit information and promote an effective learning environment (Buttner et al., 2015; Renta Davids et al., 2017). According to Costa et al. (1995) personality is permanent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that identify individuals, and it plays an important role in how educators interact with their students and approach education.

Millennials and generation Z employees’ financial knowledge and behaviour nexus perspective for public entities within eThekwini Municipality, South Africa

Financial knowledge and behaviour in millennials and Gen Z's turbulent and volatile environment are fundamental behavioural traits for a desirable work-life balance. They could contribute to work motivation and a comfortable social life. However, the financial knowledge, financial literacy and financial behaviour viewed from an organizational context are still far from homogeneity and linearity as Gen Y and Z have to navigate through challenging settings while thriving to enjoy financial and investment-balanced decision-making and problem-solving albeit limited disposable income against a plethora of spending pressures. This study explores the synergy between financial knowledge contribution and financial behaviour that culminates in sound investment prioritisation amongst Gen Y and Z professionals in the employment of public entities. The study used the qualitative research approach to unpack the challenges facing Gen Y and Z from fifteen professionals in navigating a prosperous financial future. The findings revealed that the existential restrictive nature of the economic climate and the sluggish economic growth, characterised by the heightened cost of living and inflationary pressure, have not exempted Gen Y and Z, while the broader society is experiencing the worst unemployment. The findings also revealed that even though the participants are in relatively well-remunerating positions from their respective positions, their financial knowledge and commensurate financial literacy could be superseded by actual financial behaviour, which is symptomatic with the current era of rampant price increases on almost every product, assets and purchases which are meant to improve their standard of living and stable quality of life.

Swimming kinematics of deep-sea fishes.

Although the deep oceans represent Earth's largest habitat, the challenges of studying deep-sea organisms in situ have limited our understanding of adaptation, ecology, and behaviour in these important ecosystems. One fundamental trait of fishes that remains largely unexplored in the deep ocean is swimming, a vital process for movement, migration, and dispersal in marine habitats. Deep-sea conditions such as temperature, pressure, and food availability could each impact the speed and efficiency of swimming in fishes. To investigate swimming kinematics of fishes with increasing depth, we analysed in situ video of bony fishes across a 6000-m depth gradient. We compared open-source videos of fishes from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Ocean Exploration with tank-based recordings of shallow-water relatives from Puget Sound, Washington, USA to understand how both habitat depth and phylogeny influence swimming in fishes. We analysed kinematics in four dominant demersal fish groups, the orders Anguilliformes, Gadiformes, Ophidiiformes, and Perciformes. Deep-sea fishes swam consistently slowly. Swimming kinematics varied across temperature, oxygen, body elongation, and depth. These results suggest that swimming kinematics do not change linearly with increasing habitat depth in fishes and that the impacts of deep-sea conditions such as low temperatures, high pressures, and low nutrient availability on swimming behaviour need to be considered independently of one another. These findings provide insight into the evolution of fish form and function in the deep ocean.

The Relationship Between Smile Type, Dental Composition, and Personality Traits in Young Adults

Introduction. This study investigates the complex interplay between dental compositions, smile styles, and personality traits in young adults seeking oral and dental care, guided by the Visagism paradigm. Methods. A total of 150 young adult volunteers aged 18-35 years participated in the study. The participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess personality traits. A survey containing various personality characteristics was administered to determine the participants’ fundamental personality traits, with respondents encouraged to indicate the traits they most closely identified with honestly. Based on the survey responses, individuals were categorized into one of four main personality groups: melancholic/sensitive, sanguine/dynamic, choleric/strong, and phlegmatic/peaceful. Subsequently, a careful clinical examination was conducted to assess each patient’s tooth form, smile style, and the visibility of teeth and gums at different smile stages (stages III and IV). Statistical analysis was then conducted. Results. Oval tooth forms (36%) and the commissure (Mona Lisa) smile style (72.5%) were most frequently observed, aligning with previous research. Notably, women exhibited a higher prevalence of a melancholic temperament. However, the study found no significant relationship between self-reported personality traits and dental compositions or smile styles. Conclusions. The study did not confirm a significant association between personality traits and smile styles or dental forms. While the findings align with existing research, they highlight the complexity of the Visagism paradigm, emphasizing the need for further investigations into the relationship between temperament and dental aesthetics.

Aero-thermodynamic responses of a novel FGM sector disks using mathematical modeling and deep neural networks

Composite sector disks have extensive applications in aerospace industries, particularly when exposed to challenging conditions such as supersonic airflow and thermal environments. These applications leverage the superior properties of composite materials, including high strength-to-weight ratios, enhanced durability, and excellent thermal resistance, to meet the stringent requirements of aerospace operations. Multi-directional functionally graded (MD-FG) materials due to high-temperature resistance and other amazing properties in each direction have gotten plenty of attention recently. So, in this research, a thermoelasticity solution has been presented to study fundamental frequency traits of an MD-FG sector disk in supersonic airflow via both mathematics simulation and deep neural networks technique. For obtaining exact displacement fields, along with defining the changes of transverse shear strains along the system's thickness, the refined zigzag hypothesis is utilized. For obtaining the temperature-dependent equations, heat conduction relation and thermal boundary conditions of the MD-FG structure are presented. A coupled quasi-3D new refined theory (Q3D-NRT) and generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) are presented for obtaining and solving the partial differential equations in the time-displacement domain. After obtaining the mathematics results, appropriate datasets are made for testing, training, and validation of the deep neural networks technique. Finally, the results have shown that aerodynamic pressure, temperature changes, Mach number, free stream speed, and air yaw angle have a major role in the stability/instability analyses of the thermally affected MD-FG sector disk in supersonic airflow. As an amazing outcome, increasing the sector angle, FG indexes, and temperature change lead to the reduction of the critical Mach number, and aerodynamic pressure associated with the flutter phenomenon.

Fully protected marine areas linked to reduced home ranges of fishes

AbstractHome range size is a fundamental trait that can affect the probability of fish being harvested and, at the same time, may be affected by fishing. The relationship between home range size and fishing will impact the effectiveness of fully protected areas (FPAs), as it will influence the number of fish moving into fished areas, affecting both spillover and edge effects. One hypothesis is that individuals within FPAs will present reduced home range size relative to individuals in fished areas. This pattern can be driven by demographic selection (e.g. fishing of individuals with large home ranges leaving the FPAs), improved habitat requiring less foraging movements, or behavioural changes associated with reduced fishing threats. To test the relationship between home range size and protection, we compiled 1143 individual‐level home range sizes based on acoustic tracking, covering 17 species from 11 FPAs in 7 countries, with information on distance from FPA borders. A dichotomic analysis (in/out of FPAs) did not support a significant change in the home range size between FPAs and fished areas. However, continuous analysis across the FPA borders demonstrated reduced home range size within the FPAs. We did not find an effect of FPA age or size on this pattern. While we cannot pinpoint the underlying mechanism for the pattern revealed, we suggest behavioural changes as the main driver for reduced home range within FPAs. This mechanism will lead to more resident populations within FPAs, reducing fishing mortality within FPAs yet limiting spillover benefits to adjacent fisheries.

Biochar amendment alleviates soil microbial nitrogen and phosphorus limitation and increases soil heterotrophic respiration under long-term nitrogen input in a subtropical forest

Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) inputs substantially affect soil microbial functions. However, the influences of long-term N and C additions on soil microbial resource limitation and heterotrophic respiration—fundamental microbial functional traits—remain unclear, impeding the understanding of how soil C dynamics respond to global change. In this study, the responses of soil microbial resource limitation and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to 7-year N and biochar (BC) additions in a subtropical Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantation were investigated. We used eight treatments: Control, no N and BC addition; N30, 30 kg N (ammonium nitrate)·hm−2·a−1; N60, 60 kg N·hm−2·a−1; N90, 90 kg N·hm−2·a−1; BC20, 20 t BC (originating from Moso bamboo chips) hm−2; N30 + BC20, 30 kg N·hm−2·a−1 + 20 t BC hm−2; N60 + BC20, 60 kg N·hm−2·a−1 + 20 t BC hm−2; and N90 + BC20, 90 kg N·hm−2·a−1 + 20 t BC hm−2. Soil microbes were co-limited by N and phosphorus (P) and not limited by C in the control treatments. Long-term N addition enhanced soil microbial N and P limitation but significantly reduced soil Rh by 15.1 %–20.0 % relative to that in the control treatments. BC amendment alleviated soil microbial N and P limitation and significantly decreased C use efficiency by 10.9 %–42.1 % but increased Rh by 33.6 %–91.6 % in the long-term N-free and N-supplemented treatments (P < 0.05). Soil C- and N-acquisition enzyme activities were the dominant drivers of soil microbial resource limitation. Furthermore, microbial resource limitation was a more reliable predictor of Rh than soil resources or microbial biomass. The results suggested that long-term N and BC additions affect Rh by regulating microbial resource limitation, highlighting its significance in understanding soil C cycling under environmental change.

Thai Habitus in Contemporary Society: Paving the Way for Tackling Inequality

Abstract This paper examines the habitus of contemporary Thailand based on the concepts developed by Pierre Bourdieu and their operationalisation to Thai society developed by Boike Rehbein's principles, which explain how contemporary habitus is linked to social inequality and mobilisation participation. Thailand has two key social structures: precapitalist and capitalist. Both create and reproduce different types of habitus. The paper used a mixed-methods research approach to analyse social inequality and challenges in Thailand since 2019. Data collection was conducted during the years between 2021 and 2022 from 400 surveys and fifteen qualitative interviews. The paper proposes eight habitus types rooted in Thai social structures with seven characteristics for explaining contemporary Thai society. The pre-capitalist structure generates the following habitus types: subsistential, traditionalist, and powerful (phuyai). The capitalist structure generates the following types: desperate, individualist, aspirant, and content creator. Between these two structures is the conformist. All habitus types share some characteristics. Authoritarianism is the fundamental trait of the predominant habitus types in Thai society, which are interconnected with social structures, thereby reflecting the consequences of social inequality and mobilisations. The demographic most affected by social inequality is the desperate group, but a more significant habitus for mobilisation participation is that of content creator, which is considerably small now but is likely to increase. Traditionalist and conformist groups are less likely to protest and, to a lesser degree, this is true of the subsistential and powerful types. Moreover, rationales of being affected by social inequality and reacting differently are distinct characteristics of each type, and socio-economic positions interplayed with social media influences.

Developing Future Teachers’ Creativity as a Crucial Element of Systemic Work in the Neuropedagogical Environment

The article highlights the crucial role of creativity as a fundamental trait for today’s educators. It is vital for devising innovative solutions, developing new educational technologies and engaging students in meaningful learning experiences. As the world evolves rapidly, teachers must be responsive to these changes. Creativity helps teachers address challenges during the educational process and foster student participation. Today’s students are more independent and seek involvement rather than passively receiving information. Creative teachers are, therefore, better equipped to create environments that promote independent work and innovation. Creativity is a critical success factor, enabling individuals to generate ideas and solve problems. Teachers should focus on enhancing students’ creative skills to help them thrive in the future. Simultaneously, a structured approach within the neuropedagogical environment can help nurture creative skills in future teachers. This process must be holistic, incorporating a range of methods and techniques. Such an approach will equip future teachers to teach effectively and mentor students in today’s world. Thus, the article defines creativity as a vital aspect of pedagogical practice and examines strategies for enhancing creative skills among future teachers within the neuropedagogical environment.

Role of MicroRNA-204 in Regulating the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: An Update.

microRNA-204-5p (miR-204) is a small noncoding RNA with diverse regulatory roles in breast cancer (BC) development and progression. miR-204 is implicated in the instauration of fundamental traits acquired during the multistep development of BC, known as the hallmarks of cancer. It may act as a potent tumor suppressor by inhibiting key cellular processes like angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, invasion, migration, and metastasis. It achieves this by targeting multiple master genes involved in these processes, including HIF-1α, β-catenin, VEGFA, TGFBR2, FAK, FOXA1, among others. Additionally, miR-204 modulates signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT and interacts with HOTAIR and DSCAM-AS1 lncRNAs, further influencing tumor progression. Beyond its direct effects on tumor cells, miR-204 shapes the tumor microenvironment by regulating immune cell infiltration, suppressing pro-tumorigenic cytokine production, and potentially influencing immunotherapy response. Moreover, miR-204 plays a crucial role in metabolic reprogramming by directly suppressing metabolic genes within tumor cells, indirectly affecting metabolism through exosome signaling, and remodeling metabolic flux within the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to present an update on the current knowledge regarding the role of miR-204 in the hallmarks of BC. In conclusion, miR-204 is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in BC, emphasizing the need for further research to fully elucidate its complex roles in orchestrating aggressive BC behavior.

Widespread changes in gene expression accompany body size evolution in nematodes.

Body size is a fundamental trait that drives multiple evolutionary and ecological patterns. Caenorhabditis inopinata is a fig-associated nematode that is exceptionally large relative to other members of the genus, including Caenorhabditis elegans. We previously showed that C. inopinata is large primarily due to postembryonic cell size expansion that occurs during the larval-to-adult transition. Here, we describe gene expression patterns in C. elegans and C. inopinata throughout this developmental period to understand the transcriptional basis of body size change. We performed RNA-seq in both species across the L3, L4, and adult stages. Most genes are differentially expressed across all developmental stages, consistent with C. inopinata's divergent ecology and morphology. We also used a model comparison approach to identify orthologues with divergent dynamics across this developmental period between the 2 species. This included genes connected to neurons, behavior, stress response, developmental timing, and small RNA/chromatin regulation. Multiple hypodermal collagens were also observed to harbor divergent developmental dynamics across this period, and genes important for molting and body morphology were also detected. Genes associated with transforming growth factor β signaling revealed idiosyncratic and unexpected transcriptional patterns given their role in body size regulation in C. elegans. This widespread transcriptional divergence between these species is unexpected and maybe a signature of the ecological and morphological divergence of C. inopinata. Alternatively, transcriptional turnover may be the rule in the Caenorhabditis genus, indicative of widespread developmental system drift among species. This work lays the foundation for future functional genetic studies interrogating the bases of body size evolution in this group.

A Specific Class of Harmonic Meromorphic Functions Associated with the Mittag-Leffler Transformation

This article uses the Mittag-Leffler transformation to explore a specific category of harmonic meromorphic functions. The Mittag-Leffler transformation is a crucial tool for analysing meromorphic functions and provides essential properties and insights into their behavior. The main focus of this study is on harmonic meromorphic functions that can be represented by the Mittag-Leffler transformation. Furthermore, this research introduces an innovative derivative operator that incorporates this transformation into the domain of harmonic meromorphic functions. The Mittag-Leffler transformation is widely recognised as a powerful technique for analysing various mathematical functions, especially those with fractional order derivatives. It improves our understanding of harmonic meromorphic functions and their inherent characteristics. The research findings highlight the effectiveness of this new derivative operator in unraveling the complexities of these functions. They provide valuable insights into their behavior and fundamental traits. Additionally, the study offers coefficient inequalities, the distortion theorem, distortion bounds, extreme points, convex combinations, and convolution analyses specifically tailored to functions within this particular class.

Expansion of learning capacity elicited by interspecific hybridization.

Learned behavior, a fundamental adaptive trait in fluctuating environments, is shaped by species-specific constraints. This phenomenon is evident in songbirds, which acquire their species-specific songs through vocal learning. To explore the neurogenetic mechanisms underlying species-specific song learning, we generated F1 hybrid songbirds by crossing Taeniopygia guttata with Aidemosyne modesta. These F1 hybrids demonstrate expanded learning capacities, adeptly mimicking songs from both parental species and other heterospecific songs more extensively than their parental counterparts. Despite the conserved size of brain regions and neuron numbers in the neural circuits for song learning and production, single-cell transcriptomics reveals distinctive transcriptional characteristics in the F1 hybrids, especially in vocal-motor projection neurons. These neurons exhibit enrichment for nonadditively expressed genes, particularly those related to ion channel activity and cell adhesion, which are associated with the degree of song learning among F1 individuals. Our findings provide insights into the emergence of altered learning capabilities through hybridization, linked to cell type-specific transcriptional changes.

Navigating uncertainty in maximum body size in marine metazoans.

Body size is a fundamental biological trait shaping ecological interactions, evolutionary processes, and our understanding of the structure and dynamics of marine communities on a global scale. Accurately defining a species' body size, despite the ease of measurement, poses significant challenges due to varied methodologies, tool usage, and subjectivity among researchers, resulting in multiple, often discrepant size estimates. These discrepancies, stemming from diverse measurement approaches and inherent variability, could substantially impact the reliability and precision of ecological and evolutionary studies reliant on body size data across extensive species datasets. This study examines the variation in reported maximum body sizes across 69,570 individual measurements of maximum size, ranging from <0.2 μm to >45 m, for 27,271 species of marine metazoans. The research aims to investigate how reported maximum size variations within species relate to organism size, taxonomy, habitat, and the presence of skeletal structures. The investigation particularly focuses on understanding why discrepancies in maximum size estimates arise and their potential implications for broader ecological and evolutionary studies relying on body size data. Variation in reported maximum sizes is zero for 38% of species, and low for most species, although it exceeds two orders of magnitude for some species. The likelihood of zero variation in maximum size decreased with more measurements and increased in larger species, though this varied across phyla and habitats. Pelagic organisms consistently had low maximum size range values, while small species with unspecified habitats had the highest variation. Variations in maximum size within a species were notably smaller than interspecific variation at higher taxonomic levels. Significant variation in maximum size estimates exists within marine species, and partially explained by organism size, taxonomic group, and habitat. Variation in maximum size could be reduced by standardized measurement protocols and improved meta-data. Despite the variation, egregious errors in published maximum size measurements are rare, and their impact on comparative macroecological and macroevolutionary research is likely minimal.

DETECTION OF WIRELESS NETWORK ATTACKS USING SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE

The security and integrity of computer networks are seriously threatened by network assaults. Keeping a safe network environment requires the capacity to anticipate and stop these threats. Supervised machine learning methods have become powerful instruments for attacking network traffic and spotting patterns that point to malicious behaviour. We provide an in-depth examination of supervised machine learning methods for network attack prediction. We gather the data, preprocess it, extract pertinent features, and structure it so that machine learning algorithms may use it.We assess these algorithms' performance. To understand the fundamental patterns and traits of network assaults, we look at how interpretability the trained models are. This enables network managers to comprehend the types of threats and create suitable. Keywords - Network Attacks, Supervised Machine Learning, Network security,Network traffic analysis, Malicious behavior detection, Feature extraction,Machine learning algorithm,Model interpretability,Network attack patterns,Network defense strategies,Naive Bayes Algorithm, Ridge Classfier ,Random Forest Classfier

Drift drives the evolution of chromosome number II: The impact of range size on genome evolution in Carnivora.

Chromosome number is a fundamental genomic trait that is often the first recorded characteristic of a genome. Across large clades, a common pattern emerges: many or even most lineages exhibit relative stasis, while a handful of lineages or species exhibit striking variation. Despite recent developments in comparative methods, most of this heterogeneity is still poorly understood. It is essential to understand why some lineages have rapid rates of chromosome number evolution, as it can impact a variety of other traits. Previous research suggests that biased female meiotic drive may shape rates of karyotype evolution in some mammals. However, Carnivora exhibits variation that this female meiotic drive model cannot explain. We hypothesize that variation in effective population size may underlie rate variation in Carnivora. To test this hypothesis, we estimated rates of fusions and fissions while accounting for range size, which we use as a proxy for effective population size. We reason fusions and fissions are deleterious or underdominant and that only in lineages with small range sizes will these changes be able to fix due to genetic drift. In this study, we find that the rates of fusions and fissions are elevated in taxa with small range sizes relative to those with large range sizes. Based on these findings, we conclude that 1) naturally occurring structural mutations that change chromosome number are underdominant or mildly deleterious, and 2) when population sizes are small, structural rearrangements may play an important role in speciation and reduction in gene flow among populations.

Does Fantastic Reality Ability Differ Across Personality Prototypes?

Human personality is based on five fundamental traits, and these traits appear to cluster in three different prototypes (i.e., resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled prototypes). A growing body of research suggests that persons with these prototypes differ in mental health and well-being. We set out to identify if clusters differ in the use of imagination to cope with stress and uncertainty (i.e., Fantastic Reality Ability). For this study, we recruited 398 Israeli adults during the second COVID-19 lockdown, before the vaccine was available; participants were recruited and provided responses online including the FRAME (i.e., Fantastic Reality Ability Measurement). Cluster analyses indicate Israeli participants present with three distinct personality clusters or prototypes similar to research conducted in North America and Europe. Clusters significantly differ in FRA abilities (i.e., control, playfulness, coping, transcendence). That is, the resilient prototype reported higher control, playfulness and coping, and lower transcendence compared to the over- and undercontrolled. Future research should examine FRA in psychotherapy to further understand the clinical utility of this individual difference over time.

The genetics of niche-specific behavioral tendencies in an adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes.

Behavior is critical for animal survival and reproduction, and possibly for diversification and evolutionary radiation. However, the genetics behind adaptive variation in behavior are poorly understood. In this work, we examined a fundamental and widespread behavioral trait, exploratory behavior, in one of the largest adaptive radiations on Earth, the cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika. By integrating quantitative behavioral data from 57 cichlid species (702 wild-caught individuals) with high-resolution ecomorphological and genomic information, we show that exploratory behavior is linked to macrohabitat niche adaptations in Tanganyikan cichlids. Furthermore, we uncovered a correlation between the genotypes at a single-nucleotide polymorphism upstream of the AMPA glutamate-receptor regulatory gene cacng5b and variation in exploratory tendency. We validated this association using behavioral predictions with a neural network approach and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

The Evolution of Body Size in Terrestrial Tetrapods

Body size is a fundamental trait in evolutionary and ecological research, given that it varies allometrically with several relevant features, such as life-history and physiological traits. Although previous studies uncovered many intriguing patterns, finding general principles of body size evolution in vertebrates has been elusive. In this study, we take advantage of recent advances in phylogenetic comparative methods and the availability of large-scale datasets to explore body size evolution in terrestrial vertebrates. Ancestral character estimation and disparity-through-time plots showed considerable variation in body size evolution, both across lineages and over time. In addition, regardless of the corresponding taxon, posterior predictive simulation demonstrated several consistent ways in which body size evolution in those groups departed from constant-rate models, namely: (1) there was considerable rate heterogeneity within each taxon, (2) there was a positive relationship between body size and its rate of evolution (i.e., large-bodied animals evolved faster than small-bodied ones), and (3) faster evolutionary rates near the present. Finally, geographical mapping of body mass and evolutionary rates revealed some similarities across taxa, but no clear latitudinal trends. Overall, these results indicate that there may be general patterns in the body size evolution on large scales in terrestrial vertebrates, with some intriguing taxon-specific differences.

Cam or professor Lee? How instructor seniority and address term influence student perceptions in the United States

AbstractIn this research, we explore the effect of college instructors' use of formal versus casual titles on student perceptions as a function of the instructors' academic ranks. We conducted two studies: the first surveying students to study their expectations and preferences of formality and rank, and the second using experimental manipulations of title formality and instructor rank to examine the effects on student perceptions of instructors and their classes. Our data indicate that a full professor is perceived more favourably than a graduate assistant when using a casual title (their first name). Conversely, the pattern goes the opposite when they use a formal title. These insights were assessed through course favourability and enrolment intention and were rooted in two fundamental individual traits: competence and approachableness. In addition, the effects are less pronounced for students with previous exposure to the course content, suggesting course experience as a moderator. This study offers guidance on student–instructor interactions and provides insights for educators in presenting themselves through different titles.