Fundamental Physical Constants Research Articles

Space Viscosity and Fundamental Constants

Fundamental constants in physics, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, are usually considered to be constant over time and space. This means that their value does not change with the expansion of the universe. Constants determine all the properties and behaviors of the cosmos, and any change in them would lead to the formation of a universe with new physical characteristics. The constants of physics in an expanding universe have always been a research challenge. In this context, some models suggest these constants may vary over time due to changes in the conditions of the cosmos; however, these theories have not yet been widely accepted by the scientific community. Fundamental forces in the universe are interactions that govern the behavior of matter and energy at the most elementary level. For example, the gravitational field, which follows the universal constant of gravity, clearly demonstrates its effect on large cosmic structures. According to the theory of general relativity, gravity is the result of distortions in space-time created by mass and energy. Moreover, gravity interacts with a specific type of matter in the universe known as dark matter. In fact, from the perspective of cosmologists, it is believed that this type of matter consists of hypothetical fundamental particles that do not emit electromagnetic radiation, such as light, and can be detected through their gravitational effects on visible matter and the large-scale structure of the universe. In conventional cosmology, dark energy can also be considered as a cosmological constant, is fundamentally a characteristic of space itself, which possesses a constant negative pressure and, contrary to gravity, causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. Dark energy is a dynamic quantity that can vary over time and space. However, T-Consciousness Cosmology posits that space has viscosity, and does not consider it constant. In other words, this viewpoint sees gravity as a result of the contraction of space (space viscosity) caused by the mass of light matter (ordinary matter). Additionally, this perspective introduces different types of dark matter (solid-like, liquid-like, gas-like), stating that dark matter is representative of high levels of space viscosity that envelopes massive objects or galaxies. Consequently, dark matter corresponds to high space viscosity and dark energy to low space viscosity. Moreover, both dark matter and dark energy not only possess gravitational properties but also act as the glue that holds massive cosmic objects and structures together. Due to the positive pressure it exerts within the isolated spherical cosmos, dark energy is recognized as one of the factors that drive cosmic expansion, effectively counteracting gravity. T-Consciousness Cosmology introduces a viscosity coefficient of space, ranging from infinity in the Cosmic Black Hole to zero at the Terminal Edge of the Cosmos (the final stage of space Rebound). Furthermore, this perspective argues that the speed of light varies in different viscosities of space, such that in areas of high viscosity, light's frequency increases and its wavelength decreases, slowing down the speed of light, and the opposite occurs in areas of low viscosity. Consequently, the speed of light is not constant throughout the cosmos due to the variability of space viscosity. The speed of light increases significantly higher than its currently calculated speed as the cosmos approaches its final stage of Rebound. It is important to note that while the notion of variable light speed is present in mainstream science, the approach taken by T-Consciousness Cosmology is distinctively different from these theories.

Effect of Extreme Variations of Fundamental Constants on the Structure of Atoms and Molecules.

The fundamental constants (FCs) of physics are promoted to dynamic quantities in modern theories. So far most of the literature focused on small fractional variations in the values of FCs. In this paper, we investigate the novel regime of extreme but transient variations of FCs. We focus on the speed of light (c) and show that its variation can dramatically change the electronic structure and chemistry of atoms and molecules. These changes are induced by increased relativistic effects when c is reduced from its nominal value. To model these changes, we solve the fully relativistic Dirac equation at different values of c. We show that at extreme variations of c, the periodic table is truncated, the nominal ground states of atoms can change, water fails to serve as a universal solvent, and the ammonia molecule becomes planar.

Theory of melting lines.

Our understanding of the three basic states of matter (solids, liquids, and gases) is based on temperature and pressure phase diagrams with three phase transition lines: solid-gas, liquid-gas, and solid-liquid lines. There are analytical expressions P(T) for the first two lines derived on a purely general-theoretical thermodynamic basis. In contrast, there exists no similar function for the third, melting, line (ML). Here, we develop a general two-phase theory of MLs and their analytical form. This theory predicts the parabolic form of the MLs for normal melting, relates the MLs to thermal and elastic properties of liquid and solid phases, and quantitatively agrees with experimental MLs in different system types. We show that the parameters of the ML parabola are governed by fundamental physical constants. In this sense, parabolic MLs possess universality across different systems.

Cold molecules in H I 21 cm absorbers across redshifts ∼0.1–4

Absorption lines at high-redshift in front of quasars are quite rare in the millimeter (mm) domain. Only five associated and five intervening systems have been reported in the literature. Nevertheless, these discoveries provide very useful information that is complementary to emission lines, allowing, for instance, to distinguish between inflows and outflows. These lines are also good candidates for studying the variations of the fundamental constants of physics. Here we report the findings of our search for CO and other molecules in emission and absorption in front of a sample of 30 targets, comprising 16 associated and 14 intervening H I 21 cm absorbers. The observations were made with the IRAM-30 m telescope simultaneously at 3 mm and 2 mm, exploring several lines of the CO ladder and HCO+, depending on the redshift. We detected eight targets in emission, of which five are new. The derived molecular gas masses range from 109 to 7 × 1011 M⊙ and the highest redshift detection (z = 3.387) corresponds to a relatively average-metallicity damped Lyman-α absorber for this redshift. We also report four new detections in absorption. Two of the associated CO absorption line detections at high-redshift (z = 1.211 and 1.275) result from high-spatial-resolution follow-up observations with NOEMA. The disparity between the mm molecular and H I 21 cm absorption lines for these and another intervening system detected in HNC at z = 1.275 is attributable to radio and mm sight lines tracing different media. We compare the atomic and molecular column densities of 14 known high-redshift (z > 0.1) molecular absorption line systems. The associated H I absorption lines are broad and exhibit multiple components, and the molecular absorption generally corresponds to the broader and weaker 21 cm absorption component. This indicates two distinct phases: one near galaxy centers with a larger CO-to-H I abundance ratio, and another with lower molecular abundance in the outer regions of the galaxy. In comparison, intervening absorption profiles correspond primarily to H I-dominated gas structure in galaxy outskirts, except for gas at low impact parameters in gravitationally lensed systems. The comparison of interferometric and single-dish observations presented here shows that the detection of absorption requires sufficient spatial resolution to overcome the dilution by emission and will be an important criterion for mm follow-up of 21 cm absorbers from ongoing large-scale surveys.

A mass scale law connecting cosmophysics to microphysics

We introduce different mass scales corresponding to the Universe, fermion stars, mini boson stars, Planck black holes, the electron, the neutrino, and the cosmon. These mass scales are obtained by combining the maximum mass of fermion stars, boson stars and soliton stars set by quantum mechanics and general relativity with the Eddington relation connecting the mass me of the electron to the cosmological constant Λ. In this manner, we can express the mass of these objects in terms of the fundamental constants of physics G, c, ħ and Λ. By normalizing the mass Ma of these objects by the Planck mass MP, we find that Ma/MP∼χa/6, where χ∼ρP/ρΛ∼10120 is the “largest large number” in Nature (the ratio of the Planck density on the Einstein cosmological density) and a=3,2,1,0,−1,−2,−3 for the Universe, fermion stars, mini boson stars, Planck black holes, the electron, the neutrino, and the cosmon respectively. This formula suggests an interesting symmetrical mass scale law connecting cosmophysics (Universe, fermion stars, mini boson stars) to microphysics (electron, neutrino, cosmon). A generalization of this law including the earth mass and another neutrino mass scale is proposed. We highlight an accurate form of Eddington relation me≃α(Λħ4/G2)1/6 or Λ≃G2me6/α6ħ4=α−6(me/MP)6lP−2, where α=e2/ħc≃1/137 is the fine structure constant, and provide different heuristic derivations of this relation. We consider another relation Λ=Gc(mΛ∗)4/ħ3=(mΛ∗/MP)4lP−2, where mΛ∗=(Λħ3/Gc)1/4 is the neutrino mass. We relate these relations to the two expressions of the vacuum energy density given by Zeldovich in 1968. We suggest that the dark energy particle (cosmon) of mass mΛ=ħΛ/c could be a quantum of mass and entropy so that Λ=mΛ2c2/ħ2=(mΛ/MP)2lP−2. We relate the large number 10120 to the total number of degrees of freedom (or number of cosmons) in the universe. Finally, we give hints how to possibly solve the cosmological constant problem, the cosmic coincidence problem, and the large number coincidence problem.

A new look at the fundamentality of physical constants based on the results of experimental achievements in physics of the 21st Century

The article presents experimental evidence of the dependence of the values of fundamental physical constants on five fundamental interactions, as well as the polarization of the physical vacuum.

Speed, human reality, and the ribovirocell of human existence in the COVID19 and post-COVID19 space-time

In this follow up paper, the ribovirocell concept from the first part of the study is linked to the ontological realm of human reality before, during and in the aftermath of COVID19. During this fluid space-time, human reality is multi-faceted and often very complicated. The authors present a division of the reality into fundamental reality and situational reality. Fundamental reality is based on the (physical) laws of nature such as the speed of light as a fundamental physical constant. This reality spans beyond the course of time as perceived by humans, which is beyond the duration of a single or multiple human lifespans and beyond the duration of the COIVD19 pandemic. Next to fundamental reality and overlapping with it, exists the situational reality, which humans experience directly themselves during their lifetime(s). Actions of humanity and of individual human beings contribute to the shaping of the situational reality. Examples of the situational reality can be e.g. experiencing atrocities that humanity has committed, humanity’s actions to prevent such atrocities in the future, as well as human progress in eliminating poverty/inequality in the world. At least, some aspects of human lives take place at the boundary between the fundamental and situational reality. The COVID19 pandemic is linked to the concepts and the boundary between the fundamental and situational reality that human’s experiences, such as speed of pandemic impact and shifting nature of reality. The ribovirocell state of one’s self is linked to the way to apply the speed as a threshold concept for resilience in the coronavirus space-time and the post-COVID19 world.

Low-temperature small-angle electron-electron scattering rate in Fermi metals

Abstract Low-temperature elementary conductivity formula in Fermi metals is reviewed starting from Ohm’s law. This provides the background needed to understand why and how the equations exploited are complicated due to effective mass effect and complex scattering rate even in the presence of small-angle electron-electron scattering at low temperatures. Using the mathematical conditions and physical arguments exploited to derive the Drude conductivity formula, we arrive at our main result—the analytic scattering rate formula at low temperatures that gives rise to the famous T 2 dependence without any ad hoc constants. Our derivation formally proves that the formula, 1 / τ = ( A / ℏ ) ( k B T ) 2 / E F $1/\tau =\left(A/\hslash \right){\left({k}_{\text{B}}T\right)}^{2}/{E}_{\text{F}}$ first guessed by Ashcroft and Mermin to be correct where A = N impurity/4π 2 and N impurity is the number of impurities (or scattering centers) present in a given sample. We also highlight the discovery of a new fundamental physical constant, λ Arulsamy = 3 ℏ 2 ( 4 π ϵ 0 ) 2 / m el e 4 ${\lambda }_{\text{Arulsamy}}=\left[3{\hslash }^{2}{\left(4\pi {{\epsilon}}_{0}\right)}^{2}\right]/\left[{m}_{\text{el}}{e}^{4}\right]$ that associates quantum mechanical energy with that of thermal energy, and is also related to Rydberg constant.

Bayesian model selection: Application to the adjustment of fundamental physical constants

Bayesian model selection: Application to the adjustment of fundamental physical constants

Equations for Fields with Additional Fundamental Physical Constants

Equations for Fields with Additional Fundamental Physical Constants

Constraints on fundamental physical constants from bio-friendly viscosity and diffusion.

The problem of understanding fundamental physical constants and their values was discussed in particle physics, astronomy, and cosmology. Here, I show that an additional unexpected insight comes from condensed matter physics and liquid physics in particular: Fundamental constants have a biofriendly window constrained by biofriendly viscosity and diffusion setting the motion in essential life processes in and across cells. I also show that bounds on viscosity, diffusion, and the fundamental velocity gradient in a biochemical machine can all be varied while keeping the fine-structure constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio intact, with no implication for the production of heavy nuclei in stars. This leads to a conjecture of multiple tuning and an evolutionary mechanism.

Fundamental constants explain submillimeter liquid shear forces.

From fundamental physical constants to the identification of liquid shear elasticity, over the past decade, new ways have emerged to understand viscosity.

On the Construction of a Set of Fundamental Physical Constants of Unit and Zero Dimensions

On the Construction of a Set of Fundamental Physical Constants of Unit and Zero Dimensions

Three Analytical Relations Giving The Speed of Light, The Planck Constant and The Fine-Structure Constant

The fundamental physical constants are at the root of physics theories, but no theoretical framework provides their experimental values. In addition, they are assumed to be independent of each other. Here, we present two valuable dimensionless numbers based on vacuum properties and fundamental constants. The value of these dimensionless numbers provokes questioning, since they are of order 101. In particular, they mean that it is possible to build a velocity and a parameter homogeneous to the Planck constant of the same order as the speed of light and the Planck constant respectively, only based on five well-known physical parameters. These formulas are very unlikely to be two coincidences and suggest that the parameters involved depend on each other. They also seem to indicate that light is a material wave and quantum mechanics is a deterministic theory. A link between these numbers and the fine-structure constant is also established.

Editorial

Editorial

Self-Consistent Extraction of Spectroscopic Bounds on Light New Physics

Fundamental physical constants are determined from a collection of precision measurements of elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. This is usually done under the assumption of the standard model (SM) of particle physics. Allowing for light new physics (NP) beyond the SM modifies the extraction of fundamental physical constants. Consequently, setting NP bounds using these data, and at the same time assuming the Committee on Data of the International Science Council recommended values for the fundamental physical constants, is not reliable. As we show in this Letter, both SM and NP parameters can be simultaneously determined in a consistent way from a global fit. For light vectors with QED-like couplings, such as the dark photon, we provide a prescription that recovers the degeneracy with the photon in the massless limit and requires calculations only at leading order in the small new physics couplings. At present, the data show tensions partially related to the proton charge radius determination. We show that these can be alleviated by including contributions from a light scalar with flavor nonuniversal couplings.

Natural line profile asymmetry

The paper discusses the line profile asymmetry of the photon scattering process that arises naturally in quantum electrodynamics (QED). Based on precision spectroscopic experiments conducted on hydrogen atoms, we focus our attention on the two-photon 1s − 2s transition. As one of the most precisely determined transition frequencies, it is a key pillar of optical frequency standards and is used in determining fundamental physical constants, testing physical principles, and searching constraints on new fundamental interactions. The results obtained in this work show the need to take into account the natural line profile asymmetry in precision spectroscopic experiments.

Spacetime variation of the s and c quark masses

Space-time variation of fundamental physical constants in expanding Universe is predicted by a number of popular models. The masses of second generation quarks are larger than first generation quark masses by several orders of magnitude, therefore space-time variation in quark masses may significantly vary between each generation. We evaluate limits on variation in the s and c quark masses from Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Oklo natural nuclear reactor, Yb+, Cs and Rb clock data. The construction of 229Th nuclear clock is expected to enhance these limits by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, constraints are obtained on an oscillating scalar or pseudoscalar cold dark matter field, as interactions of the field with quarks produce variations in quark masses.

Theoretical Calculation of the Gravitational Constant Using The Elementary Charge, Speed of Light, Z Boson Mass, and Relativistic Mechanics

The gravitational constant is an unchanging quantity included in the law of universal gravitation. The value of this constant is known much less accurately than other fundamental physical constants, which is due to the experimental difficulties of measuring it. Here we report a simple method for the theoretical calculation of the gravitational constant using the elementary charge, speed of light, Z boson mass, and relativistic mechanics.

Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters

Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity; 2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant; 3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light; 4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α); 5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters; 6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity); 2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.