Fundamental Particles Of Matter Research Articles

The case of the missing quarks

They are the most fundamental particles of matter. But do quarks even exist? Joshua Howgego investigates

The Classical Theory of Light Colors: a Paradigm for Description of Particle Interactions

The color is an interaction property: of the interaction of light with matter. Classically speaking it is therefore akin to the forces. But while forces engendered the mechanical view of the world, the colors generated the optical view. One of the modern concepts of interaction between the fundamental particles of matter – the quantum chromodynamics – aims to fill the gap between mechanics and optics, in a specific description of strong interactions. We show here that this modern description of the particle interactions has ties with both the classical and quantum theories of light, regardless of the connection between forces and colors. In a word, the light is a universal model in the description of matter. The description involves classical Yang-Mills fields related to color.

A class of relativistically rigid proper clocks

The principles of proper time-keeping are considered and it is noted that an ideal solution may be represented by a system of helical null lines in 4-space. This construction is translated into 3-space and it is shown that it may be interpreted as a self-contained and coherent system of waves having a well defined boundary. These waves benefit the de Broglie components which interfere to form a rotating particle. Three configurations are considered. In each of these the localised wave system has two components of energy, one of which is at rest in the chosen frame and the other is circulating relative to it. These proper clocks appear to have very many of the properties of fundamental particles of matter and yet they are formed from non-particulate waves. It is finally suggested that the de Broglie waves in these particular configurations may be intrinsically of the same substance as electromagnetic waves trapped in an unfamiliar rotating configuration following a cataclismic event which has squeezed the fields together into a condensed, rotating state which is non-linear in its radial geometry and from which they cannot escape. The stable entities are an example of pure non-particulate matter which may also be applicable on a cosmic scale.

Wave mechanical inertia and the containment of fundamental particles of matter

It is shown that the form of a non-dispersive wave mechanical packet representing a rotating particle of matter has a sharp and finite boundary in the equatorial plane and is entirely consistent with earlier models of phase-locked cavities. The latter have been shown to possess the properties of inertia without the need of Mach's principle. Hence, it appears that the origin of inertia for all finitely bounded particles of matter lies in the feedback process that is intrinsic to phase-locked particles. The sharp bounding of the wave mechanical packet befits models of some elementary particles and may shed light on the remarkable process whereby the actions of quantum phenomena are concentrated into particular space-time events and are not diluted over large regions of the Universe.

Death, Where Is Thy Distinguishing?

Paradox may turn out to be the most characteristic contribution of twentiethcentury science. Who among the wider public could ever have imagined that when physicists began to subject their well-worn concepts of light and velocity to a thoroughgoing theoretical examination, they would end up by having two astronauts, armed with identical yardsticks and passing each other at nearly the speed of light, each discovering that the other's yardstick was half the length of his own? Or that the protons, neutrons, and electrons that were the fundamental particles of matter itself had at times to be thought of as waves extending through space? We may once have thought that such insults to common sense stemmed only from physicists (whom we half suspected of wanting to blow us all up anyhow). During the past ten years or so, unfortunately, our common sense has been forced to take a dose

Leibniz's Principle of The Identity of Indiscernibles: A False Principle

In considering the possibility that the fundamental particles of matter might violate Leibniz's Principle, one is confronted with logical proofs that the Principle is a Theorem of Logic. This paper shows that the proof of that theorem is not universal enough to encompass entities that might not be unique, and also strongly suggests that photons, for example, do violate Leibniz's Principle. It also shows that the existence of non-individuals would imply the breakdown of Quine's criterion of ontological commitment.

Mechanics of mass and energy

This paper investigates consequences of two philosophical assumptions. One is that fundamental particles of matter are describable mathematically as fluid dynamic states in the ether. The other is that in such descriptions there is no unique ether fluid to be used, but rather various equivalent mathematical descriptions of a given phenomenon can be found using different ether fluids chosen within some specified constraints. To give credence to the philosophical assumptions we explore some properties of compressible-fluid sinks. We determine their interactive and overall inertial properties, and compare these to those of electrons. This comparison yields a tentative mechanical interpretation of the basic nature of the Lorentz transformation, charged particles, the electromagnetic fields and relativistic dynamics. The findings suggest that a mathematical description of such phenomena may be found within the field of classical fluid dynamics.

Apparent Recession of Nebulæ and the Nature of Radio Stars

IN a recent communication1m, a brief summary was given of the quantitative evidence in favour of the whirl theory of light and matter, according to which the whole physical universe is the manifestation of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves, wherein the fundamental particles of matter are represented as integral solutions of Maxwell's equations in vacuo, in cylindrical co-ordinates, extended from a low limit of the variable parameter of the integrant solution to infinity (the ‘compound whirl’), while the photons are represented by the same kind of solution but with a finite upper limit (the ‘fragment’). The system of electromagnetic waves represented by the integrant solution was called the ‘simple whirl’1b,1j. The energy of a fully realized compound whirl is finite, notwithstanding its infinite extension in space, and therefore the fundamental particles of matter are stable1b,1j. On the other hand, the total energy of a fully realized fragment would be infinite and therefore it can only be partially realized at the emission and then spread transversally asymptotically tending to its full realization and, at the same time, it must move in the axial direction asymptotically (though with great rapidity) tending to the theoretical ‘Velocity of light’1j. Thus the photon can be regarded as a fragment of a fundamental particle of matter. Its emission, however, does not affect the stability of the emitting fundamental particle, because the upper limit of the integral solution that represents it remains infinite after the emission and only the lower limit becomes slightly higher; its total energy remains finite. The quantum relationship at the emission is determined by Maxwell's electrodynamics1j,f-l,a.

Deflexion of Light in the Gravitational Field of the Sun

ACCORDING to the whirl theory of light and matter1, the whole physical world is the manifestation of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves. The fundamental particles of matter, and the photons, are represented by integral solutions of Maxwell's equations in vacuo, in cylindrical co-ordinates. For the former the integral is taken from a very low limit of the variable parameter of the integrant solution to infinity, while in the latter the interval of integration is much smaller. The forces are determined from the standard equations of classical dynamics as the derivatives of the exchange integrals of electromagnetic fields of interacting entities with respect to parameters defining their mutual position. The necessary condition of physical validity of these forces is the synchronism between the fundamental frequencies of the entities or their sub-harmonics. In the case of gravitation the sub-harmonics are due to the ‘micro-precessions’ of the entities, of about 8.3 × 10−7 sec.−1, caused by their inherent eccentricity of about 10−10 h/mc. In this very slow motion the wave-length of de Broglie's waves (which are inherent in these solutions of Maxwell's equations) is about 1012 cm. They are called the ‘macrowaves’ The macrowaves produce the mutual synchronization of micro-precessions. The resultant macrowaves of thus synchronized particles constituting large axially symmetrical bodies, such as the Sun or the planets, form co-axially revolving wave systems with radial standing waves. The orbits of planets are situated in the troughs of the latter.