Fundamental Ideology Research Articles

액션러닝 기반 종교교육의 설계 방향: 원광대학교 교양과목을 중심으로

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to explore the a design guideline of Action learningbased religious education. As a poetic study for teaching-learning design that can interact with learners in the era of de-religionization, it proposes a way for ‘Religion and Won Buddhism’, an essential liberal arts course at Wonkwang University, to achieve educational effects such as active participation of learners while conforming to the doctrinal basis and educational ideology of Won Buddhism. [Contents] This study explores the fundamental ideologies that should be referenced for the design of teaching-learning and establishing the tasks of religious education of Won Buddhism, focusing on ‘Il-Won (一圓)’, ‘Fourfold Grace (四恩)’, and ‘Four Essentials(四要)’ in this study. And based on this, the direction of operation of Action learning-based ‘Religion and Won Buddhism’ is explored. [Conclusions] Through action learning-based religious education, this study discussed the learner’s subjectivity as a ‘Il-Won’, the network of ‘Grace’ between educational members, and the role establishment of instructors and learners based on the ‘The Wise Mas First’. In particular, practical methods such as small group activities using Action learning were explored, and an educational direction was suggested to pursue religious knowledge through the daily life of learners.

체코 교육의 전통과 의미

The Czech Republic has recognized the importance of education from an early age and has made efforts to establish concepts and ideas for this purpose. In the case of the Czech Republic, the main ideas of Czech education were established through the Middle Ages and the Baroque period, and that tradition was unified in the late 19th century and became the fundamental ideology of policy. Although this tradition was temporarily interrupted through the process of communism and changes occurred in Czech educational policies after the transition, the educational ideas and traditions that underlie them remain unchanged. The ideological and philosophical background of Czech education begins with Jan Hus, who set an example of the fundamental spirit of education, which is the restoration of humanity, and of putting this into practical action. And this idea developed through Petr Chelčický, who laid the framework for the idea of peace through ‘non-violence’. This development continues through J. A. Comenius(J. A. Komenský), who has the title of father of pedagogy, who emphasized the ‘pan-educational thinking’ that humans can and should be educated without conditions, regardless of gender, race, and ethnicity. His ‘peace education ideology’ and pedagogical theory and system became the starting point for creating ‘international cooperation and system’ in education. The ‘humanistic ideas’ and efforts toward education that they emphasized have been passed down to modern President T. G. Masaryk, and form the core ideas of Czech education in the future, and have a powerful influence in forming the consciousness and identity of the Czech people. When the Czech Republic became a Soviet bloc, there was a time when it deviated from its traditions and legacy, such as the centralized education system, but after the reform, it sought to return to an essential and fundamental system, and the change was also based on the spirit of Hus and Comenius of the past.

The future of Afghanistan under Taliban-led regime: challenges and likely scenarios

Since the takeover of the Afghan Taliban, there has been a lack of cohesion on the internal and external front and critical issues, including international recognition, the question of ethnicity, inclusive government, human rights, internal and external security, economy, and regional implication of the security and insecurity. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the likely challenges for the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Being the centre stage of the regional security complex and the diverse ethnic composition, Afghanistan remains an active ground for various fundamental ideologies. The Tehreek Taliban Pakistan (TTP) elements are freely roaming in Afghanistan, along with the news that the Islamic State of Khorasan (ISK) has regrouped itself in various parts of Afghanistan. The questions of terrorist groups are a major concern for the world and the neighbouring states of Afghanistan. Political legitimacy and international recognition are significant challenges for the Taliban regime. Similarly, economic problems and human rights violations are also critical challenges for the Taliban regime. Maintaining good relations with neighbouring states is crucial in ending the diplomatic isolation of the Taliban regime. All these are essential questions for the Taliban regime and the world, and this study has attempted to investigate and analyse possible solutions.

전인교육의 재조명과 미술과 교육과정의 구성 방향

This study began with the purpose of reexamining the meaning of humanity in situations of human crisis and chaos and exploring the direction of implementing whole person education in modern school education. I searched Research Information Sharing Services for studies related to whole person education conducted over the past 10 years (2014 to 2023) and found about 190 results. Among these, an analysis of the studies related to art education revealed that three ideologies, including holistic education, German neo-humanism, and aesthetic human, were being discussed as theoretical backgrounds. An analysis frame-work was developed by extracting elements of whole person education from these ideologies, and based on this, I analyzed how the whole person education ideology is being implemented in the 2022 revised art curriculum. As a result, n the 2022 revised art curriculum, elements of whole person education were parti-ally and fragmentarily reflected. Curriculum documents should be described in sentences containing philos-ophy based on the fundamental ideology, values, and contexts pursued in whole person education.

The Transmission of Fundamentalist Ideology in the Method of Legal Ijtihad: A Study of Ahmad Hassan's Interpretation of the Qur'an in the Book al-Furqon

This article is the result of a literature review on the book "al-Furqan" by Ahmad Hassan, focusing on how fundamentalist ideologies are transmitted through the method of legal ijtihad in his interpretation. The research explores two main aspects: first, how A. Hassan's fundamentalist ideology is transmitted through the method of legal ijtihad, and second, how A. Hassan's interpretation practices of legal verses are presented in the book. Using a qualitative method, the researcher collected and analyzed the book "al-Furqan" as the primary data source. Additionally, a review of related books, scholarly articles, and other literature was conducted as secondary data sources. The research findings indicate that A. Hassan, while leaning towards textual interpretation, does not deny contextual approaches in some cases, particularly concerning Islamic law. It is noteworthy that his arguments are often based on opinions from various legal schools (mazhab). He also integrates various approaches according to the context of Islamic law, demonstrating the dynamic and adaptive nature of his ijtihad. The legal ijtihad method developed by Hassan offers a flexible framework rooted in fundamental Islamic principles, allowing its application in various contexts and situations. The study provides insights into how A. Hassan's interpretative approach can enhance understanding of religious texts and their application in modern contexts, showcasing the diversity and richness of thought within the Islamic intellectual tradition.

Przestępczość zorganizowana jako źródło finansowania terroryzmu na przykładzie Al-Kaidy i Państwa Islamskiego. Analiza porównawcza

Organized crime as a source of terrorism financing on the example of Al‑Qaeda and Islamic State. Comparative analysis Terrorist organizations based on the ideology of Islamic fundamentalism are increasingly involved in various criminal activities in order to generate income for their own functioning and continuation of terrorist activity. These include: money laundering, human trafficking, drug and arms smuggling, cybercrime, illegal tax systems, extortion, robbery, trade in cultural monuments etc. Al‑Qaeda and the Islamic State are the most prominent examples of Islamist terrorist groups with extremely extensive and diverse financial systems. The aim of the article is to analyze the process of financing fundamentalist terrorist organizations of Al‑Qaeda and the Islamic State from the sources coming from organized crime. The study also attempts to describe and analyze financing of terrorist activities, its classification, as well as sources of financing of Al‑Qaeda and ISIS, with particular emphasis on criminal proceeds and their comparison in terms of similarities and differences.

The Ideology of the State and Direction of Development as the Foundation of Public Policy: Islamic Perspective

Pancasila, Indonesia's fundamental ideology, was declared during the presidency of Soekarno and subsequently solidified by Soeharto, continuing to influence the administrations of Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, and Joko Widodo. Throughout its history, Pancasila has evolved into both a moral and practical basis for the nation's development. In the era of the New Order, Indonesia implemented the Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara (GBHN) as a comprehensive development plan with short--, medium--, and long-term goals aimed at achieving national welfare. This plan laid the groundwork for subsequent administrations, such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo, to execute the Plan of National Development Medium Term (RPJMN) for the periods of 2010-2014 and 2014-2019. Looking ahead, Indonesia will soon adopt the New National Development Plan (2019-2024) with ambitious goals, including eradicating poverty, eliminating hunger, improving healthcare, and enhancing the quality of education. All these development plans are firmly rooted in Pancasila as the foundational ideology of the Indonesian state. Both Pancasila and the National Development Plan serve as the cornerstone for formulating and constructing public policies in Indonesia. From an Islamic perspective, public policy aligns with the concept of maslahah al-ammah, which refers to the general benefit or welfare of the people. This overarching concept encompasses principles such as legal certainty, equal rights, balanced rights and obligations, professionalism, fair treatment, transparency, accountability, targeted support for vulnerable groups, efficiency, speed, and affordability. These principles are inherently guided by Islamic teachings, ensuring that public policies are in harmony with the values of justice and social welfare.

Confronting Propaganda

Education is facing a critical threat as those in positions of authority utilize propaganda to advance and promote an exclusionary worldview that serves their own interests. This essay focuses on one such misinformation campaign, which seeks to limit the rights of transgender individuals, including their very existence—a cause championed by right-wing politicians. The paper investigates how the American educational system fuels discrimination towards marginalized bodies, particularly transgender people, and suggests performative pedagogy as a strategy to counteract this oppression.
 The essay begins by examining how the concept of performative pedagogy is used in contemporary drag shows and how deeply ingrained the idea of white supremacy is in transgender oppression. Through case studies, the paper shows how performative pedagogy serves as a powerful counter to the fundamental ideology of hatred. It explains how, through performative pedagogy, marginalized voices can be strengthened and serve as an effective communication tool for influencing society’s future by expressing what cannot be spoken through actions. This study argues that equipping today’s children with performative pedagogy enables them to withstand the challenges that they may face and helps them become more resilient in the face of difficulties. It draws attention to the fundamental responsibility of educators to teach for the benefit of society and to provide students with the skills necessary to face and overcome the challenges that will be used against them. Through the embracement of performative pedagogy, contemporary society can raise and foster a generation that actively opposes the oppressive forces that are reinforced and perpetuated by those in power.

Salafi Islamic Education: Teaching Methods, Traditions and Ideologies in Lombok Boarding Schools

This research highlights the urgency of investigating teaching methods and curricula in Salafi educational institutions, specifically Ma'had Dar al-Qur'an and al-Hadith al-Majidiyyah al-Syafi'iyyah Nahdlatul Wathan Lombok. Despite the rapid development of modern curriculum and teaching methods, this institution maintains a traditional approach with seated learning and a classical curriculum. This study is a qualitative research focusing on literature and sources related to conventional Salafi education. The findings are as follows: Firstly, the institution's traditions persist, maintaining the study of classical Islamic texts through talaqqy or halaqah, teacher reverence, knowledge transmission, moral behavioral norms, and haflah. Secondly, the fundamental ideology is rooted in Islam, ahl al-Sunnah wa al-jama'ah, influenced by the theological thoughts of Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Asya'ri and Abu Mansur al-Maturidi in Aqeedah and the philosophical thoughts of Imam al-Ghazali and Imam Junaid al-Baghdadi in Sufism. Thirdly, the Institute's vision is to produce knowledgeable Islamic cadres proficient in the Quran, Hadith, and Salafusshalih texts. This research provides valuable insights into Salafi Islamic education in Lombok and its broader implications for education and society, enriching our understanding of the dynamics of Salafi Islamic education in a specific local context.

Navigating the Fundamentalism/ “Usulia” Nexus: Contextualization and Acceptance

This article undertakes an examination of the contentious issue surrounding the translation of "fundamentalism" to "Usulia," with a specific focus on the divergent perceptions of this concept among both Muslims and non-Muslims. Through historical exploration and conceptual analysis, the study aims to illuminate the various perspectives regarding the usage of "Fundamentalism/Usulia" within an Islamic context. Drawing from an analysis of pertinent literature and scholarly discourse, it becomes apparent that despite attempts to incorporate fundamentalist ideologies into the “Usulia” framework, most Islamists vehemently reject this translation, perceiving it as perpetuating a negative Western stereotype. The article delves into the theological, social, and political factors that underpin these differing stances, along with their implications for Islamic movements. By providing insights into this ongoing debate, the research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the internal diversity within Islamic thought and the intricate relationship between fundamentalism as a Western concept and “Usulia” in contemporary Islamic discourse.

The salafi da’wa movement in Jakarta from the perspective of media glocalization

Salafi is a transnational Islamic movement. In Indonesia, the spread of Salafism is influenced by graduates from the Middle East. As a conservative movement, the Salafi community in Jakarta has been different from its early days. Today they are a movement that enjoys modernity and negotiates its ideology. This research aims to investigate and analyze the occurrence of glocalization on the global ideology of the Salafi movement with local aspects in Jakarta, and to what extent this glocalization influences the transformation of their dakwah media to localize their ideology for acceptance on a local scale. This research uses the theory of glocalization through media by Jan Servaes and Rico Lie. The first concept of glocalization through media theory explains it from a transformationalist perspective. Second, this theory explains hybridization in glocalization. Third, it explains globalization, localization, and cultural identity. The three concepts in this theory become a reference in research related to the Salafi da'wah movement in Jakarta. The results of the discussion and analysis of the glocalization media of the Salafi da'wah movement in Jakarta show that in responding to globalization, the Salafi community at the Nurul Iman Blok M Square Mosque is transformationalist. They hybridize their global ideology by negotiating the Pancasila ideology which is a local ideology so that the process of glocalization of da'wah can be accepted by the local community. Through the media, one of their preachers also hybridizes ideology with a display that represents local symbols by wearing a black skullcap or national cap that is identical to the Indonesian cultural cap. Salafi communities in Jakarta also hybridize their fundamental ideology with media products as global or Western products in the context of media glocalization.

‘Taliban’s Rise’ and the South Asian Anxiety: India’s Strategic Recalibration

The Asian security crisis vis-a-vis Afghanistan and the unravelling regional dynamics are undoubtedly security concerns for the South Asian (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka) region. This is leading to a future, predicting intensifying geopolitical strife and emerging uncertainties causing crucial dynamics for South Asia. Re-emergence of the Taliban with the rebooting of its fanatic and orthodox ideologies may severely impact the South Asian region. Taliban’s handholding with Al-Qaeda and other fundamental terrorist organisations in the region will breathe more life to the radical groups and the separatists inspiring them to be more dominant in the region. The porous and the disputed borders with the ethnic connections within the region will make it easy to establish a robust mechanism, for the growth of the Taliban’s fundamentalist ideologies across South Asian countries. Another significant and the most crucial dynamic is Afghanistan and Pakistan’s coupling that has been the most dreaded confluence over the decades. This relation has been highly convoluted and has been the facilitator of various terrorist organisations in the past. In the recent perspective, this fusion will be giving more drastic leverages to the militant organisations posing a severe threat before South Asian countries. The bond between the Taliban factions and the active terrorist outfits in Kashmir in India will vigorously facilitate resources in the form of more recruits and weapons providing more power to these groups. The proposed study will be divided into two parts the first part will explore India’s posture in ensuring peace and stability in the region and the second part will deal with a probe into New Delhi’s recalibration of strategies vis-a-vis Afghanistan in the present context.

Intrinsic conflicts within ethnic and religious issues in France

In contemporary France, there are intense conflicts that involve both ethnic and religious issues. These conflicts provide an opportunity to study the many challenges involved in the construction of national communities and the governance of nation-states in the West. In the case of France, the continued exacerbation of the ethnic and religious problems is undeniably rooted in a range of factors both historical and current. However, the fundamental factor is that certain dominant ideologies and their value claims clash with the diverse and pluralistic nature of contemporary French society. To a certain extent, the disciplining on French society from these ideologies has distorted and contradicted it across multiple levels. Closely intertwined with ethnicity and religion, these issues predominantly manifest in the Muslim community. The notion of the “civic nation” in particular persistently excludes the notion of the “ethnic nation”. As a result, Muslims face identity dilemmas as an ethnic minority, leading to ethnic conflicts. Furthermore, in France, religious practices continue to deconstruct secular principles. This results in a crisis of secularism and further exacerbates the dispute between Muslims and indigenous society. These two fundamental ideologies, along with numerous associated conflicts, have profoundly influenced how ethnic and religious issues evolved in France, posing a significant challenge to France’s national identity.

KHILAFAH STATE VERSUS NATION-STATE

This article aims to discuss the discourses and debates on Khilafah system in Muslim countries and how it transforms into a nation-state system, specifically in Indonesia. These dicourses and debates include the contestation and trends in the connection between Islam as a religion and Indonesia as a nation-state, which reemerged after the ban of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) in 2017 and The Front of Islamic Defenders (Front Pembela Islam/FPI) in 2020 accordingly under President Jokowi’s administration. This article employs descriptive qualitative analysis to investigate the historical sequences of the discourses and debates on the genealogy, contestation, and relation between the Khilafah system and the nation-state system in Indonesia to uncover the fundamental ideology which underlines the conflicting interests in the debate. It operates the historical-sociological approaches to examine the data collected from books, articles, journals, and newspapers which contain the opinions of the prominent Muslim scholars gearing the dynamic discourses and debates on the nation-state system and Khilafah system. This article, therefore, attempts to demonstrate how Khilafah system idea emerged after the death of the prophet Muhammad and how this idea was contested by Muslim scholars and leaders today. This article suggests that in the struggle of ideology, thought, and movement inside the Muslim countries including Indonesia, the Khilafah system and the system of nation-state came into conflict. Further, the two forms of engagement between Islam and the nation-state are driven by nationalism.

From Local Conflicts to Global Terrorism: Can Refugees and Regional Security Problems Jeopardise the Renewal of Kenya

Over the last decade or so the African continent has continued to experience political changes of monumental proportions. Monumental not only because of the drastic restructuring of social and economic and political spaces, but also because of the introduction of new forms of politics and political actors. These changes were driven a great deal by the developments in the global system, in particular, the demise of the Soviet Union as a nation and super power, the triumph of the market, and more importantly, the end of the Cold War. In relation to these changes, the African continent has equally been characterisedby a succession of large-scale refugee movements, internal population displacements and mass repatriation movements. In a number of countries – Angola, Burundi, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Somalia, for example, large proportions of the population have been uprooted, forced to abandon their homes by communaland ethnic conflict, persecution and violence. Most of these refugees have ended up in Kenya with a number of arms or religious fundamental ideologies. The process has witnessed an influx of arms in Kenya, helping fuel intra-ethnic and inter-border conflicts. Kenya has witnessed massive devastating terrorist attacks beginning with the bombings of the US Embassy and now Kenya has become an easy prey and target for terrorist activities. The reasons for this trend have been a concern for academics around the globe. A close look at intra-state conflicts in East Africa reveals a common pattern, for example: rebellion against central authority; inter-communal ethnic or religious conflicts; sporadic short lived conflicts related to resource around livestock; and generalised violence which is banditry-related. This study is a historical investigation of the development of

김정은 집권 이후 북한 경제 관련 법령의 변화

JAfter Kim Jong-il died in December 2011, his son Kim Jong-un implemented various economic reform measures to solve North Korea's economic problems, and accordingly, significant changes occurred in North Korean economy-related laws. The purpose of this article is to analyze the changes in North Korea's economy after Kim Jong-un came to power, focusing on North Korean laws and regulations. Since the enactment of the Socialist Constitution in 1972, the fundamental ideology of the North Korean economy has been ‘socialist relations of production(nationalization of the means of production)’, ‘independent national economy’, and ‘planned economy’, which have been maintained even after Kim Jong-un took power. However, after Kim Jong-un came to power, North Korea adopted a new method of economic management called the “socialist corporate responsibility management system,” which was also specified in the 2019 amended constitution. The Socialist Enterprise Responsible Management System granted “actual management rights” to enterprises, and as a result, the autonomy of enterprises was greatly expanded. In particular, enterprises and farms were able to plan and produce on their own under the names of 'enterprise index' and 'farm index', respectively, and decide the price to sell, which is a significant change in the socialist planned economy. can be said However, it is questionable how much the socialist responsible management system can achieve in a situation where the ownership and management of enterprises are not separated. Various measures to improve the economy have been implemented since the early days of Kim Jong-un's reign, and the results are being completed and organized through the revision of relevant laws and regulations. From the time Kim Jong-un came to power until 2019, North Korean economy-related laws were mainly revised in the direction of expanding the management rights and autonomy of enterprises and farms. However, after 2020, it has changed in the direction of strengthening control over enterprises and society as a whole. As a result, there is a possibility that the autonomy of enterprises or private economic activities will shrink in the future. It is necessary to pay attention to changes in North Korea's economy-related laws in the future.

Implementasi Karakter Pancasila melalui Tradisi Sambatan pada Masyarakat di Kabupaten Blitar

Abstract: Indonesia is a country with Pancasila national character and has different traditions in each region. One is the splice or sambatan tradition that grows and develops in the community. This study aims to elaborate (1) the Paradigm of the Pancasila Character, (2) The Concept of the sambatan tradition in Society (3) The manifestation of the Pancasila character in the sambatan tradition. Researchers used a descriptive qualitative approach to collect data. Pancasila is the fundamental ideology used as the rationale for establishing and running the Indonesian state. As a Basic Ideology, Pancasila is used as a guideline for the character of life in culture, society, nation, and form. Indonesia has various traditions in different regions, one of which is in East Java. More precisely, in Blitar Regency, there is a tradition called sambatan with the definition of activities carried out in the community and solidarity among community members in working together to repair or build a house. Through various cultures in Indonesia, there is a tradition that contains values or rules for good moral behavior from the past to the present. This sambatan tradition focuses on social values that exist in society. This splice tradition is driven by a principle of reciprocity which means that those who have helped will receive help back from those who have been satisfied. Through this principle, services are exchanged in the context of helping to support. The Pancasila character embodied in Pancasila values is manifested through the “sambatan” tradition in the people of Blitar Regency

When Religious Folk Practice Meet Karl Marx: Courts’ Response to Ghost Marriage in Modern China

As religious folk practice is regarded as a radical departure from Marxist atheism, the abnormal existence of ghost marriages under the Chinese socialist regime has attracted wide scholarly attention in anthropology and sociology. However, few scholars have focused on how Chinese courts treat religious folk practices, such as ghost marriages, despite the official socialist ideology. Based on the typological analysis and case study involving 260 ghost marriage cases, the authors argue about the judicial activism of Chinese courts towards atheist ideology in religious folk practices. The findings of this study are twofold. First, the Chinese courts’ attitudes toward ghost marriage cases are pluralistic, reflecting the Chinese legal system’s selective obedience to the socialist ideology. Through the application of different legal interpretations of relevant laws, Chinese courts have shown three attitudes towards ghost marriages: encouragement, tolerance, and suppression. The first two attitudes can be regarded as supportive supervision of religious folk practice. Three factors tended to affect the courts’ attitudes towards ghost marriages: courts’ hierarchical level, parties’ claims, and whether ghost marriage rituals are performed. Second, further analysis suggests that RPC’s guerrilla-style governance strategy in the Chinese legal system allows it to deal with ghost marriage with more flexibility, even overriding its fundamentalist ideology. The guerrilla-style tactic is often used by the Chinese courts to handle matters of religious folk practices in a pluralistic manner. Overall, the courts’ pluralistic attitudes towards ghost marriage is that of modest tolerance and cooperation of religious folk practices based on the RPC’s model of governance.

О допустимости субординации требований аффилированных кредиторов в делах о банкротстве физических лиц

The article deals with pros and cons concerning applicability of the rules of subordination of the claims of affiliated persons in case of personal insolvency. The author reaches the conclusion that the rules of true subordination in case of personal insolvency cannot apply because of the fundamental ideology underlying the subordination rules in Russian law.

Clash of Ideology in Orhan Pamuk’s Snow: A Perspective of Post-Colonialism

The research represents and reflects human life in the framework of the long struggle to achieve the identity of the ideology and belief as a symbol of culture and civilization in the constellation of the dynamical rationality of human life. It is colored with the issues of hegemony and dichotomy of the fundamental ideology and belief in the context of intervention of the individual, collectivity of certain societies, institutions, as well as the presence of the state in the clash and disparity of the implementation of ideology.Content analysis in this article uses qualitative approach and interpretative method, applying the perspective of post-colonial through the main step of binary-opposition by describing these two paradigms of the ideology had been contradictory in such a way as to cause the psychological conflict and social conflict in the dynamics of community life. Keywords: Clash, Ideology, Snow, Post-Colonialism DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-6-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2023