Fundamental Attitudes Research Articles

The ontological status of moral reasons

In Morality and Metaphysics, Larmore outlines a metaphysical conception of normative reasons in general, and moral reasons in particular, that he defines as “platonistic”. In accordance with this conception, all reasons for thought and action would belong to an ontologically objective domain, insofar as their mode of existence would be, in Searle’s words, independent of any perceiver or mental state. The main objective of the present paper is to criticize this conception. To this end, it will be argued, on the one hand, that Larmore’s conception is totally inadequate to deal with a specific kind of normative reasons, namely agent-relative reasons; and, on the other, that even if it recognizes the reflective stance as an inseparable aspect of morality, it tends to underestimate what this means ontologically speaking. As will become apparent in a clear Strawsonian vein, morality’s normative force would rest to a great extent on some fundamental attitudes and dispositions we cannot do without as human beings.

Role of Worry and Attitude in Determining Pro Environment Behaviour in Young Indians

The relation between ever increasing population and consumption habits with accelerated deterioration of environment is well established. Lifestyle and consumption patterns impact environment in a direct and indirect way by putting demands on production process. With climate change becoming critical in recent years, studying environment attitudes and behaviours has become important. Addressing environmental crisis at local or global level also call for studying fundamental attitudes and emotions that shape pro-environment behaviour. The goal of this paper is to study the (1) impact of environmental concern and worry on pro-environment behaviour and to (2) evaluate differences on the basis of education and gender. Based on the sample of 190 young individuals, measures of environmental concern, worry and PEB will be used to find the correlation, regression and group differences.

A Qualitative Analysis of Knowledge Levels, Perceived Susceptibility, and Perceived Severity Surrounding Anal Cancer and Human Papillomavirus.

When examining health literacy and disease specific knowledge levels across ethnicities and communities, ethnic minority groups are known to be at a higher risk of being below the average health literacy threshold which is a factor linked to poor health status and higher mortality rates. This study examined disease specific knowledge levels, perceived severity, and perceived susceptibility surrounding anal cancer and HPV-related screening behaviors. The following research questions were explored: (1) "What are the common themes and/or beliefs when asked about anal cancer, HPV, and preventive screening?" and (2) "What are the common themes and beliefs surrounding the severity and susceptibility of contracting anal cancer?". This study utilized a cross-sectional design to survey 26 individuals regarding their knowledge level and perspectives regarding anal cancer and HPV. An 8-question survey was developed de novo based on an application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) elements. This study employed thematic analysis to explore critical themes to construct a model to understand knowledge levels, attitudes, and risk perceptions regarding anal cancer and intention to participate in preventive screenings. The fundamental attitudes and themes related to anal cancer risk and intention to participate in preventative screenings were elicited using a qualitative descriptive technique. Coded data was utilized to analyze themes based on (1) knowledge and (2) perceived risk, both severity and susceptibility. Overall, the findings indicate very low levels of knowledge regarding screening, anal cancer, and HPV across all genders. The low levels of anal cancer and HPV knowledge were seen in 13 coded segments (50% of surveys) which showed no familiarity with or comprehension of HPV, and 4 coded segments indicated no familiarity with anal cancer. In addition, 15 respondents (57%) had low or no preventive or screening-related knowledge. While some respondents (46%) illustrated high perceived severity for anal cancer, only 23% indicated high perceived susceptibility for anal cancer. The results from this study may be used to inform practitioners, providers, and policymakers in developing interventions addressing low levels of understanding and disease specific knowledge surrounding anal cancer in support of creating a standardized health screening procedure.

The Importance of Timing, Fundamental Attitudes, and Appropriate Interventions as Key Aspects of Chaplain Suicide Prevention: A European Expert Panel of Mental Health Chaplains.

An expert panel consisting of six mental health chaplains from several European countries was convened to ascertain the specific contribution of mental health chaplains to suicide prevention, and to generate good practices for suicide prevention. Three themes emerged: (1) the importance of timing; (2) fundamental attitudes of the chaplain towards the patient, and (3) appropriate interventions.

Bryusov-lyrics' Genre in a Translation Dialogue with French Symbolism

The subject of the study is an intertextual dialogue between V.Y. Bryusov and Paul Verlaine based on the poem "Croquis parisienne" ("Parizhskoe croquis"). The object of the research is the ways and means of forming intertextual and intercultural dialogue in poetic translations of the Silver Age. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the unique word usage of the word "croquis" in the use of V.Y. Bryusov, reinforcing the conclusions with quotations from the National Corpus of the Russian language. Special attention is paid to the exclusive use of the word "croquis" as a genre mark, which corresponds to the extensive tactics of mastering genres by V.Y. Bryusov both in translations and in original poetry. The main conclusions of the study are the means allocated by the authors to implement intertextual dialogue in translation: the changes made by the translator to the original text strengthen the dialogic component of the picture developed by the author and weaken the motive of existential loneliness presented in the original text. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the identification in the translation work of V.Y. Bryusov of the original genre of the ekphrasic type - "croquis"-a sketch associated with the visual and verbal representation of the image. The novelty of the research lies in a detailed description of this impressionistic poetic genre and tracing its semantic and aesthetic connections with the fundamental attitudes of Impressionism in painting.

The Animals We Eat: Between Attention and Ironic Detachment

Abstract This article engages with two fundamental attitudes toward animals who are used for human consumption: attention and ironic detachment. Taken as polarities linked with animal consumption and the refusal thereof, I discuss how these two attitudes are shaped and manifested during moments of encounter with the animals in question. Starting from a striking photograph from the Lychee and Dog Meat Festival in China, I explore the embodiment of these attitudes in the “gaze” of human participants during the encounter with animals who are going to be killed for food.

Promoting Environmental Education in Moroccan High School ELT Textbooks

This paper examines the extent to which three Moroccan high school ELT textbooks integrate environmental education contents. The analysis focuses on four environmental education topics namely ecosystems and cycles, pollution, use of resources, and environment preservation as well as their subtopics. The study is informed by the theoretical framework developed by the BIOHEAD-CITIZEN project that aimed at understanding how environmental education can promote citizenship. This study adopted a convergent parallel mixed method design using content analysis to investigate the degree of presence of environmental education elements in Visa to the World, Ticket to English, and Ticket 2 English. The results revealed statistical evidences indicating that environmental education integration in these textbooks appeals to the learners’ minimum fundamental environmental knowledge, awareness, attitudes and behaviors. Ultimately, this study suggests ways in which textbooks could contribute to improve students ‘environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.

CHAOSMOTIC NATURE OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM ARCHITECTURE

The article reveals the problem of the development of non-classical approaches in various disciplines, which led to the formation of a new, synergistic paradigm about Chaos, as a state of dynamic disorder, which contains the potential for the emergence of a new harmony. The stylistic field and aesthetosphere of deconstructivism was formed together with avant-garde attitudes and the search for a new expression of art long before the declarative approval and official naming of the style. The aesthetic sphere of this stylistic flow belongs in a certain way to Chaosmos, as a conceptual unit. Postmodern philosophy formulated a number of fundamental attitudes: the philosophy of the “other” (dialogue), speech games, the gap between content and form, function and form, postmodern sensuality, the general understanding of the world as chaos. All these installations influenced the theory and practice of architecture. The task of architectural non-linearity is to express and organize complexity while preserving aesthetics. Deconstructivism, as a new architectural language, is gaining popularity with the advent of the era of digital modeling tools. This brought into the complex design process the possibility of translating the variability of forms into the engineering language of drawings. Its main principle was a formative approach to natural systems. The aesthetic categories of beauty and ugliness are based on the opposition of Cosmos and Chaos. The assessment of what belongs to the category of Chaos depends on two main traditions of understanding Chaos – negative (ultimate, entropic, destructive) or positive (primary, constructive). The connotations (co-meanings) of the mythologeme of Chaos are close to the connotations of the symbolic hypostasis of the Stranger and the Third in communicative philosophy. Mythological Chaos is almost completely identical to the image of the Stranger (enemy) and is included in cosmic dualism (opposition “one’s own – another’s”). Non-classical-synergistic Chaos approaches the image of the Third or Arbiter as a mediator. The classical cultural paradigm gravitates towards the first option, the non-classical one towards the second. In the “optimistic” version, Chaos appears as a sphere of freedom that provides human culture with a potential opportunity to reach a higher level of organization. Alternations of Chaos – Cosmos – Chaos are subject to cyclical changes. Computer technology allows conducting experiments designed for predictability of the result (so-called “threshold” technologies). Any previously unthinkable form – curvilinear, techno-organic, organic – is relatively easy to read by a computer. The special aesthetics of virtual architecture, freed from architectural regularities, affects real design.

Transformational Leadership and Performance of Deposit-Taking Saccos in Nairobi City County: Kenyan Perspective

Organizational leaders are crucial in motivating and helping their employees to be competitive and committed to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives by use of effective leadership styles. Transformational leadership influences the fundamental attitudes and assumptions of an organization’s members, creating a common mentality to attain the organization’s goals and this leadership style usually generates higher performance. The major objective of this study was to establish the relationship between transformational leadership and performance of Deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The theories chosen to anchor the variables in this study was transformational leadership theory. This study adopted descriptive cross-sectional research design. The population of the study was the (40) deposit taking savings and cooperative societies in Nairobi City County as at December 2016. The researcher collected data from the forty chief executive officers of the SACCOs and randomly selected ten employees from each SACCO. This gave four hundred and forty (440) respondents who are far much more than the recommended three hundred and eighty four (384) respondents. The data for the study was both primary and secondary quantitative data. Multiple regression models were used to test the significance of the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. T-test was used to test the direction of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variable. The results of the study findings were established and compared to various theories anchoring the study and conceptual, contextual and empirical evidence. The study found a relatively strong relationship between transformational leadership and financial performance as well as non-financial measures. It was also established that transformational leadership have a positive and statistically moderate relationship with employee commitment. Keywords: Transformational leadership, SACCOs, Performance, Nairobi City County DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-2-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Афективна поляризація як маркер суспільного розколу: нові підходи до дослідження

The article describes the tool, which was formed and tested to assess politicians’ emotional attitude to predict the impact of affective polarization on the nature of political confrontations. Plutchek’s theoretical scheme of emotions has been operationalized, the tool for assessing emotional perception has been proposed, and its use for measuring the President’s emotional perception has been tested. Eight basic attitudes that can be used as the foundation for behavioural matrices, representing different types of links between emotional evaluations and behavioural attitudes, have been modelled. The tool was tested during the survey with the participation of 1420 respondents. There have been identified two latent factors, which demonstrate the internal connection of eight pairs of bipolar emotions concerning the figure of the President. The first factor covers the emotions of defeat, the second is – emotions of victory. As far as the emotional attitude to the President is concerned, the presence of an emotional split between those who voted for him and those who were against him has been confirmed. It was found out that the structure of the emotional perception of the President by the winners is mobile and combines both positive and negative emotions. At the same time, the structure of the emotional attitude of the losers is monochrome and is mainly represented by negative emotions. Comparison of emotional profiles of representatives of polar groups revealed that the behavioural model of the defeated is formed by mixing two fundamental attitudes, those of the Distressed and the Rejected. The behavioural model of the winners is formed on the ground of the essential attitude, that of the Stakeholders. The emotional profile of those who did not vote for any of the candidates is generally closer to the profile of the winners. Significant differences in the emotional perception of the President between those who voted for and against him have been defined. There have also been fixed the peculiarities of emotional perception of the figure of the President, depending on the level of education and financial status of the respondents.

ТЕХНИКА, КАК ФАКТОР ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ИДЕАЛОВ КУЛЬТУРЫ

This article defines the basic concepts of culture and ideal. The main chronological stages of the development of society from the moment of the formation of the oral tradition to the period of industrialization are revealed. The article deals with the development of the “hard core” of culture and its “protective belt” according to the methodology of the research program of I. Lakatos. Thanks to this, it was possible to identify the fundamental attitudes that make up the "hard core" of culture and the "protective belt" of this core, presented in everyday life. The dynamics of changes in cultural attitudes of the "hard core" and "protective belt" of culture, depending on the development of technology, has been revealed. Thanks to the concept of D.V. Pivovarov's culture is considered from the standpoint of the ideal-forming side of life. The methods and three models of the formation of the ideals of culture, which form the basis of the "Solid core", are revealed. Considered the synthetic concept of the ideal. A historical example of the interaction of all three models is given, confirming the applicability of the synthetic concept to everyday life.

A Contrastive Psycholinguistic Study of the British Emotional Concept 'Envy' and Ukrainian 'Zazdrist’': Particularities of Phraseological Objectification

The article focuses on exploring the phraseological objectification of the “sinful” emotional concepts Brit. ENVY and Ukr. ЗАЗДРІСТЬ in the remotely related lingual cultures (British and Ukrainian). To identify common and distinctive senses of these concepts (1) the range of the concepts that closely correlate to the discussed emotional concepts was defined and (2) the system of conceptual metaphors representing these concepts was revealed. The material involves 253 phraseological units (PUs) that denote envy in the English language and 309 PUs in Ukrainian. The material is selected from authoritative explanatory, bilingual and phraseological dictionaries. The contrastive research of the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ that correlate with other ethical and emotional concepts (e.g.: GRATITUDE, KINDNESS, VIRTUE, HONOUR) makes it possible to speak about the concurrence of fundamental moral values and attitudes in Christian cultures. Moreover, the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ figure prominently in the hierarchy of values (“white” envy) vs. disvalues (“black” envy) of the contrasted lingual cultures. The conceptual metaphors provide the concept ENVY with the meanings that are considered to be specific for the lingual culture under study. Our findings show that despite the universal character of envy both as an emotion and a feeling, it is permanently affected by ethnic and socio-cultural factors that provide the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ with specific lingual cultural meanings. It is noteworthy that the study of the PUs can reveal only the traditional (fixed) understanding of envy. Therefore, to detect the changes in the modern priorities of the British and Ukrainians, it is necessary for prospective research to compare the results of the language material (lexicographic and phraseographic resources) with the results of analysis of actual language data, i.e. psycholinguistic experiments, sociolinguistic monitoring, language corpora.

Folk Psychology and the Interpretation of Decision Theory

Most philosophical decision theorists and philosophers of the social sciences believe that decision theory is and should be in the business of providing folk psychological explanations of choice behaviour, and that it can only do so if we understand the preferences, utilities and probabilities that feature in decision-theoretic models as ascriptions of mental states not reducible to choice. The behavioural interpretation of preference and related concepts, still common in economics, is consequently cast as misguided. This paper argues that even those who strive to provide folk psychological explanations should side with the economists, and adopt a behavioural interpretation of the preferences featuring in decision-theoretic models. Under a mentalistic inter-pretation of preference, decision-theoretic models do not straightforwardly provide ordinary folk psychological explanations. Instead, they involve controversial enough commitments about the mental causes of choice to not only fail to adequately capture much unreflective decision-making, but also many intentional, reason-based and instrumentally rational choices. Satisfactory folk psychological explanation in fact only comes indirectly from inferring more fundamental conative attitudes from a pattern of decision-theoretic preferences. And the behavioural interpretation does a better job at facilitating such inferences. My argument extends to the related concepts of utility and probability.

Epistemic Akrasia and Belief‐Credence Dualism

AbstractWe call attention to certain cases of epistemic akrasia, arguing that they support belief‐credence dualism. Belief‐credence dualism is the view that belief and credence are irreducible, equally fundamental attitudes. Consider the case of an agent who believes p, has low credence in p, and thus believes that they shouldn’t believe p. We argue that dualists, as opposed to belief‐firsters (who say credence reduces to belief) and credence‐firsters (who say belief reduces to credence) can best explain features of akratic cases, including the observation that akratic beliefs seem to be held despite possessing a defeater for those beliefs, and that, in akratic cases, one can simultaneously believe and have low confidence in the very same proposition.

Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic—the significance of culture and the symbolic meaning of behavior

During public emergencies, a door can open on the fundamental elements upon which a society's social order is built. The Covid-19 pandemic has opened such a door in societies worldwide. We outline in this commentary some of these social elements and how they may have influenced face mask use during the early stages of the pandemic. The purpose is to expand the perspective on mechanisms that are relevant to consider in pandemic response planning. Our look at these fundamental elements showed that latent aspects of the dominant culture and various symbolic meanings of behaviors can reduce adherence with public health recommendations if they are overlooked in the strategic health plans. We conclude that when policymakers decide non-pharmacological interventions during pandemics, they should take into account fundamental attitudes and beliefs that may influence population behavior. This will require paying attention to variations in things like culture and symbolic meanings of behavior.

Fairy tale as a method of diagnosing destructive life attitudes in Agrarian University students

The goal of the conducted study is to reveal the possible destructive life attitudes among the student youth of an agrarian university using a projective method. The scientific novelty of the study is predetermined by the communicative-cognitive and psychosomatic approaches and interdisciplinary methods, the primary of them being a projective method: the study identifies the specific characteristics of fairy tales as a method of diagnosing destructive life attitudes in agrarian university students. The study shows that the choice of a fairy tale and the character a young person associates themselves with serves as a projection of personality characteristics and fundamental life attitudes. As a result, it is demonstrated that a fairy tale affects the current state of rural youth who have come to the city to study and expresses their commitment to the rural lifestyle accompanied, however, by a desire for change that under certain conditions can lead to destructive behavior through the activation of inner resources and increased emotional tension.

Conceptualizing the strategies of representing the image of Russia: History and Evolution (communicative aspects)

The paper addresses the issue of the genesis and the evolution of the conceptual formation of the official attitudes toward the principles governing the representation of the Russian Federation and their scientific covering. It appearance in key foreign policy documents and its significance is analyzed with the view to two major conceptual schemes: the international image and the objective perception. Both concepts were examined with comparative research methods. The problems of tracing the current transformations in the official rhetoric to the transformations that are now taking shape in promoting Russia are the factors why this issue is relevant. The particular aspects of the research included the key documents of official bodies endowed with powers to shape foreign policy that were published in the period between 2000 and 2019. The activities of the key institutions and content providers in what concerns international positioning were outlines. Holding and covering mega-events, such as the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, also served the image needs and, in this respect, was examined in the paper. The concept and method of soft power is introduced for analysis, as it is increasingly efficient and useful in both these respects. The paper concludes with stating that the practice of positive positioning of Russia abroad was substituted in favour of the one of engendering objective perception. The main concern for that consisted in foreign pressure and negative information campaigns, so the decision was a counter measure. In this context, the shift between the two concepts of international promotion is revealed in official documents, having a considerable effect on the communicative potential in terms of acting in accordance with the fundamental values and real attitudes inherent in the Russian culture. Esse quam videri is now not only the national principle, but also the foreign image.

Analogism vs. Anomalism in Jewish Linguistic Thought. The 18th-Century Controversy between Zalman Hanau and Jacob Emden

Abstract This article presents an analysis of the controversy between two 18th-century leading figures: Rabbi Zalman Hanau and Rabbi Jacob Emden. The stances expressed in this controversy, which was held over changes in the traditional prayer versions suggested by Hanau, reveal opposing fundamental attitudes of the two rivals towards basic questions concerning the origin of Hebrew and its linguistic essence. It is being suggested that this controversy resembles the ancient linguistic dispute between the analogist school and anomalist school in Greek and Latin linguistics, even though these two 18th-century figures were not familiar with it.

Megjegyzések a nemiség drámáját illetően (2.)

Our personal relationship with the body might rightly be characterized as dramatic. This implies the free choice between two radically different fundamental attitudes towards bodily existence. The consequences of this or that fundamental disposition are articulated in all spheres of life: religious, social, political, and cultural. Our contemporary society with its commodity fetishism and disregard not only towards being but even existence tries to avoid the real drama in which happiness as a divine- human community is at stake. Yet our bodily existence with its limitations unavoidably confronts us with personal and existential questions on how we deal with the tension between temporality and eternity, the visible and invisible realm of reality, the fundamental human desire to become more than human. When encountering the mystery that we remain for ourselves as humans, our response entails a choice either to reject the reality of bodily existence by enhancing it (transhumanism), or, on the contrary to acknowledge the gift character of the body (theosis).

A Flattering Robopocalypse

A Flattering Robopocalypse