Cohesive Function Research Articles

An innovative approach for QoS-aware web service composition using whale optimization algorithm

With the proliferation of services and the vast amount of data produced by the Internet, numerous services with comparable functionalities but varying Quality of Service (QoS) attributes are potential candidates for meeting user needs. Consequently, the selection of the most suitable services has become increasingly challenging. To address this issue, a synthesis of multiple services is conducted through a composition process to create more sophisticated services. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in QoS uncertainty, given its potential impact on determining an optimal composite service, where each service is characterized by multiple QoS properties (e.g., response time and cost) that are frequently subject to change primarily due to environmental factors. Here, we introduce a novel approach that depends on the Multi-Agent Whale Optimization Algorithm (MA-WOA) for web service composition problem. Our proposed algorithm utilizes a multi-agent system for the representation and control of potential services, utilizing MA-WOA to identify the optimal composition that meets the user’s requirements. It accounts for multiple quality factors and employs a weighted aggregation function to combine them into a cohesive fitness function. The efficiency of the suggested method is evaluated using a real and artificial web service composition dataset (comprising a total of 52,000 web services), with results indicating its superiority over other state-of-the-art methods in terms of composition quality and computational effectiveness. Therefore, the proposed strategy presents a feasible and effective solution to the web service composition challenge, representing a significant advancement in the field of service-oriented computing.

-catenin phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis to resist apical rounding and epithelial barrier leak.

Epithelial cell cohesion and barrier function critically depend on -catenin, an actin-binding protein and essential constituent of cadherin-catenin-based adherens junctions. -catenin undergoes actomyosin force-dependent unfolding of both actin-binding and middle domains to strongly engage actin filaments and its various effectors, where this mechanosensitivity is critical for adherens junction function. We previously showed that -catenin is highly phosphorylated in an unstructured region that links mechanosensitive middle- and actin-binding domains (known as the P-linker region), but the cellular processes that promote -catenin phosphorylation have remained elusive. Here, we leverage a previously published phosphor-proteomic data set to show that the -catenin P-linker region is maximally phosphorylated during mitosis. By reconstituting -catenin Crispr KO MDCK with wild-type, phospho- mutant and mimic forms of -catenin, we show that full phosphorylation restrains mitotic cell rounding in the apical direction, strengthening interactions between dividing and non-dividing neighbors to limit epithelial barrier leak. Since major scaffold components of adherens junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes are also differentially phosphorylated during mitosis, we reason that epithelial cell division may be a tractable system to understand how junction complexes are coordinately regulated to sustain barrier function under tension-generating morphogenetic processes.

Is unit cohesion a double-edged sword? A moderated mediation model of combat exposure, work stressors, and marital satisfaction

Guided by the stress process perspective, this study examined if combat exposure was indirectly associated with marital satisfaction through work performance stress. Additionally, we tested whether unit cohesion served as a moderator of this indirect effect. Data were drawn from 1,122 married Soldiers who participated in the All-Army Study component of the Army STARRS study, a probabilistic sample of Army Soldiers. Indicative of stress proliferation and spillover, our results showed that combat exposure may negatively impact marital satisfaction through work performance stress, but the pathways of this indirect effect varied as a function of unit cohesion. Consistent with the stress buffering hypothesis, unit cohesion buffered the positive association between combat exposure and work performance stress for Soldiers reporting higher levels unit cohesion, such that this association was no longer statistically significant. However, for Soldiers reporting higher levels of unit cohesion, the negative association between work performance stress and martial satisfaction was exacerbated but was not statistically significant for those reporting lower levels of unit cohesion. The results underscore the importance of understanding the contextual nature of relational resources within the stress process framework.

The Grammatical Cohesion Analysis of News Texts on The Russia-Ukraine War

Grammatical cohesion is research that analyzes how each word, phrase, or sentence is connected in a text. The researcher conducted this study to identify the types of grammatical cohesion and know how these types work in news texts. Researchers chose to use a qualitative descriptive approach in conducting this research. The data source in this study is an online news text published on Wednesday, 19 October 2022, by The Jakarta Post entitled "Russia Bombs Cities Across Ukraine at Rush Hour in Apparent Revenge Strikes." To examine the news text, researchers used the theory of grammatical cohesion developed by Cutting (2002). After conducting the analysis, the researcher found thirty-five (35) forms of grammatical cohesion out of the thirty-three (33) datums found in news texts. Of the total findings, thirty-two (32) are reference forms, and the remaining three (3) are ellipsis types. On the other hand, substitution is not found in the war news text. The type of reference most often used is the endophora in the form of anaphora (13), followed by exophora (10), associative endophora (7), and endophora in the form of cataphora (2). From these findings, each type of grammatical cohesion has its role in the news text. The reference type works as a tool to refer to a reference point in the text. Meanwhile, the ellipsis type works as a tool to remove words or phrases that are deemed unnecessary. Even so, both types of grammatical cohesion function to avoid word repetition.

Interrelation between subjective assessment of mental state and perception of family relations by relatives caring for patients with addiction

The addictive disorder often becomes a difficult experience for the all family. Studying the factors influencing the level of psychological distress of addicted patients’ relatives is necessary to create an effective system of psychological assistance for them.Purpose: to reveal the interrelations between the subjective assessment of the mental state and the perception of family relationships among relatives of patients with pathological gambling (PG) and relatives of patients with stimulant use disorder (SUD).Materials and methods. In a cross-sectional study 100 and 41 patients’ relatives were included in the PG and SUD groups respectively. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Family Environment Scale (FES) was used as an assessment tools. Socio-demographic and clinical data were also collected.Results. The analysis of interrelations between the severity of psychopathological symptoms and the perception of family relationships in the studied groups determined both general and specific correlations. In both groups there are multiple negative correlations between the majority of SCL-90-R scales and the “Cohesion” scale (FES). The specific interrelations included, for example, multidirectional correlations between the “Expressiveness” scale (FES) and psychopathological symptoms scales of the SCL-90-R. Increased expressiveness in the PG group was associated with less severity of psychopathological symptoms and level of distress, and, on the contrary, a greater severity of psychological distress in respondents of the SUD group. Analysis of the correlations in PG compared to SUD showed greater predictability of the connections between psychopathological symptoms and perception of family relationships in the PG group. Thus, the indicators of psychopathological symptoms and psychological distress are negatively associated with parameters reflecting the perception of family cohesion, trust in intrafamily relations, social activity and family organization and, at the same time, have positive interrelations with the indicator of conflict in family relationships.Conclusion. The perception of the family cohesion function as the intrapsychic protection that facilitate the relatives’ adaptation in the emerging life situation, regardless of the form of patients’ addiction.

Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Tumor-Targeted Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles.

The specific interaction between cell surface receptors and corresponding antibodies has driven opportunities for developing targeted cancer therapies using nanoparticle systems. It is challenging to design and develop such targeted nanomedicines using antibody ligands, as the final nanoconjugate's specificity hinges on the cohesive functioning of its components. The multicomponent nature of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles also complicates the characterization process. Regardless of the type of nanoparticle, it is essential to perform physicochemical characterization to establish a solid foundation of knowledge and develop suitable preclinical studies. A meaningful physicochemical evaluation of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles should include determining the quantity and orientation of the antibodies, confirming the antibodies' integrity following attachment, and assessing the immunoreactivity of the obtained nanoconjugates. In this review, the authors describe the various techniques (electrophoresis, spectroscopy, colorimetric assays, immunoassays, etc.) used to analyze the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies and discuss the main results.

Evaluation of regional integration in urban agglomeration area from the perspective of urban symbiosis

Integrated development of urban agglomeration is a process involves both interactive elements flow between cities and cohesive function advancement within each city. However, existing researches struggle to effectively evaluate urban integration considering both urban interaction and urban function. Taking Yunnan Central urban agglomeration (CYUA) as a case study, we adopt the framework of symbiosis theory to analyze integrated degree of urban agglomeration by combining urban interaction and function. Urban vitality, urban spilled function, intermediate intervention of urban interaction, urban functional distance were detected to identify urban symbiotic modes and project into evaluating urban integration. The results show that, (1) focus on the symbiotic environment, a spatial pattern of “one core and multiple weak” is exhibited, the key role of downtown Kunming is obviously identified; (2) focus on the symbiotic modes, suboptimal condition of urban symbiosis is observable based on the dominant symbiotic mode and its dynamic; (3) CYUA is still in the embryonic stage of integration. To mature the urban agglomeration, more attention should be paid on strengthening urban interaction by constructing interactive channel, adjusting urban function by analyzing regional industrial link, and finally improving urban symbiotic mode based on the optimization of symbiotic environment and interface.

Clustering blood donors via mixtures of product partition models with covariates.

Motivated by the problem of accurately predicting gap times between successive blood donations, we present here a general class of Bayesian nonparametric models for clustering. These models allow for the prediction of new recurrences, accommodating covariate information that describes the personal characteristics of the sample individuals. We introduce a prior for the random partition of the sample individuals, which encourages two individuals to be co-clustered if they have similar covariate values. Our prior generalizes product partition models with covariates (PPMx) models in the literature, which are defined in terms of cohesion and similarity functions. We assume cohesion functions that yield mixtures of PPMx models, while our similarity functions represent the denseness of a cluster. We show that including covariate information in the prior specification improves the posterior predictive performance and helps interpret the estimated clusters in terms of covariates in the blood donation application.

Mechanisms of Lexical Cohesion in Arabic Political Discourse

This paper deals with the analysis of the main devices of lexical cohesion used in Arabic political discourse. We carry out the analysis applying Halliday and Hasan’s theoretical framework of cohesion. The data of the analysis consists of the inaugural speeches of two presidents of Egypt, Morsi and el-Sisi. The main goal of the research is to determine the types and function of lexical cohesion, to mark cohesive mechanisms in political speeches, and to confirm the hypothesis that the type of text and its function can indicate the extent to which certain types of cohesive ties will be used. The results of the study reveal that inaugural speech appears as a persuasive discourse and an argumentative space of dominant use of repetition, to a lesser extent synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, antonymy and collocation, with the goals of highlighting topical issues of national relevance and promoting a certain ideology.

UNFAIR TREATMENT, SOCIAL COHESION, AND COGNITION IN BLACK ADULTS LIVING IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS

Abstract Exposure to discrimination has been associated with poorer cognitive function but this association may be influenced by broader social factors, such as neighborhood social cohesion. We investigated the associations between unfair treatment, social cohesion, and cognitive function in 234 participants ≥50 years, recruited from urban, primarily Black neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted in 2018 to create six cognitive domain z-scores, adjusted for age, sex, and education level. Social cohesion was assessed in 2013 and 2018. Change in social cohesion scores over time categorized participants into four groups: consistently high, consistently low, increasing, and decreasing scores. Unfair treatment was assessed via questionnaire in 2018. Adjusted generalized linear models assessed associations between unfair treatment and cognition. Unfair treatment was significantly associated with executive function (β=-0.041, p=0.01) and marginally associated with language (β=-0.030, p=0.07). Associations persisted with change in social cohesion in the models and we found that social cohesion moderated the association between unfair treatment and executive function (p=.06). In those with consistently low social cohesion, more unfair treatment was associated with worse executive function (β=-0.085, p=0.02). Both increasing and decreasing social cohesion showed a similar negative association between unfair treatment and executive function at a trend level (β=-0.122, p=0.08 and β=-0.082, p=0.10 respectively). There was no association for those with consistently high social cohesion. Individuals experiencing unfair treatment and consistently low levels of neighborhood social cohesion had lower executive function. These findings highlight the importance of intervening at multiple levels and addressing both interpersonal discrimination and structural sources.

The Cohesive Function of the Reference in the Business and Economic Language: A Case of English-Arabic Translated Texts

The Cohesive Function of the Reference in the Business and Economic Language: A Case of English-Arabic Translated Texts

New Pattern of Emerging Somatic Mutations in Optimal Responders Following Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Evidenced from Mutational Kinetic Analysis Based on Pairwise Comparison

Introduction Recent advances in genomics in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients (pts) provide new insights in understanding somatic mutation (SM) and their prognostic implications following tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. DNMT3A, TET2, or ASXL1 (DTA) mutations are most frequently detected following TKI therapy and have adverse prognosis. Five longitudinal patterns of changes in SM after TKI therapy were suggested with its clinical significance (Kim, Blood 2017): Pattern 1, persistent mutation burden despite optimal TKI response; Pattern 2, emerging mutation which correlates with TKI resistance/CML progression; Pattern 3, mutational clearance with mixed clinical outcomes; and Pattern 4 and 5 having some mutation in germline control as well as CML cells. Clonal evolution (CE) in Philadelphia negative (Ph -) clone is found in up to 10% of CML pts who respond to TKI therapy optimally but develop +8 or -7 changes in Ph - clone. This is diagnosed only by metaphase cytogenetic test on bone marrow samples. Alternatively, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test can be used. With recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS), we hypothesize that SM profiling can capture a clone carrying a SM in the Ph - population. We sequenced and analyzed mutation profiles in paired samples taken prior to TKI therapy and at longitudinal follow-up. Patients and methods The present study adopted single molecule-tagging and molecular inversion probe (smMIP)-based sequencing methods to analyze the DNA extracted from the mononuclear cell fraction of peripheral blood samples collected from CML pts at initial diagnosis and during follow-up. While conventional NGS has a relatively high intrinsic sequencing error rate and is limited in detecting mutations with a variant allele frequency (VAF) of less than 2%, smMIP-based sequencing overcomes this issue by tracking all sequence reads from a single strand and can detect mutations with a limit of detection up to 0.1%. The in-house CML-specific smMIP panel used in this study included 40 genes with 332 amplicon probes covering genes involved in epigenetic modifiers, activation signaling, myeloid transcription factor, spliceosome, tumor suppressor, cohesion, and miscellaneous functions. To evaluate kinetics of mutations, we calculated doubling time of mutations. Using the mutational VAFs from 2 time points, t1 and t2, the doubling time was calculated according to the following equation: = (-2 -1) log(2) /log(-2) - log(-1), where VAF1 and VAF2 is the VAF of the mutant at time points t1 and t2, respectively. Results We performed targeted deep sequencing on a total of 119 serial samples from 51 CML pts (median of 405.5 days following TKI therapy). 41 pts had an optimal response, 7 were non-responders, and 3 were non-evaluable for response. Pattern 2 was observed in 1 of 7 non-responders. In 12 pts pattern 3 (mutation clearance with mixed clinical outcomes) was observed. 22 pts carried 36 mutations. At baseline 9 pts had somatic mutations. Emergence of somatic mutations in optimal responders was observed in 13 out of total 51 (25%) pts, with DNMT3A (n=5), TET2 (n=4), ASXL1 (n=4), and EZH2 (n=2). While JAK2, SF3B1, U2AF1, PHF6, TP53, BRAF, and CBL were observed in one patient each (Figure 1). Particularly, those with emerging DTA mutation were all optimal responders to TKI therapy. This pattern of mutational change is novel and has never been described before. The median doubling time was 77 days (range 21-1909 days) in the group with emergence of somatic mutation in follow-up samples. The doubling time was 56.1, 93.7, 74.8 days in DNMT3A, ASXL1, and TET2 mutations, respectively. Based on kinetics of mutations (doubling time), to capture 10-fold increase (i.e. 1 log increase) of certain mutation, NGS profile can be monitored every 6-7 months. This pattern of emergence of mutations (mostly DTA mutation) in pts responding optimally to TKI therapy is new and does not fit into the five patterns mentioned in our previous paper (Kim, Blood 2017). Thus, we propose this sixth novel pattern called “Emerging mutational clones in CML pts responding optimally to TKI therapy”. Conclusion We suggest a new pattern of emerging mutations in optimal responders to TKI therapy, which could derive from expansion of Ph- clone carrying some clones with emerging mutations. Longitudinal NGS monitoring in CML patients is feasible with frequency every 6-7 months.

405 The Effects of Disease-Induced Inflammation on Reproductive Neuroendocrinology: Evidence from Sheep

Abstract Reproduction is dictated by the cohesive functioning of the organs of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. As the name suggests, reproduction starts within the hypothalamus through the production and pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) followed by subsequent secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary and then steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the gonads. Additionally, the HPG axis is tightly regulated by internal and external cues and, over the last twenty years, kisspeptin has been identified as a key modulator for reproduction through its stimulatory actions on GnRH neurons to secrete GnRH and subsequently LH. Growing evidence indicates that these kisspeptin expressing neurons are negatively affected by stressors (e.g., inflammation, social stress, metabolic stress) resulting in impaired reproduction. Inflammation caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin), a component of the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli), is of particular interest due to its relationship with common livestock ailments, such as mastitis and metritis, and its suppression of GnRH and LH secretions. However, there is limited information about the influence disease-induced inflammation has on kisspeptin expressing neurons. In rats, acute endotoxin inflammation will cause about a 50% decrease in the number of kisspeptin immunopositive cells in the arcuate nucleus along with a suppression in LH secretion. In ewes, an acute dose will decrease the proportion of activated kisspeptin neurons in the ARC and POA. However, the mechanisms by which inflammation affects reproduction are not completely understood, especially in domestic livestock. Through a series of experiments, we aim to elucidate these mechanisms and effects of endotoxinemia in both an acute and a chronic model. To accomplish these goals, we administered endotoxin acutely to ewes. Overall, the suppression of LH secretion at the level of hypothalamus is possible, however, more research is required to further elucidate the mechanism. To evaluate a chronic model of systemic inflammation, we evaluated routes of endotoxin administration by randomly assigning twenty two castrated male sheep into one of five groups - control (CON), single acute IV dose (SAD; 400 ng/kg BW LPS) administered on Day 1, daily acute IV dose (DAD; 400 ng/kg BW LPS), daily increasing IV dose (DID; starting with 400 ng/kg BW LPS and increasing 20% each day), or steady subcutaneous dose (SSD; 20 µg/kg BW LPS over 24 hours), all administered during a one-week study period. Chronic inflammation, induced by a daily rising dose of IV administered LPS, suppresses LH secretion through effects on kisspeptin protein expression in the middle arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of sheep. Taken together, systemic inflammation associated with infection and disease likely impairs reproduction in part through suppression of kisspeptin-expressing neurons.

Leaders and their Leadership - An Analytical Study of the Impact of EI on the Corporate Leadership Style

This research paper delves into exploring the significant role that emotional intelligence (EI) plays in the realm of effective leadership. As organizations continue to place growing importance on interpersonal skills and relationship-building, understanding the profound impact of EI on achieving success in leadership roles becomes increasingly vital. The paper conducts an in-depth examination of the definition and intricate components of EI, while shedding light on its undeniable relevance within leadership contexts. Moreover, the study investigates how EI substantially influences critical aspects such as decision-making, communication dynamics, and the cohesive functioning of teams. Through a meticulous analysis of existing literature and empirical studies, this paper seeks to underscore the paramount importance of integrating emotional intelligence into leadership development programs, fostering its cultivation among both emerging and established leaders. Ultimately, the findings accentuate the interconnected nature of emotional intelligence with enhancements in organizational performance, heightened employee contentment, and an overall augmentation of leadership effectiveness.

Alliteration as a mechanism of cohesion: a new way of concatenation of adjacent lines in Latin poetry

This article aims to analyse the cohesive function of Latin alliteration in cases in which it serves as an element for linking together the hemistichs in the same line or hemistichs in adjacent lines. At an extra-versal level, three forms of alliterative cohesion are distinguished: 1) by enjambment (the words sounding the same at the start that belong to the same syntactical unit flow over the limits of the line); 2) by vertical correspondence (the words sounding the same at the start are placed in successive lines where they occupy the same metric position); 3) by concatenation at the end of each line and the beginning of the subsequent line (… X/X… X/X…, etc., or … X/X… Y/Y…, etc.). The alliterative cohesion by concatenation at the end of each line and the beginning of the subsequent line has been studied due to its systematic use in ancient Irish poetry, but not in Latin, where, as it is shown in this article, there is evidence of the phenomenon. The existence of this cohesive procedure in Latin is verified in poets from different literary periods: Lucretius, Vergilius, Silius Italicus, Prudentius and Claudius Claudianus. This type of studied concatenation is also found in Greek poetry (Homer, Hesiod, and Aeschylus). This leads us to surmise that it is a phenomenon inherent to the Indo-European tradition.

Social cohesion in platformized public spheres: toward a conceptual framework

AbstractSocial cohesion is crucial for democratic societies since it unites individuals who do not have a direct relationship with each other. By representing social heterogeneity and enabling public debate, the public sphere is vital for fostering social cohesion. However, platformization—that is, the establishment of social media platforms as an infrastructure for public communication—challenges the constitution of publics and thus raises the question of whether the public sphere is still able to fulfill its cohesive function. Expanding on this question, our article systematically theorizes how platformization at the meso-level induces the emergence of a platformized public sphere at the macro-level. The article presents a framework that allows us to analyze: (1) which actors constitute publics in the age of platformization; (2) the logics according to which this happens; and (3) to what extent these logics, consisting of social media affordances and algorithms, contribute to the cohesive performance of platformized publics.

On Peierls–Rice–Beltz nonlocal continuum model and simulations of mesoscale dislocations (slips) and shear cracks

In this work, we developed a cohesive Peierls–Rice–Beltz nonlocal continuum theory, or a bond-based Peierls–Rice–Beltz peridynamics model, and apply it to model mesoscale dislocation motions or crystal slips and shear cracks in crystal solids, which is based on a meso-scale Peierls–Rice–Beltz cohesive potential function (Xu and Needleman, 1993). By doing so, we have successfully developed a bond-based cohesive peridynamics model with intrinsic stress/strain measures as well as consistent and built-in correspondence macro-scale constitutive relations. The main novelties of this work are:(1) We have made the once-conceptual Peierls–Rice–Beltz model as a multiscale computational Peierls–Rice–Beltz model that can quantify both surface energy and unstable stacking fault energy in any given numerical simulations at mesoscale. By adjusting the ratio of the surface energy and unstable stacking fault energy, we can model opening cracks, shear cracks, and mixed mode fracture at ease. (2) We have developed a bond-based peridynamics model that can capture mesoscale dislocations or lattice slips, shear crack, and mixed-mode fractures, and (3) We have shown that the proposed method is able to model inelastic fracture and simulate ductile fracture of small scale yielding in the nonlocal cohesive continua. Several numerical examples have been presented, in which we show that the proposed approach is a simple, efficient and effective method to model inelastic fracture in the nonlocal cohesive media.

Conjunction Analysis of Gramatical Cohesion on Christine Lindop’s Bridge and Other Love Stories

This study aims to describe the forms of grammatical cohesion conjunctions in a short story book entitled The Bridge and Other Love Stories by Christine Lindop. This study focused on the forms of conjunctions, meanings, and grammatical cohesion functions by using Halliday's theory to analyze the data. The approach used in this study was descriptive qualitative to analyze every word contained in the short story entitled The Bridge and other love stories by Christine Lindop. The results of this study indicate that the forms of grammatical cohesion conjunctions contained in the short story book with that title are Additive, Adversative, Causal, and Temporal conjunctions. The meaning and function of each cohesion are 1) meaningful as a sequential connecting time, 2) shows the cause of something, 3) shows the event that contrasts with the situation, 4) shows a choice. This research can be a reference for academics for further research in the same field with different objects in the future.

An Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion of Six Feet Apart Song by Alec Benjamin

Abstract
 This paper shows the linguistic aspect in term of discourse analysis in the lyrics of song. Those aspects are cohesion device and grammatical cohesion. Cohesion devices divided into two descriptions, those are; grammatical and lexical cohesion devices. Grammatical cohesion contains reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction while lexical cohesion contains collocation and reiteration. This research analyzes the lyrics from the soloist band namely Alec Benjamin entitle “Six feet apart”. After analyzing grammatical and lexical cohesion of six feet apart’s lyric, the result shows that the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion exist in the lyric. The first kind of grammatical cohesion which is found is reference. The kinds of references namely personal, adverbial demonstrative, selective nominal demonstrative, and comparative reference are found in the lyric. The most frequent reference which is used in the lyric is personal reference. The usage of cohesive devices is so important to make meaningful language to the lyrics of the song. The cohesion devices make the text united.. The function of lexical cohesion within the stanza in the lyric of six feet apart song is making a relationship and also it is used to express and to stress the singer’s idea.
 
 Key word: Discourse analysis, Lexical Cohesion, Grammatical Cohesion

The recovery of homicidal people diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder-An interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Identity recovery in people diagnosed with schizophrenia who have committed homicide poses several difficulties. Premorbid mental illnesses, the experience of psychosis, and the absence of cohesive ego functions may result in the inability to integrate the homicidal act into self-identity. Problems with integration increase the risk of recidivism and further mental problems. The aim of the present research was to explore how homicidal people diagnosed with schizophrenia make sense of their actions, and how they identify with the homicide. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted at a long-term psychiatric home with people who had committed homicide and who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), an idiographic method rooted in phenomenologist traditions that focuses on how participants experience and make sense of events in their lives, and how those events affect their identity and sense of self. Three personal experiential themes were established as a result of the analysis: (1) homicide and responsibility; (2) homicide and self; and (3) control over threats to self and self-evaluation. (1) Homicide was often reported to have been committed in a non-conscious, delusional state that may have led to the loss of self-determination. (2) Our interviewees struggled to integrate their acts into their identities. They distanced themselves from the crime or held multiple, parallel interpretations of the act. (3) Recovering patients experienced the constant threat of entering into a delusional reality and losing control. The importance of control was central to their self-evaluation. The patients appeared to distance themselves from the homicidal act and to regard their delusional selves as a threat to their lives. Therapy aimed at bolstering self-control, supporting the integration of the fragmented self, and raising awareness of the connections between delusional reality and standard, intersubjective reality may be helpful in reducing the instability of the self. Therapy aimed at processing complex grief and loss of family is also needed.