Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles Research Articles

Integrating low salinity water, surfactant solution, and functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with natural acidic groups for enhanced oil recovery: Interfacial tension study

In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have become a popular choice for improving oil recovery through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. NPs can enhance oil recovery by reducing interfacial tension (IFT), altering wettability, and decreasing the mobility ratio. In this study, magnetic NPs with acidic groups (tartaric acid and malic acid), which are natural acids found in fruits such as grapes and apples, were synthesized and functionalized to reduce the IFT between oil and water. Various characterizations tests, including zeta potential (ZP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), were used to determine the properties of NPs. Afterwards, the IFT behaviour of crude oil and aqueous solutions, containing surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), two types of salts namely sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and functionalized magnetite NPs with tartaric acid and malic acid were investigated. Two crude oils were used in this study: light (A) and heavy (B). The results showed that increasing salt concentration decreases the IFT for crude oils down to an optimum point (20000 ppm for both salts), after which the IFT increases with increasing salt concentration. The presence of functionalized Fe3O4@Tartaric acid NPs (300 ppm) in the aqueous solutions containing salts at their optimum concentration (20000 ppm) and SDS (300 ppm) can decrease the IFT more significantly than that of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@Malic acid for both crude oils. This is due to higher stability and higher ZP of functionalized Fe3O4@Tartaric acid NPs compared to Fe3O4@Malic. The IFT for oil A decreases from 20.8 mN/m to 2.87 mN/m for light crude oil and from 32.96 mN/m to 1.91 mN/m for heavy crude oil. The IFT for heavy crude oil was more reduced than that of light crude oil, which was due to the presence of asphaltene, resin, and other surface-active agents in heavy crude oil, which can act as a natural surfactant in oil and help reducing the IFT.

The Effect of a Magnetic Field on the Transport of Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles into Yeast Cells

Magnetic nanoparticles are of great interest to scientists as potential drug carriers. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the processes these nanoparticles undergo at the cellular level. The present paper demonstrates the effect of a constant and rotating magnetic field on penetration of TEMPOL-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles into yeast cells. The interactions between nanoparticles and yeast cells without and with a magnetic field were studied using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). The results showed that the ESR method can monitor the effect of a magnetic field on the magnetite nanoparticle penetration rate into the cells.

Engineering Biomimetic Nanoparticles through Extracellular Vesicle Coating in Cancer Tissue Models.

Using nanoparticles (NPs) in drug delivery has exhibited promising therapeutic potential in various cancer types. Nevertheless, several challenges must be addressed, including the formation of the protein corona, reduced targeting efficiency and specificity, potential immune responses, and issues related to NP penetration and distribution within 3-dimensional tissues. To tackle these challenges, we have successfully integrated iron oxide nanoparticles into neuroblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) using the parental labeling method. We first developed a tissue-engineered (TE) neuroblastoma model, confirming the viability and proliferation of neuroblastoma cells for at least 12 days, supporting its utility for EV isolation. Importantly, EVs from long-term cultures exhibited no differences compared to short-term cultures. Concurrently, we designed Rhodamine (Rh) and Polyacrylic acid (PAA)-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PAA-Rh) with high crystallinity, purity, and superparamagnetic properties (average size: 9.2 ± 2.5 nm). We then investigated the internalization of Fe3O4@PAA-Rh nanoparticles within neuroblastoma cells within the TE model. Maximum accumulation was observed overnight while ensuring robust cell viability. However, nanoparticle internalization was low. Taking advantage of the enhanced glucose metabolism exhibited by cancer cells, glucose (Glc)-functionalized nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PAA-Rh-Glc) were synthesized, showing superior cell uptake within the 3D model without inducing toxicity. These glucose-modified nanoparticles were selected for parental labeling of the TE models, showing effective NP encapsulation into EVs. Our research introduces innovative approaches to advance NP delivery, by partially addressing the challenges associated with 3D systems, optimizing internalization, and enhancing NP stability and specificity through EV-based carriers. Also, our findings hold the promise of more precise and effective cancer therapies while minimizing potential side effects.

Adsorption of Antibiotic Drug on the Surface of Humic Acid Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles: Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies

The present study reports the synthesis of humic acid-modified magnetite nanoparticles for adsorption behaviour towards the ofloxacin drug. Several analytical and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the synthesized surface modified magnetite nanoparticles. In order to determine the highest possible adsorption capacity of these coated nanoparticles, the effects of various influencing variables such as pH of the solution, contact time, initial concentration of adsorbate solution, amount of adsorbent and temperature were also investigated using batch adsorption method. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic analysis for the adsorption of ofloxacin drug from aqueous solution were studied simultaneously. The kinetics and isotherm studies demonstrated good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir model of isotherm, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis of the adsorption of ofloxacin on the surface of humic acid modified magnetite nanoparticles displayed negative values of Gibb’s free energy change, positive values of enthalpy as well as entropy change, resulting that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. A comparative study of percentage drug removal efficiency of humic acid functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with the reported adsorbents has also been reported. This study revealed that the humic acid-modified magnetite nanoparticles showed remarkable adsorption capacity and thus could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solution.

High porosity-magnetic composite materials for magnetic induction swing adsorption (MISA): Improvement of performance properties

A magnetic composite consisting of MOF HKUST-1 and magnetite nanoparticles was synthesized and successfully utilized for the separation of CO2 from N2/CO2 mixtures. The CO2 adsorbed by the porous material was successively desorbed by means of a recently proposed, high-efficiency technique so-called Magnetic Induction Swing Adsorption (MISA). The energy necessary to the desorption of carbon dioxide is transferred by electromagnetic induction to the magnetic nanoparticles that promptly dissipate it into heat. The composite material has been synthesized by growing the metal organic framework on functionalized magnetite nanoparticles by means of liquid assisted grinding (LAG) mechanochemical process. The composite material has been characterized in its morphological and functional properties. Thanks to improved magnetic properties, the optimized nanocomposite requires lower magnetic fields to desorb the CO2 and allows for reaching the same regeneration temperature in the sorbent bed at lower magnetic field amplitude, compared to previously synthesized composite materials. A regeneration energy Q of 4.4 MJ/kg CO2 has been calculated at 130 °C desorption temperature.

Fabrication of polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite nanoparticles for recyclable recovery of fucoidan from aqueous solution

Fucoidan is a kind of natural water-soluble fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharide with promising applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, the traditional methods for fucoidan recovery from aqueous solution are expensive, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. In this work, polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (PEI-MNPs) with well-defined core-shell structures were prepared by a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) approach using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a cross-linker. The as-prepared PEI-MNPs showed improved adsorption capability towards fucoidan at pH 4–8 due to the high density of cationic groups on the surfaces and the absence of internal pores. It was found that the adsorption process of fucoidan onto PEI-MNPs can reach to equilibrium in 50 min at room temperature. The maximum qe derived from the Langmuir isotherm at room temperature was 169.1 mg per g at a pH of 7. A selective fucoidan capture over a model protein BSA can be realized by adjusting pH (6–8) and salt concentration (0.5–2.5 M). The PEI-MNPs loading with fucoidan can be isolated from the final products by a neodymium magnet and regenerated by 4 M NaCl solution as stripping reagent. Therefore, this novel kind of PEI-MNP could be a promising candidate for highly efficient and recyclable recovery of fucoidan from an aqueous solution.

Electrochemical characterization of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with pyrogallol on a Au electrode

Electrochemical characterization of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with pyrogallol on a Au electrode

Nanometric Mechanical Behavior of Electrospun Membranes Loaded with Magnetic Nanoparticles.

This work analyzes on nanoscale spatial domains the mechanical features of electrospun membranes of Polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles (FMNs) produced via an electrospinning process. Thermal and structural analyses demonstrate that FMNs affect the PCL crystallinity and its melting temperature. HarmoniX-Atomic Force Microscopy (H-AFM), a modality suitable to map the elastic modulus on nanometric domains of the sample surface, evidences that the FMNs affect the local mechanical properties of the membranes. The mechanical modulus increases when the tip reveals the magnetite nanoparticles. That allows accurate mapping of the FMNs distribution along the nanofibers mat through the analysis of a mechanical parameter. Local mechanical modulus values are also affected by the crystallinity degree of PCL influenced by the filler content. The crystallinity increases for a low filler percentage (<5 wt.%), while, higher magnetite amounts tend to hinder the crystallization of the polymer, which manifests a lower crystallinity. H-AFM analysis confirms this trend, showing that the distribution of local mechanical values is a function of the filler amount and crystallinity of the fibers hosting the filler. The bulk mechanical properties of the membranes, evaluated through tensile tests, are strictly related to the nanometric features of the complex nanocomposite system.

Synthesis of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles for wastewater treatment

Synthesis of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles for wastewater treatment

Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles Using Two New Ionic Liquids for Efficient Oil Spill Cleanup

Recently, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained great attention for oil spill cleanup due to their unique properties, e.g., high oil removal efficiency, high surface area, and response to an external magnetic field. The efficiency of MNPs for oil spill uptake can be enhanced by functionalizing their surface using different materials. Furthermore, the functionalization of MNP surface using these materials promotes their chemical stability. This study aims to functionalize the surface of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) using two newly synthesized hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) and apply them for oil spill cleanup. ILs were synthesized by the reaction of glycidyl-4-nonyl ether (GE) with fatty amines, either octadecylamine (OA) or dodecylamine (DA), to yield the corresponding amines, GEOA and GEDA, respectively. GEOA and GEDA were quaternized with acetic acid (AA) to produce the corresponding ILs, GEOA-IL and GEDA-IL. The produced ILs, GEOA-IL and GEDA-IL, were applied for the surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), producing surface-modified MNPs, GO-MNPs and GD-MNPs, respectively. GO-MNPs and GD-MNPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, contact angle, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Their oil removal efficiency (ORE) was investigated at different MNP : crude oil ratios ranging from 1 : 1–1 : 50. GO-MNPs and GD-MNPs showed high ORE even at low MNP ratios. Furthermore, GO-MNPs showed higher oil removal efficiency than GD-MNPs, which may be explained using GEOA-IL containing a longer alkyl chain for MNP surface modification in comparison to GEDA-IL. Furthermore, GO-MNPs and GD-MNPs displayed excellent reusability in five cycles, with a slight decrease in ORE with increasing cycles.

Biodegradable functionalized magnetite nanoparticles as binary-targeting carrier for breast carcinoma

In this study, Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (SPMNPs) are used in a new way as direct nanocarrier for Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) via the functionalization of their surface with tri-sodium citrate through ligand exchange to conjugate DOX with imine bond to form tri-sodium citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (DOX/Cit-MNPs). The DOX/Cit-MNPs were coated with chitosan to form chitosan coated citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs) to offer biodegradability and pH-sensitive drug release features. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed functionalization of SPMNPs, DOX-conjugation, and chitosan coating. The trans electron microscopy (TEM) show spherical nanostructures with average size 40 nm for coated nanocarriers. The saturation magnetization value of carrier was 59 emu/g.The in-vitro release of DOX from the chitosan coated tri-sodium citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs) was studied to be 75% at pH 5.5 and 28.6% at pH 7.4 which proves the pH sensitivity of encapsulated Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs. The effect of Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs toward Human Breast Cancer Cell lines (MCF7) was studied and found to be 76% without magnet and 98% with external magnet after 72 h. With increasing DOX concentration and treatment time, the cell inhibition (IR%) of DOX solution and Cs/DOX-Cit-MNPs suspension to all cells is increased. Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs showed sustained release and good inhibition to cancer cells and offer a protective mode for normal cells (WISH) compared to the free DOX.Graphical

Retraction: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Study of Biocompatible Cinnamaldehyde Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles (CPGF Nps) For Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery Applications in Breast Cancer.

Retraction: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Study of Biocompatible Cinnamaldehyde Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles (CPGF Nps) For Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery Applications in Breast Cancer.

Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles: Characterization, Bioeffects, and Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Unicellular and Enzymatic Systems.

The current study evaluates the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bioeffects of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), such as bare (Fe3O4), humic acids (Fe3O4-HA), and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Fe3O4-APTES) modified MNPs. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to identify the local surrounding for Fe atom/ions and the depth of modification for MNPs. It was found that the Fe3O4-HA MNPs contain the smallest, whereas the Fe3O4-APTES MNPs contain the largest amount of Fe2+ ions. Bioluminescent cellular and enzymatic assays were applied to monitor the toxicity and anti-(pro-)oxidant activity of MNPs. The contents of ROS were determined by a chemiluminescence luminol assay evaluating the correlations with toxicity/anti-(pro-)oxidant coefficients. Toxic effects of modified MNPs were found at higher concentrations (&gt;10-2 g/L); they were related to ROS storage in bacterial suspensions. MNPs stimulated ROS production by the bacteria in a wide concentration range (10-15-1 g/L). Under the conditions of model oxidative stress and higher concentrations of MNPs (&gt;10-4 g/L), the bacterial bioassay revealed prooxidant activity of all three MNP types, with corresponding decay of ROS content. Bioluminescence enzymatic assay did not show any sensitivity to MNPs, with negligible change in ROS content. The results clearly indicate that cell-membrane processes are responsible for the bioeffects and bacterial ROS generation, confirming the ferroptosis phenomenon based on iron-initiated cell-membrane lipid peroxidation.

Development of novel nanoabsorbents by amine functionalization of Fe3O4 with intermediate ascorbic acid coating for CO2 capture enhancement

Novel nanoabsorbents are developed CO2 capture enhancement by functionalized magnetite nanoparticles in a water-based nanofluid system. The functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles was performed using different organic and inorganic reagents: (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and L(+)-ascorbic acid (AA). The first coating used AA followed by a secondary shell of SiO2, and then amine functionalization via APTES, creating the amine-functionalized double-coated magnetite (Fe3O4 @AA@SiO2-NH2). The CO2 adsorption capacity of the synthesized material was enhanced by 11% at ambient pressure, compared with that of amine functionalization without AA (Fe3O4 @SiO2-NH2). To evaluate the absorption enhancement of Fe3O4 @AA@SiO2-NH2 at 25 °C, concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 wt% were compared with those of the base fluid (water). The highest enhancement of 59.2% was obtained at a concentration of 0.3 wt%. A cyclic performance evaluation showed that the initial absorption capacity was reduced by only 7%. Owing to its nanoabsorbent stability, significant CO2 absorption enhancement, and high recyclability, Fe3O4 @AA@SiO2-NH2 will be a milestone in physical liquid absorption systems for a carbon free environment.

Microfluidic Synthesis of -NH2- and -COOH-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles.

Microfluidics has emerged as a promising alternative for the synthesis of nanoparticles, which ensures precise control over the synthesis parameters, high uniformity, reproducibility, and ease of integration. Therefore, the present study investigated a one-step synthesis and functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) using sulfanilic acid (SA) and 4-sulfobenzoic acid (SBA). The flows of both the precursor and precipitating/functionalization solutions were varied in order to ensure the optimal parameters. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results demonstrated the successful synthesis of magnetite as the unique mineralogical phase, as well as the functionalization of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the possibility to control the crystallinity, size, shape, and functionalization degree by varying the synthesis parameters was further confirmed. In this manner, this study validated the potential of the microfluidic platform to develop functionalized MNPs, which are suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Removal of of toxic metal ions (Ni2+ and Cd2+) from wastewater by using TOPO decorated iron oxide nanoparticles

In real engineering applications, nanoparticles can face hurdles of complex behavior of pollutants, for which electrostatic forces and background electrolyte can prove to be one of the robust mechanisms to remove pollutants from wastewater. In the present work, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) coated Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized and characterized for removing divalent Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions. Morphological and chemical analysis of both NPs was performed, and batch adsorption experiments were performed to study the influence of different pH ranges, concentrations of adsorbents and different contact timings. TOPO functionalized magnetite nanoparticles were found to have better adsorption capacities as compared to Fe3O4 at higher pH values. Isotherm models were run to identify the adsorption process. Langmuir isotherm model data fitted best for both metal ions adsorption, while Freundlich data suited best only for Ni2+ ions. The regression values for kinetic models confirmed that pseudo-second-order fitted best to the adsorption of both Ni2+ and Cd2+. Higher adsorption values were noticed for Ni2+ at higher dosages of both bare and TOPO-coated iron oxide NPs. Cadmium was found to have no influence of adsorbent dosage. Contact time was found to impact sorption values, i.e., adsorption was greater initially and then decreased with the passage of time. The study concludes that TOPO decorated Fe3O4 NPs can be more efficiently used for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the presence of alkyl chains in TOPO can be immobilized at surface of metals to undergo adsorption more efficiently.

Immobilization of Concanavalin A on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin in the recognition interactions of the lectin

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles are engaging platforms for diverse nanobiotechnological applications, such as proteins separation and glico-biosensing mediated by the surface functionalization with lectins as recognition elements. We present a new strategy for the union of the lectin Concanavalin A (ConA) at the surface of carboxylated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs-Ar-COOH). The nanoparticles were obtained by a single step synthesis in the presence of the aryl diazonium salt derived from 4-aminobenzoic acid. The spontaneous grafting allowed to obtain carboxylic acid covalently functionalized magnetite nanoparticles with the carboxylate group exposed to the solution, as was evidenced through the exhaustive characterization by XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM analysis. The nanoparticles of Fe3O4 of (6.6 ± 0.7) nm diameter exhibited good magnetic field responsiveness towards an external magnet and stability towards the environmental oxidation. The carboxylic acid groups exposed were used for the conjugation with ConA and participated in its adsorption onto the surface. The ability of ConA to recognize the glycoprotein Glucose Oxidase (GOx) was analyzed in real time by surface plasmon resonance. These results were correlated with the responses obtained by electrochemical methods (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry). Considering the possible applications of this nanomaterial, we also evaluate the effect of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in the recognition capability of ConA. Our work let us to conclude that although ConA does not specifically recognize BSA, this protein alters the affinity of ConA for GOx giving an interesting vision of the behaviour of this hybrid nanomaterial in physiological mediums or other matrixes with high concentration of proteins where this nanomaterial could be employed e.g., in a biosensor or the separation of a glycoprotein, among others.

Ultrasound-assisted efficient synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives using starch functionalized magnetite nanoparticles as a green biocatalyst in water

Ultrasound-assisted efficient synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives using starch functionalized magnetite nanoparticles as a green biocatalyst in water

Surface Functionalization of Magnetite Nanoparticles with Multipotent Antioxidant as Potential Magnetic Nanoantioxidants and Antimicrobial Agents.

Functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were prepared using the coprecipitation method followed by functionalization with a multipotent antioxidant (MPAO). The MPAO was synthesized and analyzed using FTIR and NMR techniques. In this study, the functionalized nanoparticles (IONP@AO) were produced and evaluated using the FTIR, XRD, Raman, HRTEM, FESEM, VSM, and EDX techniques. The average determined particle size of IONP@AO was 10 nanometers. In addition, it demonstrated superparamagnetic properties. The magnitude of saturation magnetization value attained was 45 emu g−1. Virtual screenings of the MPAO’s potential bioactivities and safety profile were performed using PASS analysis and ADMET studies before the synthesis step. For the DPPH test, IONP@AO was found to have a four-fold greater ability to scavenge free radicals than unfunctional IONP. The antimicrobial properties of IONP@AO were also demonstrated against a variety of bacteria and fungi. The interaction of developed nanoantioxiants with biomolecules makes it a broad-spectrum candidate in biomedicine and nanomedicine.

Removal of Fine Solids from Bitumen by Hetero-Aggregation and Magnetic Separation Using Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles

Removal of Fine Solids from Bitumen by Hetero-Aggregation and Magnetic Separation Using Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles